DOCSLIB.ORG

737155V1.Full.Pdf

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
737155V1.Full.Pdf bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/737155; this version posted August 15, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. Ancestral reconstruction of sunflower karyotypes reveals dramatic chromosomal evolution Kate L. Ostevik1,2, Kieran Samuk1, and Loren H. Rieseberg2 1. Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27701 2. Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T 1Z4 Correspondence to: [email protected] 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/737155; this version posted August 15, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 1 Abstract 2 3 Mapping the chromosomal rearrangements between species can inform our understanding of genome 4 evolution, reproductive isolation, and speciation. Here we present a systematic survey of chromosomal 5 rearrangements in the annual sunflowers, which is a group known for extreme karyotypic diversity. We 6 build high-density genetic maps for two subspecies of the prairie sunflower, Helianthus petiolaris ssp. 7 petiolaris and H. petiolaris ssp. fallax. Using a novel algorithm implemented in the accompanying R 8 package syntR, we identify blocks of synteny between these two subspecies and previously published 9 high-density genetic maps. We reconstruct ancestral karyotypes for annual sunflowers using those 10 synteny blocks and conservatively estimate that there have been 9.7 chromosomal rearrangements 11 per million years – a high rate of chromosomal evolution. Although the rate of inversion is even higher 12 than the rate of translocation in this group, we further find that every extant karyotype is distinguished 13 by between 1 and 3 translocations involving only 8 of the 17 chromosomes. This non-random sampling 14 suggests that certain chromosomes are prone to translocation and may thus contribute 15 disproportionately to widespread hybrid sterility in sunflowers. These data deepen our understanding 16 of chromosome evolution and confirm that Helianthus has an exceptional rate of chromosomal 17 rearrangement that likely facilitates similarly rapid diversification. 18 Introduction 19 20 Organisms vary widely in the number and arrangement of their chromosomes – i.e. their karyotype. 21 Interestingly, karyotypic differences are often associated with species boundaries and, therefore, 22 suggest a link between chromosomal evolution and speciation (White 1978, King 1993). Indeed, it is 23 well established that chromosomal rearrangements can contribute to reproductive isolation. Although 24 not a universal phenomenon, individuals heterozygous for divergent karyotypes are often sterile or 25 inviable, illustrating a direct link to reproductive isolation (King 1987, Lai et al. 2005, Stathos and 26 Fishman 2014). Apart from being underdominant per se, chromosomal rearrangements can also 27 facilitate the evolution of reproductive barriers by extending genomic regions that are protected from 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/737155; this version posted August 15, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 28 introgression (Noor et al. 2001, Rieseberg 2001), accumulating genetic incompatibilities (Navarro and 29 Barton 2003), and simplifying reinforcement (Trickett and Butlin 1994). 30 31 Despite their prevalence, the fixation of underdominant chromosomal rearrangements is still not well 32 understood. The simplest model is that in sufficiently small populations, underdominant 33 rearrangements can be stochastically fixed by genetic drift (Lewis 1966, Templeton 1981, Grant 1981). 34 However, several other mechanisms have been proposed to explain chromosomal evolution (Rieseberg 35 2001). These include individually neutral chromosome fissions and fusions (Baker and Bickham 1986, 36 Britton-Davidian 2000), meiotic drive (Novitski 1951, White 1978, Chmátal et al. 2014) and association 37 with locally adapted genes (Kirkpatrick and Barton 2006, Lowry and Willis 2010). The importance of 38 each of these mechanisms will largely depend on the types of rearrangements fixed (e.g., chromosome 39 fusions, pericentric inversions, or reciprocal translocations) and the cost/benefit of the genes 40 associated with them. Consequently, mapping and characterizing chromosomal rearrangements is a 41 critical step towards understanding their evolutionary dynamics. 42 43 The genus Helianthus is well known to have particularly labile genome structure. These sunflowers 44 have several paleopolyploidy events in their evolutionary history (Barker et al. 2008), have given rise to 45 three homoploid hybrid species (Rieseberg 1991), and are prone to transposable element activity 46 (Kawakami et al. 2011, Staton et al. 2012). Evidence in the form of hybrid pollen inviability, abnormal 47 chromosome pairings during meiosis, and genetic map comparisons suggests that Helianthus 48 karyotypes are extremely diverse (Heiser 1947, Heiser 1951, Heiser 1961, Whelan 1979, Chandler 49 1986, Rieseberg et al. 1995, Quillet et al. 1995, Burke et al. 2004, Heesacker et al. 2009, Barb et al. 50 2014). In fact, annual sunflowers have one of the highest described rates of chromosomal evolution 51 across all plants and animals (Burke et al. 2004). Furthermore, while Helianthus species generally have 52 large effective population sizes (but see Stebbins and Daly 1961, Carney et al. 2000), where drift should 53 be relatively weak, chromosomal rearrangements appear to be strongly underdominant in this group 54 (Chandler 1986, Lai et al. 2005). This means that chromosomal evolution is less likely to be driven by 55 drift alone and more likely to be an important driver of reproductive isolation in sunflower. 56 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/737155; this version posted August 15, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 57 Studying chromosomal evolution within any group requires high-density genetic maps and a method 58 for systematic comparison of karyotypes. Recently, high-density genetic maps of H. niveus ssp. 59 tephrodes and H. argophyllus were built and compared to H. annuus (Barb et al. 2014). This analysis 60 clearly mapped previously inferred karyotypes (Heiser 1951, Chandler 1986, Quillet et al. 1995) and 61 showed that chromosomal rearrangements affect introgression between sunflowers. That said, 62 creating additional high-density maps for related species would yield a fuller picture of chromosomal 63 evolution. 64 65 Previously constructed genetic maps with limited marker density suggest that several chromosomal 66 rearrangements differentiate H. annuus and H. petiolaris (Rieseberg et al. 1995, Burke et al. 2004) and 67 evidence from cytological surveys suggests that subspecies within H. petiolaris subspecies carry 68 divergent karyotypes (Heiser 1961). Creating high-density genetic maps for H. petiolaris and adding 69 them to the above analysis will allow us to (1) precisely track additional rearrangements and (2) 70 reconstruct ancestral karyotypes for the group, untangling overlapping rearrangements that can be 71 obscured by directly comparing present-day karyotypes and that are likely to occur in lineages with 72 extensive chromosomal rearrangement like sunflower. At the same time, these H. petiolaris maps will 73 be useful to breeders looking to introgress beneficial alleles from crop wild relatives into domesticated 74 sunflower lineages (Chetelat and Meglic 2000, Foulongne et al. 2003, Dirlewanger et al. 2004). 75 76 A key part of a multi-species comparative study of chromosome evolution is a systematic and 77 repeatable method for identifying syntenic chromosomal regions (sensu Pevzner and Tesler 2003) 78 using genetic map data. This is especially important for cases with high marker density, because 79 breakpoints between synteny blocks can be blurred by mapping error, micro-rearrangements, and 80 paralogy (Hackett and Broadfoot 2003, Choi et al. 2007, Barb et al. 2014, Bilton et al. 2018). In previous 81 studies, synteny blocks have been found by counting all differences in marker order (Wu and Tanksley 82 2010), by visual inspection (Burke et al. 2004), or by manually applying simple rules like size thresholds 83 (Heesacker et al. 2009, Barb et al. 2014) and Spearman’s rank comparisons (Berdan et al 2014, 84 Schlautman et al 2017). However, these methods become intractable and prone to error when applied 85 to very dense genetic maps. Furthermore, to our knowledge, there is no software available that 4 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/737155; this version posted August 15, 2019. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC 4.0 International license. 86 identifies
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Numerical and Structural Chromosome Aberrations in Cauliflower (Brassica Oleracea Var
    Numerical and structural chromosome aberrations in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) and Arabidopsis thaliana Xianwen Ji Thesis committee Promotor Prof. Dr J.H.S.G.M. de Jong Personal chair at the Laboratory of Genetics Wageningen University Co-promotor Dr E. Wijnker Researcher at the University of Hamburg, Germany Other members Prof. Dr G.C. Angenent, Wageningen University Dr G.F. Sanchez Perez, Wageningen University Dr A.B. Bonnema, Wageningen University Dr K. van Dun, Rijk Zwaan Breeding Company, Fijnaart, the Netherlands This research was conducted under the auspices of the Graduate School of Experimental Plant Sciences Numerical and structural chromosome aberrations in cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) and Arabidopsis thaliana Xianwen Ji Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of doctor at Wageningen University by the authority of the Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr M.J. Kropff, in the presence of the Thesis Committee appointed by the Academic Board to be defended in public on Friday 5 December 2014 at 1.30 p.m. in the Aula Xianwen Ji Numerical and structural chromosome aberrations in cauliflower Brassica( oleracea var. botrytis) and Arabidopsis thaliana 137 pages PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, NL (2014) With references, with summaries in English, Dutch and Chinese ISBN 978-94-6257-160-0 Contents Chapter 1 General Introduction 7 Chapter 2 FISH painting with repetitive DNA sequences for chromosome identification in aneuploid cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis) 29 Chapter 3 Cross-species chromosome painting with Arabidopsis BACs on cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis for karyotype analysis and chromosome identification 47 Chapter 4 Meiotic aberrations leading to aneuploidy in Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.
    [Show full text]
  • Genome-Wide Detection of Chromosomal Rearrangements, Indels, and Mutations in Circular Chromosomes by Short Read Sequencing
    Downloaded from genome.cshlp.org on September 30, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press Method Genome-wide detection of chromosomal rearrangements, indels, and mutations in circular chromosomes by short read sequencing Ole Skovgaard,1,3 Mads Bak,2 Anders Løbner-Olesen,1 and Niels Tommerup2 1Department of Science, Systems and Models, Roskilde University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; 2Wilhelm Johannsen Centre for Functional Genome Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) with new short-read sequencing technologies has recently been applied for genome- wide identification of mutations. Genomic rearrangements have, however, often remained undetected by WGS, and additional analyses are required for their detection. Here, we have applied a combination of WGS and genome copy number analysis, for the identification of mutations that suppress the growth deficiency imposed by excessive initiations from the Escherichia coli origin of replication, oriC. The E. coli chromosome, like the majority of bacterial chromosomes, is circular, and DNA replication is initiated by assembling two replication complexes at the origin, oriC. These complexes then replicate the chromosome bidirectionally toward the terminus, ter. In a population of growing cells, this results in a copy number gradient, so that origin-proximal sequences are more frequent than origin-distal sequences. Major rearrangements in the chromosome are, therefore, readily identified by changes in copy number, i.e., certain sequences become over- or under-represented. Of the eight mutations analyzed in detail here, six were found to affect a single gene only, one was a large chromosomal inversion, and one was a large chromosomal duplication.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromosome Structure & Recombination
    Chromosome Structure & Recombination (CHAPTER 8- Brooker Text) April 4 & 9, 2007 BIO 184 Dr. Tom Peavy • Genetic variation refers to differences between members of the same species or those of different species – Allelic variations are due to mutations in particular genes – Chromosomal aberrations are substantial changes in chromosome structure • These typically affect more than one gene • They are also called chromosomal mutations 1 • The banding pattern is useful in several ways: – 1. It distinguishes Individual chromosomes from each other – 2. It detects changes in chromosome structure – 3. It reveals evolutionary relationships among the chromosomes of closely-related species Structural Mutations of Chromosomes • Deficiency (or deletion) – The loss of a chromosomal segment • Duplication – The repetition of a chromosomal segment compared to the normal parent chromosome • Inversion – A change in the direction of the genetic material along a single chromosome • Translocation – A segment of one chromosome becomes attached to a different chromosome – Simple translocations • One way transfer – Reciprocal translocations • Two way transfer 2 Deficiencies • A chromosomal deficiency occurs when a chromosome breaks and a fragment is lost Figure 8.3 • Chromosomal deletions can be detected by a variety of experimental techniques – Cytological, Molecular (probes) & Genetic analysis Genetic • Deletions can be revealed by a phenomenon known as pseudodominance – One copy of a gene is deleted – So the recessive allele on the other chromosome is now
    [Show full text]
  • Why Should Mitochondria Define Species?
    HUMAN EVOLUTION Vol. 33 - n. 1-2 (1-30) - 2018 Stoeckle M.Y. Why should mitochondria define species? Program for the Human Environment The Rockefeller University 1230 York AVE More than a decade of DNA barcoding encompassing New York, NY 10065 about five million specimens covering 100,000 animal USA species supports the generalization that mitochondrial Email: [email protected] DNA clusters largely overlap with species as defined by domain experts. Most barcode clustering reflects synony- Thaler D.S. mous substitutions. What evolutionary mechanisms ac- Biozentrum, University of Basel count for synonymous clusters being largely coincident Klingelbergstrasse 50/70 with species? The answer depends on whether variants CH - 4056 Basel Switzerland are phenotypically neutral. To the degree that variants are Email: [email protected] selectable, purifying selection limits variation within spe- [email protected] cies and neighboring species may have distinct adaptive peaks. Phenotypically neutral variants are only subject to demographic processes—drift, lineage sorting, genetic DOI: 10.14673/HE2018121037 hitchhiking, and bottlenecks. The evolution of modern humans has been studied from several disciplines with detail unique among animal species. Mitochondrial bar- codes provide a commensurable way to compare modern humans to other animal species. Barcode variation in the modern human population is quantitatively similar to that within other animal species. Several convergent lines of evidence show that mitochondrial diversity in modern humans follows from sequence uniformity followed by the accumulation of largely neutral diversity during a population expansion that began approximately 100,000 years ago. A straightforward hypothesis is that the extant populations of almost all animal species have arrived at KEY WORDS: Species evolution, a similar result consequent to a similar process of expan- mitocondrial evolution, speciation, sion from mitochondrial uniformity within the last one to human evolution.
    [Show full text]
  • Dghtm Imaging Products
    dGH TM Imaging Products TRANSFORMATIONAL CHROMOSOME IMAGING TOOLS KromaTiD Directional Genomic Hybridization™ (dGH™) imaging technology forms the platform for a wide range of reagents, kits and services that enable the discovery, detection and diagnosis of genetic mutations and diagnostic targets. The KromaTiD dGH platform is the only technology capable of detecting cryptic inversions - an important class of disease causing mutations. Unlike other chromosome imaging technologies and whole genome approaches, dGH generates gene sequence, Internal Control Inversion location and orientation data in a single rapid assay. dGH Inversion Detection FLEXIBLE, HIGH-PERFORMANCE CHROMOSOME ASSAYS The foundation of the dGH platform is a library of proprietary short, synthetic, single- stranded DNA probes. Together with unique and optimized assay methods, the dGH platform provides researchers with: 10 kb Targets The Broadest Assay Range: In a single assay, KromaTiD products detect the broadest possible spectrum of chromosome rearrangements, including those assayable by standard FISH technologies (e.g. translocations between chromosomes) as well as intra-chromosomal rearrangements such as cryptic inversions. The KromaTiD platform enables orders of magnitude higher-resolution inversion detection than any competing technique. Chromosome and Chromatid Assay Formats: Using the same probes in different test Pinpoint FISH using dGH Probes conditions, KromaTiD assays are capable of targeting entire chromosomes (double- stranded applications like FISH) or individual chromatids (single-stranded applications) in interphase or metaphase cells. Visual Orientation Data: When used on metaphase chromosomes, dGH is the only imaging technology capable of providing sequence, location and orientation information in a single assay. Unique Specificity:Probes are designed to target unique genomic sequences, so KromaTiD assays require no blocking DNA (COT), exhibit no non-specific background, and demonstrate improved hybridization performance.
    [Show full text]
  • Chromosomal Inversion Patterning and Population Differentiation in A
    Proc. Nati. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 86, pp. 4798-4802, June 1989 Population Biology Chromosomal inversion patterning and population differentiation in a young insular species, Drosophila silvestris (genetic polymorphism/hierarchical F statistics/Hawaiian Drosophila evolution/microgeographic variation) ELYSSE M. CRADDOCK* AND HAMPTON L. CARSONt *Division of Natural Sciences, State University of New York, Purchase, NY 10577; and tDepartment of Genetics, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96822 Contributed by Hampton L. Carson, March 31, 1989 ABSTRACT The recently evolved Hawaiian species Dro- genes into balanced coadapted complexes via such chromo- sophila silvestris has a subdivided population structure and somal arrangements may permit the evolution of genetic shows great spatial heterogeneity in chromosome inversion interaction systems and an enhancement of overall fitness. distributions and frequencies within its extremely limited geo- Such a process can be presumed to have taken place in D. graphic range. Pattern analysis of the 11 chromosomal poly- silvestris as each successive new inversion arose and became morphisms in the context of the recently discovered morpho- incorporated into a local population. logical and behavioral divergence within the species has eluci- Within the island, D. silvestris has been subdivided into dated the history of the chromosomal differentiation. We two regionally disjunct sets of populations that show behav- identify four chronological groups of inversions and their ioral and morphological differences (8). To the west and probable sites of origin. Spread of the derived "3-row" bristle south ("Kona side"), the populations give evidence of being morphotype on the Hilo side of the Island of Hawaii has been phylogenetically older than those of the "Hilo side" to the accompanied by the acquisition of six new inversion polymor- north and east (7, 9).
    [Show full text]
  • 2La Paracentric Chromosomal Inversion and Overexpressed
    biology Article 2La Paracentric Chromosomal Inversion and Overexpressed Metabolic Genes Enhance Thermotolerance and Pyrethroid Resistance in the Major Malaria Vector Anopheles gambiae Sulaiman S. Ibrahim 1,2,* , Muhammad M. Mukhtar 2 , Abdullahi Muhammad 1 and Charles S. Wondji 1 1 Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; [email protected] (A.M.); [email protected] (C.S.W.) 2 Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, PMB 3011, Kano 700241, Nigeria; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-74-4044-3871 Simple Summary: While shifts in temperature may promote the spread of insects, exacerbating the intensity of vector-borne diseases like malaria, very high temperatures exert deleterious effects in insect vectors, forcing them to evolve/adapt genetically. These genetic adaptations may facilitate insecticide resistance through common genes involved in both processes. Here, the impact of thermal tolerance on pyrethroid resistance in the major malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.l. from four locali- ties spanning the savanna and sub-Sahel of northern Nigeria was investigated. In all four localities, An. coluzzii and An. gambiae s.s. were the only malaria vectors found. The populations were highly thermotolerant, with ~50% of mosquitoes in two sites surviving 44 ◦C. Thermotolerant larvae and Citation: Ibrahim, S.S.; Mukhtar, adult mosquitoes (survivors of 44 ◦C) were significantly more resistant to permethrin, suggesting M.M.; Muhammad, A.; Wondji, C.S. that prior heat-hardening facilitates insecticide resistance. Thermal tolerance and permethrin resis- 2La Paracentric Chromosomal tance were found to be associated with the 2La rearrangement (a form of chromosomal inversion).
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Linkage Maps Suggest That Fission, Not Polyploidy
    Heredity (2014) 112, 562–568 & 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited All rights reserved 0018-067X/14 www.nature.com/hdy ORIGINAL ARTICLE Comparative linkage maps suggest that fission, not polyploidy, underlies near-doubling of chromosome number within monkeyflowers (Mimulus; Phrymaceae) L Fishman1, JH Willis2,CAWu2,3 and Y-W Lee2,4 Changes in chromosome number and structure are important contributors to adaptation, speciation and macroevolution. In flowering plants, polyploidy and subsequent reductions in chromosome number by fusion are major sources of chromosomal evolution, but chromosome number increase by fission has been relatively unexplored. Here, we use comparative linkage mapping with gene-based markers to reconstruct chromosomal synteny within the model flowering plant genus Mimulus (monkeyflowers). Two sections of the genus with haploid numbers X14 have been inferred to be relatively recent polyploids because they are phylogenetically nested within numerous taxa with low base numbers (n ¼ 8–10). We combined multiple data sets to build integrated genetic maps of the M. guttatus species complex (section Simiolus, n ¼ 14) and the M. lewisii group (section Erythranthe; n ¼ 8), and then aligned the two integrated maps using 4100 shared markers. We observed strong segmental synteny between M. lewisii and M. guttatus maps, with essentially 1-to-1 correspondence across each of 16 chromosomal blocks. Assuming that the M. lewisii (and widespread) base number of 8 is ancestral, reconstruction of 14 M. guttatus chromosomes requires at least eight fission events (likely shared by Simiolus and sister section Paradanthus (n ¼ 16)), plus two fusion events. This apparent burst of fission in the yellow monkeyflower lineages raises new questions about mechanisms and consequences of chromosomal fission in plants.
    [Show full text]
  • Spontaneous Inversion Heterozygote in Haworthia Limifolia
    © 2015 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 80(4): 415–418 Spontaneous Inversion Heterozygote in Haworthia limifolia Ramesh Ahirwar*, Pratibha Shrivastava and Rakesh Chandra Verma School of Studies in Botany, Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.) 456010, India Received December 28, 2014; accepted June 25, 2015 Summary A population of cultivated Haworthia limifolia displayed various types of chromosomal configurations at anaphase/telophase-I and -II due to inversion heterozygosity. It was characterized by the presence of bridge and fragment because of various numbers and positions of crossovers in the inversion loop. The heterozygous condition led to reduced pollen fertility. Key words Haworthia limifolia, Inversion heterozygote, Chromosomal configuration, Pollen fertility. Haworthia is a genus of the tribe Aloineae in the family Liliaceae (Brandham 1974). There are about 60 species native to Southern Africa (Bayer and Manning 2012). Haworthia limifolia is one of the most important ornament plant species. It is a xerophytic, succulent, perennial herb with fleshy leaves arising in a rosette from a short stem. The chromosome number is (2n=28) and 16 chromosomes are long and 12 small. There have been very few studies on spontaneous mutants in Aloineae (Brandham 1975, 1977a, b). In the present investigation an inversion heterozygote was found from a cultivated population which was confirmed on the basis of the presence of bridge and fragment at anaphase-I/-II. Materials and methods Twenty clones of Haworthia limifolia were collected from Malwa Nursery, Ujjain and planted in pots. For meiotic studies, young flower buds of appropriate size were collected and fixed in Carnoy’s fluid. Anthers were separated, teased in a drop of 2% iron acetocarmine on a clean slide and squashed under a cover glass.
    [Show full text]
  • REVIEW OPMENT Vol
    ISSN: 0972-7566 Vol. 23 | No. 1 | March 2021 BIOTECHNOLOGY ASIAN AND DEVELOPMENT REVIEW Special Issue on CRISPR and Genome Editing: Impacts and Implications Editorial Introduction Human Heritable Genome Editing – Potential and Current Status for Clinical Use Navneesh Yadav and B. K. Thelma Model Legislation and the Transnational Governance of Human Heritable Gene Editing Andrea Boggio Gene Editing –Ethical Pathways to Connect Science & Society Roli Mathur From Genome Editing to Battling a Pandemic: The Rise of CRISPR Poorti Kathpalia and Debojyoti Chakraborty Perspective Asian Biotechnology and Development Review Editorial Board Editor Sachin Chaturvedi Director General, RIS Managing Editor K. Ravi Srinivas Consultant, RIS Assistant Editor Amit Kumar Assistant Professor, RIS International Editorial Advisory Board Aggrey Ambali Head of Science, Technology and Innovation Hub (NSTIH), NEPAD Nares Damrogchai Chief Executive Officer, Genepeutic Bio, Bangkok Vibha Dhawan Director General, TERI, New Delhi Reynaldo V. Ebora Executive Director, Philippine Council for Advanced Science and Technology Research and Development (PCASTRD), The Philippines Jikun Huang Professor and Director, Centre for Chinese Agricultural Policy (CCAP), China Dongsoon Lim Dong-EUI University, College of Commerce and Economics, South Korea William G. Padolina President, National Academy of Science and Technology, Philippines Balakrishna Pisupati United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Nairobi, Kenya Bambang Purwantara Director, Southeast Asian Regional Centre for
    [Show full text]
  • Eighteenth Edition Rams - March 2021
    AATCGCCCAAGACAACATGGGGTTGCAGGTGTAAATCGATAAAAGAAG GGTAGGTATCGTTCACGGGGCACACTACTAGCGGGGCTTAGATAGCAA CTAGGGGTTCTTCACGCAEIGHTEENTHGCGCAAGA EDITIONCACATG -C MARCHGCTA T2021AAATGCTAGAT AACTGACATTATACTTATCAATGGGGAATAGGTCAGATAGATGGCACCA CATCGCACACTTATAGGCACGTCACCTGAGCCGACTCGAAATCCGCTTA TACTGCGACAAAATCATCCGCTCGGTTGATCTAGGATCGGGACTATATC CAGCGCRISPRCCCTAGCTCATTCTCAGAGGGAGCGACGAATGCTCAGC GAGGAGTTGTTCTGACCCGTGACGGAGTACTCTTTACTATCAAGTATAG CCAGTCTTGCCCCGATCGCTATACATTATTTGATGCCCCCCRISPRATAGC CGCAGTCATTCGACAGATTAGGCCCACCACCACCTCCCCTTGAGATTGG TATCRISPRCGCAACTGTAAGCAACATTACGGAAGGGCTACTCTAGATTG AACTCGCGTACAAGGTTTACCAAAGTGCATAAATCGACGGCCCCTCACG GCGGCCGTTAGCGCTCTAGAACCGAAACTAAGHACTACRISPRAACGCC GAAGACCCACGCCAATACAGTTCCGCGCCACGGAGGTAACTTACATGC CGCTCCCCGCRISPRGTTTACGGGTCATGCCTACCCCTCGGCATTCATGG GACTCAAACCTATCCCCGCAGCCGGAGCTTAAGAAAGAGCTAACACTTA GTTCGCATTCAAAATCGGTAAATTAATTAACATGCCGCAACGCGTCTATA AATGCCRISPRGTTCACCAACGTCCCGAGTTTTAACCTAGAAGCATATGTG CTGACCGTTAGCATGGAACTGCGTAACCTGACGGTCRISPRGTTCATCAC CTCGCGATCTCGTCAACTTGGCCATCGCCATCTGGTGGACCCCGGAATC AAAGCTGCTGACTAGAGGCGTTGAATCGCCCAAGACAACATGGCRISPR TTGCAGGTGTAAATCGATAAAAGAAGGGGTAGGTATCGTTCACGGGGC CATAGCCRISPRGGGGCTTAGATAGCAAACTAGGGGTTCTTCACGCAGC Interview: facing sex bias in biomedical research CAAGACACATGCGCTATAAATGCTAGATCAACTGACATTATACTTATCAA GGGGAZebrasATA ofG Medicine:GTCAG whenATA GthrombocytesATGGCA areCC scarceACCATCGCACACTTATAGGCAC TCACCOurTG futureAGC CwithGA CRISPR:CTCG a AbraveAAT newCC world?GCTTAGTACTGCGACAAAATCATCCG TCGGTCRISPR/Cas9TGATCTA geneGG editingATCG asG aG cancerACT therapyATATCGCAGCGCCCTAGCTCATTCTC
    [Show full text]
  • Spontaneous Inversion Heterozygotes in Aloe Barbadensis Mill
    © 2013 The Japan Mendel Society Cytologia 78(1): 51–54 Spontaneous Inversion Heterozygotes in Aloe barbadensis Mill. Ramesh Ahirwar, and R. C. Verma* School of Studies in Botany, Vikram University, Ujjain (M.P.) 456010, India Received August 18, 2012; accepted February 24, 2013 Summary A population of cultivated Aloe barbadensis Mill. displayed various types of chromo- somal configurations at anaphase/telophase-I and II due to inversion heterozgosity. The population was characterized by the presence of bridges and fragments because of various numbers and posi- tions of cross-overs in the inversion loop. The inversion heterozygote had very low pollen fertility. Key words Aloe barbadensis Mill., Inversion, Pollen fertility, Bridge-fragment configuration. Aloe is a genus of the family Liliaceae, containing about 500 species (Gunjan and Roy 2010). Aloe barbadensis Mill. is one of the most important medicinal plant species and widely cultivated throughout the world. It is a xerophytic, succulent, perennial herb with fleshy leaves arising in a ro- sette from a short stem. Its leaves are used in various skin diseases and diabetes. The chromosome number is n=7 and the size of the chromosomes is comparatively large. There have been very few studies on spontaneous inversion heterozygosity in Aloineae (Brandham 1975, 1977 a, b). In the present investigation, an inversion heterozygote was discovered, which was subsequently con- firmed on the basis of presence of bridges and fragments at anaphase I/II. Materials and methods Aloe barbadensis Mill. clones were collected from different locations, such as Govt. Forest. Narsingarh Distt. Rajgarh, Green house nursery Indore, High-tech nursery Ujjain, Malava nursery Ujjain, Botanical garden of the S.
    [Show full text]