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Reconstruction and Recovery Process of the 2007/2008 Post-Election Violence Victims in Kenya

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Reconstruction and Recovery Process of the 2007/2008 Post-Election Violence Victims in Kenya Reconstruction and Recovery Process of the 2007/2008 Post-Election Violence Victims in Kenya by Julius M. Kinyeki: 695582 Supervisor: Prof. Gavin Cawthra A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Witwatersrand, South Africa Wits School of Governance DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE I, Julius Kinyeki hereby declare that this PhD thesis: Reconstruction and Recovery Process of the 2007/2008 Post-Election Violence Victims in Kenya is my original work and has never been previously submitted either as a whole or part in any University or any institution of learning for any kind of award. Student’s Name: Mr. Julius M Kinyeki… Signature: Date: 14th November 2017 Supervisor: Professor Gavin Cawthra Signature: ………………………..…Date:…………………… Place: …Witwatersrand University, Johannesburg, South Africa i ABSTRACT This research addresses three questions: how Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) following the post-election violence of 2007/2008 in Kenya are recreating their community resilience capacities; how the Kenyan government and non-state interventions are influencing the victims’ livelihood strategies towards their reconstruction and recovery process and how social support and social capital has accelerated their reconstruction and recovery process. It proposes a post-conflict reconstruction and recovery approach based on the research findings. The research adopted Qualitative research methodology and primary data were collected from the month of January, 2015 continuously and concurrently with data analysis. The key findings were that ownership of land is perceived and identified as a milestone in the process of post- conflict reconstruction and recovery, an avenue for community resilience. The main means of livelihood for IDPs are casual labour and other menial jobs. The Kenyan government has made an effort towards resettlement of IDPs although this is ad hoc and ineffective due to lack of experience and a specific framework for any major resettlement. NGOs abandoned the reconstruction and recovery projects as soon as the humanitarian crisis ended. But the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) had reconstruction and recovery projects which ended in 2011. In displacement, IDPs lost their original support system, but developed new emergent norms to support each other. Integration of IDPs is a better option in the reconstruction and recovery process compared to the government farm resettlement approach. The key recommendations are that government should evaluate the economic loss of every integrated IDP and those resettled in government procured farms should be provided with legal ownership documents. There should be an urgent re-profiling of IDPs in camps and use of UN Guiding Principles on IDPs to re-integrate them into society. The findings of this research bring to light new knowledge on the theory of social capital: victims of displacement develop new emergent norms, values and culture to support each other, which eventually creates a new society/community. Key Words: Post-conflict reconstruction and recovery; integrated IDPs; government resettled IDPs; camp-based IDPs; social capital: social support; livelihood strategies. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Achieving a PhD has always been my ultimate dream in academic achievement. First, I thank the Almighty God for health and peace that surpassed human understanding throughout the entire PhD process. Secondly, I thank Margaret Gulavic whom I met by coincidence. She made this dream a possibility by introducing me to the Witwatersrand University PhD programme. My deepest gratitude goes to my supervisors, Prof. Gavin Cawthra and advice and guidance throughout the thesis writing process and Prof. Karuti Kanyinga of University of Nairobi for subsequent quality checks. I would also pay gratitude to all academic staff at Wits School of Governance with special mention of Dr. Horacio Zandamela, immediate former PhD convenor, and the administrative staff. I also thank Ms. Phindile Mohanoe for her administrative support. I am not able to list all the names of the 2012 social theory classmates, but express my thanks for their contribution in making the lectures engaging and insightful. I am indebted to my entire extended family for particularly encouraging me. I pay attention posthumously to my dear wife, Christine who passed away on 19th September, 2015 soon after giving birth to our last born baby, Timothy, and my Mum who had also passed on the same year. I would have wished they witnessed this great finish. Special thanks to my daughter Sally, my son William for prayers and tirelessly encouraging and offering me academic space to complete this thesis. Most sincerely, I would like to thank the IDPs who shared their stories and experiences through interview guides and focus group discussions. I was not bored listening to you when narrating your experiences as IDPs. A great thank you to all the key experts in the reconstruction and recovery processes who shared their knowledge for this research in the form of key informant interviews and Patrick Githinji who was my research assistant throughout the process of data collection. Prof. Paul Mbatia, you are special in that you gave me encouragement especially at the proposal stage even when I felt it was unachievable. iii DEDICATION This thesis is dedicated to my late Mother, Salome Wambere Kinyeki (1935 - 7.03.2015), my late wife, Christine Wambui Mwaniki (25.12.1971 – 19.09.2015) and to all camp-based IDPs in Kenya seeking lasting solutions. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE ............................................................................ i ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................ iii DEDICATION ........................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................... xi LIST OF MAPS ....................................................................................................... xii APPENDICES ........................................................................................................ xiii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................... xiv CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 1.1 Background to the Study .................................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................. 8 1.3 Research Questions ......................................................................................... 11 1.4 Aims and Objectives of the Study ..................................................................... 11 1.5 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................ 12 1.6 Rationale of this Study ...................................................................................... 12 1.7 Scope and Limitations of this Study .................................................................. 14 1.8 The Research Process and Structure ............................................................... 15 CHAPTER TWO: POST-CONFLICT RECONSTRUCTION AND RECOVERY OF VICTIMS IN CONTEXT ................................................................................ 18 2.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 18 2,2 Perspectives of Reconstruction and Recovery ................................................. 18 2.3 The Role of Local and External Actors in Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Recovery ...................................................................................................... 27 2.4 African Union Approach to Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Recovery ........... 30 2.4.1 Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Development – PCRD ...................................... 31 2.4.2 The New Partnership for Africa Development (NEPAD) and the African Peer Review Mechanism (APRM) ................................................................................................ 39 v 2.4.3 The Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention, 2009). ........................................................................ 40 2.5 History of Post-Election Violence and IDPs in Kenya ....................................... 43 2.6 Kenya’s Post-Conflict Reconstruction and Recovery Approach ....................... 48 2.6.1 Government Resettled IDPs ................................................................................. 50 2.6.2 Camp-based IDPs ................................................................................................ 51 2.6.3 Integrated IDPs .................................................................................................... 52 2.7 The United Nations Guiding Principles on IDPs ............................................... 53 2.7.1 Return to Original Homes ....................................................................................
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