DOCSLIB.ORG

Republic of the Sudan

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Republic of the Sudan Sudan OGN v 17.0 Issued June 2012 OPERATIONAL GUIDANCE NOTE Republic of the Sudan (aka e Republic of Sudan CONTENTS 1. Introduction 1.1 – 1.3 2. Country assessment 2.1 – 2.2 Actors of protection 2.3 Internal relocation 2.4 Country guidance caselaw 2.5 3. Main categories of claims 3.1 – 3.5 Civilians from South Sudan, 3.6 Members or associates of the SPLM/N 3.7 Civilians fleeing violence in the states of Blue Nile, Southern Kordofan 3.8 and Abyei Members or associates of Darfuri rebel groups 3.9 Members of non Arab ethnic groups from the Darfur states 3.10 Members of opposition groups and perceived government critics, 3.11 including students, journalists and human rights defenders Prison Conditions 3.12 4. Discretionary Leave 4.1 – 4.2 Minors claiming in their own right 4.3 Medical treatment 4.4 5. Returns 5.1 – 5.3 1. Introduction 1.1 This document provides UK Border Agency case owners with guidance on the nature and handling of the most common types of claims received from nationals/residents of Republic of the Sudan (aka North Sudan), including whether claims are or are not likely to justify the granting of asylum, Humanitarian Protection or Discretionary Leave. Case owners must refer to the relevant Asylum Instructions for further details of the policy on these areas. At present there is no justification for an OGN for the Republic of South Sudan. 1.2 Case owners must not base decisions on the country of origin information in this guidance; it is included to provide context only and does not purport to be comprehensive. The conclusions in this guidance are based on the totality of the available evidence, not just the brief extracts contained herein, and case owners must likewise take into account all available evidence. It is therefore essential that this guidance is read in conjunction with the relevant COI Service country of origin information and any other relevant information. COI Service information is published on Horizon and on the internet at: http://www.ukba.homeoffice.gov.uk/policyandlaw/guidance/coi/ 1.3 Claims should be considered on an individual basis, but taking full account of the guidance contained in this document. In considering claims where the main applicant has dependent family members who are a part of his/her claim, account must be taken of the situation of all the dependent family members included in the claim in accordance with the Asylum Instruction on Article 8 ECHR. If, following consideration, a claim is to be refused, case owners should consider whether it can be certified as clearly unfounded under the case by Page 1 of 27 Sudan OGN v 17.0 Issued June 2012 case certification power in section 94(2) of the Nationality Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. A claim will be clearly unfounded if it is so clearly without substance that it is bound to fail. 2. Country assessment 2.1 Case owners should refer the relevant COI Service country of origin information material. An overview of the country situation including headline facts and figures about the population, capital city, currency as well as geography, recent history and current politics can also be found in the relevant FCO country profile at: http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/ The situation in Sudan is evolving with ongoing security incidents reported in Darfur and violent conflict in the southern states of Sudan. Claims should be considered with the most up-to-date and relevant country of origin information. 2.2 An overview of the human rights situation in certain countries can also be found in the latest FCO Annual Report on Human Rights which examines developments in countries where human rights issues are of greatest concern: http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/travel-and-living-abroad/travel-advice-by-country/country-profile/ 2.3 Actors of protection 2.3.1 Case owners must refer to the Asylum Policy Instruction on ‗considering the protection (asylum) claim‘ and ‗assessing credibility‘. To qualify for asylum, an individual not only needs to have a fear of persecution for a Convention reason, they must also be able to demonstrate that their fear of persecution is well founded and that they are unable, or unwilling because of their fear, to avail themselves of the protection of their home country. Case owners should also take into account whether or not the applicant has sought the protection of the authorities or the organisation controlling all or a substantial part of the State, any outcome of doing so or the reason for not doing so. Effective protection is generally provided when the authorities (or other organisation controlling all or a substantial part of the State) take reasonable steps to prevent the persecution or suffering of serious harm by for example operating an effective legal system for the detection, prosecution and punishment of acts constituting persecution or serious harm, and the applicant has access to such protection. 2.3.2 Several government entities have responsibility for internal security, including the police, the National Intelligence and Security Services (NISS), Ministry of Interior, and Ministry of Defence. The NISS maintains security officers in major towns and cities. The Ministry of Interior controlled the Central Reserve Police (CRP). The Ministry of Defence‘s Border Intelligence Force (border guards), a loosely organized force composed largely of former Janjaweed Arab militia, operated in Darfur and elsewhere. The CRP also contains a number of former Janjaweed fighters. In November the CRP attacked the western section of the Zamzam internally displaced persons (IDP) camp in North Darfur, killing one IDP and injuring eight others. Security force impunity was a serious problem. The 2010 National Security Act provides NISS officials with legal protection for acts involving their official duties. Abuses by security forces generally were not investigated. Security force corruption was a problem, and security force members often supplemented their incomes by extorting 1 bribes. 2.3.3 A new National Security Act passed in December 2009 came into force in February [2011]. The Act maintained the NISS‘s extensive powers of arrest and detention without judicial oversight for up to four and a half months. The NISS continued to arrest and detain political activists and human rights defenders, hold them incommunicado, torture and ill-treat them, 1 U.S. Department of State, Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Sudan, 24/05/2012, Section 1: Role of the Police and Security Apparatus Page 2 of 27 Sudan OGN v 17.0 Issued June 2012 and prosecute them for the peaceful exercise of their rights to freedom of expression, assembly and association. NISS agents remained immune from prosecution and disciplinary measures for human rights violations.2 2.3.4 In May 2012, the U.S. Department of State noted that ―government forces and government- aligned groups committed extrajudicial and other unlawful killings; security forces committed torture, beatings, rape, and other cruel and inhumane treatment or punishment; and prison and detention center conditions were harsh and life threatening. Other major abuses included arbitrary arrest and arbitrary, incommunicado, and prolonged pretrial detention; executive interference with the judiciary and denial of due process.‖3 Following the independence of South Sudan, Human Rights Watch reported that in Khartoum ―government authorities pursued familiar repressive tactics including harassing, arresting, detaining, and torturing perceived opponents of the government; censoring media; and banning political parties‖.4 The UK FCO report of April 2012 also highlighted the continued existence of ―widespread reports of torture in Sudan, particularly on the part of the security services, and directed at political opponents, activists, suspected rebels and ordinary citizens‖.5 2.3.5 In accordance with Sharia (Islamic law), the Criminal Act provides for physical punishments, including flogging, amputation, stoning, and crucifixion--the public display of a body after execution. In practice such physical punishment other than flogging was not frequently used. Traditional customary law commonly was applied to convicted defendants. Courts routinely imposed flogging, especially for production of alcohol.6 The public order police continue to arrest women, young girls and men, on grounds of ―indecent‖ or ―immoral‖ dress or behaviour, and courts carried out numerous flogging sentences during the year.7 2.3.6 Rebels in Darfur and the Three Areas [the three border areas of Abyei, Southern Kordofan, and Blue Nile] also committed abuses during the year.8 2.3.7 Although the Interim National Constitution and the law provide for an independent judiciary, the judiciary was largely subservient to the president or the security forces, particularly in cases of alleged crimes against the state. On occasion courts displayed a degree of independence; however, political interference with the courts was commonplace, and some high-ranking members of the judiciary also held positions in the Ministry of Interior or other ministries in the executive branch. In May 2012, Freedom House stated that ―the judiciary is not independent. Lower courts provide some due process safeguards, but the higher courts are subject to political control, and special security and military courts do not apply accepted legal standards‖.9 The U.S. Department of State highlighted that ―Except in rare cases, the government took no steps to prosecute or punish officials in the security services and elsewhere in the government who committed abuses. Security force impunity remained a serious problem‖.10 The judiciary was inefficient and subject to corruption. In Darfur judges were often absent from their posts.11 2 Amnesty International, Annual Report 2011: The State of the World‘s Human Rights, Sudan, May 2011, Arbitrary detentions, torture and other ill-treatment, 3 U.S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Chapter 3: an Eco-Systemic Construct of Northern Riverain Sudan
    University of Pretoria etd – Osman, A O S (2004) CHAPTER 3: AN ECO-SYSTEMIC CONSTRUCT OF NORTHERN RIVERAIN SUDAN 3.1 SUB PROBLEM 2 The study context needs to be identified eco-systemically. This needs to be initiated by the articulation of social, political, cultural and religious descriptions and the identification of the recurring themes in the literature of the region. 3.2 HYPOTHESIS 2 It is believed that through the eco-systemically based identification of recurring themes in the literature of/on the region, essential and incidental attributes of the place and culture can be articulated. This can become a tool in interpretation of tangible/ intangible artefacts, spatial interventions, and social practice. 3.3 OUTLINE OF CHAPTER 3 This chapter is initiated by looking at the history of the region. The reasons behind the delimitation of the area of study are articulated and justified. The recurring themes are then expressed through an intensive literature review. The origins of the people are explained and elaborated. The identity of the northern riverain people is established as a political and a religious concept. The northern Sudanese riverain people are thus introduced. 3.4 THE CONTEXT: ITS HISTORY AND ITS VALIDITY AS AN AREA OF STUDY Three main civilizations lived on this land, extending along the Sudanese Nile valley from the present northern border with Egypt to the town of Sennar on the Blue Nile and Kosti on the White Nile: the Kushites, the Meroites and the Funj (refer to Table 3.1). The Kushites had their centres at Kerma and then at Napata.
    [Show full text]
  • Effect of Preoperative Preparation on Patients Outcome Among Patients Undergoing Surgical Operations at Almik Nimir Hospital – Sudan
    ISSN (Online): 2350-0530 International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ISSN (Print): 2394-3629 August 2020, Vol 8(08), 346 – 355 DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i8.2020.441 EFFECT OF PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION ON PATIENTS OUTCOME AMONG PATIENTS UNDERGOING SURGICAL OPERATIONS AT ALMIK NIMIR HOSPITAL – SUDAN Dr. Eied Saber Al amine Ali 1 , Dr. Higazi Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah 2 1 Senior Nurse Specialist and Nursing Coordinator in Amal Complex for Mental Health, KSA, Sudan 2 Associate Professor of Medical Surgical Nursing, Karary University Sudan DOI: https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i8.2020.441 Article Type: Research Article ABSTRACT Preoperative preparations of the patients physically and Article Citation: Dr. Eied Saber Al psychologically are the cornerstone of the good outcomes. This prospective amine Ali, and Dr. Higazi quasi-experimental hospital-based study was conducted in Sudan, Shendi Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah. city at Elmek Nimer university hospital to evaluate the impact of (2020). EFFECT OF PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION ON PATIENTS preoperative preparation on patients outcome among patients undergoing OUTCOME AMONG PATIENTS general surgery. In the period of June 2016 to May 2019. UNDERGOING SURGICAL The study was included a hundred patients undergoing general OPERATIONS AT ALMIK NIMIR elective surgery, data were collected by interviewing questionnaire, HOSPITAL – SUDAN. International anxiety scale, pain assessment tool, postoperative parameter, and patients Journal of Research - satisfaction tool, data were collected in two phases (pre& postoperative). GRANTHAALAYAH, 8(8), 346-355. The data were analyzed by the computer software program (SPPS) version https://doi.org/10.29121/granthaa 20. layah.v8.i8.2020.441 The results showed that more than two third (79.4%) of the patient had poor knowledge about the importance of preoperative preparations, Received Date: 15 August 2020 but improve after implemented program and this was reflected on patient Accepted Date: 31 August 2020 behavior and outcome in the postoperative phase.
    [Show full text]
  • Sudan Report September 2017
    NUMBER 2 SUDAN REPORT SEPTEMBER 2017 Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Eastern Sudan AUTHOR Dr. Hassan A. Abdel Ati 2 SUDAN REPORT NUMBER 2, SEPTEMBER 2017 Human Smuggling and Trafficking in Eastern Sudan Sudan report number 2, September 2017 ISSN 1890-5056 ISBN 978-82-8062-661-5 (print) ISBN 978-82-8062-662-2 (PDF) Authors Dr. Hassan A. Abdel Ati Director, EDGE for consultancy & research Cover photo Photo by Albert Gonzalez Farran, UNAMID Graphic designer Kristen Børje Hus www.cmi.no Forward The idea of studying human smuggling and trafficking emerged during the summer of 2014, while I was conducting a survey on the socioeconomic conditions of border communities along the Sudanese eastern borders as part of ARUSS programme thematic research on borders. The idea suggested itself by the level of “normalcy,” tolerance, and sometimes even magnanimity felt when locals spoke about human smuggling activities and the relatively high level of engagement by local community members, including women, in those activities.1 Given the supposedly clandestine and discrete nature of such activities, the willingness of locals to discuss them was a surprise. Another surprise was the level of approval and acceptance of the practice by some local and traditional leaders, who viewed migrant smuggling as an economic opportunity for the unemployed and low- income households as well as a service to smuggled migrants who are looking for a better life. Some leaders even justified the practice on religious basis as halal (“permissible”), since it is a service provided for a negotiated price and by consent. We also noticed that Sudanese security forces charges with guarding the border tended to turn a blind eye to the practice of human smuggling.
    [Show full text]
  • Digital Reconstruction of the Archaeological Landscape in the Concession Area of the Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia (1961–1964)
    Digital Reconstruction of the Archaeological Landscape in the Concession Area of the Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia (1961–1964) Lake Nasser, Lower Nubia: photography by the author Degree project in Egyptology/Examensarbete i Egyptologi Carolin Johansson February 2014 Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University Examinator: Dr. Sami Uljas Supervisors: Prof. Irmgard Hein & Dr. Daniel Löwenborg Author: Carolin Johansson, 2014 Svensk titel: Digital rekonstruktion av det arkeologiska landskapet i koncessionsområdet tillhörande den Samnordiska Expeditionen till Sudanska Nubien (1960–1964) English title: Digital Reconstruction of the Archaeological Landscape in the Concession Area of the Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia (1961–1964) A Magister thesis in Egyptology, Uppsala University Keywords: Nubia, Geographical Information System (GIS), Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia (SJE), digitalisation, digital elevation model. Carolin Johansson, Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala University, Box 626 SE-75126 Uppsala, Sweden. Abstract The Scandinavian Joint Expedition to Sudanese Nubia (SJE) was one of the substantial contributions of crucial salvage archaeology within the International Nubian Campaign which was pursued in conjunction with the building of the High Dam at Aswan in the early 1960’s. A large quantity of archaeological data was collected by the SJE in a continuous area of northernmost Sudan and published during the subsequent decades. The present study aimed at transferring the geographical aspects of that data into a digital format thus enabling spatial enquires on the archaeological information to be performed in a computerised manner within a geographical information system (GIS). The landscape of the concession area, which is now completely submerged by the water masses of Lake Nasser, was digitally reconstructed in order to approximate the physical environment which the human societies of ancient Nubia inhabited.
    [Show full text]
  • In Muslim Sudan
    Downloaded from Nile Basin Research Programme www.nile.uib.no through Bergen Open Research Archive http://bora.uib.no Trade and Wadis System(s) in Muslim Sudan Intisar Soghayroun Elzein Soghayroun FOUNTAIN PUBLISHERS Kampala Fountain Publishers P. O. Box 488 Kampala - Uganda E-mail: [email protected] [email protected] Website: www.fountainpublishers.co.ug © Intisar Soghayroun Elzein Soghayroun 2010 First published 2010 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise without the prior written permission of the publisher. ISBN: 978-9970-25-005-9 Dedication This book is dedicated to my father: Soghayroun Elzein Soghayroun, with a tremendous debt of gratitude. iii Contents Dedication..................................................................................................... iiv List.of .Maps..................................................................................................vi List.of .plates..................................................................................................vii Preface.......................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgement.........................................................................................xiii 1 The Land, its People and History ...................................... 1 The Physiographic Features of the Country ......................................1
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeological Site of Damboya in the Shendi Reach. First Season
    The archaeological site of Damboya in the Shendi reach. First season (Maillot) The archaeological site of Damboya in the Shendi reach. First season Marc Maillot Introduction The archaeological site of Damboya (Figure 1), identifed by F. Hinkel and investigated in 2002 by Patrice Lenoble and Vincent Rondot (Lenoble and Rondot 2003), is located 270km north of Khartoum, near Shendi, in the el- Hassa concession (1.7km), of which it is a component. The Louvre Museum asked the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums, Sudan (NCAM) to integrate this concession into the Department of Egyptian Antiquities in 2020. Marc Maillot, current director of the mission, had expressed the wish to undertake archaeological excavations in Damboya, as part of his programme as director of the SFDAS (French Archaeological Unit in Sudan). A scientifc cooperation agreement has therefore been signed between the Louvre Museum and the SFDAS, so that the Damboya excavation can begin in 2020 under the aegis of the SFDAS. Damboya’s potential to provide information has been recognised for a long time (Rondot 2006). The results obtained following the magnetometric survey carried out in 2008 on the central Figure 1. Map of Damboya and excavated areas (©SFDAS/musée du Louvre). part of the site were promising for an in- depth study of an urban settlement on the banks of the Nile in central Sudan, in connection with one of the major sites of the Meroitic period, el-Hassa (Rondot 2013). This partial survey covered an area of 2.35ha, itself divided into eight square modules of 50m on each side, a rectangle of 40mx50m and a square of 40m per side.
    [Show full text]
  • Government of Sudan Security Forces in Darfur 1. Sudan Armed Forces
    UN CONFIDENTIAL UNMIS INTERNAL UNMIS 22.11.2005 UMAC Government of Sudan Security Forces in Darfur 1. Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) - Command and Control 1.1. General 1. The Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) is a conventional armed force with a mandate to protect and to maintain internal security. I It carries out its mandate mainly through ground forces, including Popular Defence Force (PDF) militia, as well as an air force and navy. (AI) 1.2. Organization 2. The Supreme Commander of the armed forces, Lieutenant General Omar Hassan Ahmad el-Bashir, holds both the posts of National President and Commander-In­ Chief of the Armed Forces and People's Defence Forces (PDF). For operational purposes he exercises this power through the Minister of Defence (currently major-general Bakri Hassan Saleh). The Minister appoints a Commander of the Armed Forces and Chief of General Staff (currently, general Abbas Arabi) who, together with five Deputy Chiefs of Staff (Operations, Intelligence, Logistics, Administration, Training and Morale), form the Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff or Command Group. The air force and navy are individual services under the commander-in-chief. (AI) 3. The SAF is structured into an operational force of combat divisions (8i under Regional Commands (9) that constitute the dynamic component of the defence, and a territorial structure under the command of Military Districts (10) that has more static and support purposes. 4. The ground operational forces are: • 1 Armored Division (earmarked for national/strategic reseve) • I Mechanized Infantry Division • 6 InfantrylMechanized Divisions • 1 Airborne Division (composed of 2 Airborne Brigades and 1 Special Forces 3 Brigade ) I Article 122, Part VII, Constitution of Sudan 2 Combat divisions are located in Atbara, Dongola, Juba, Kassala, Khartoum, Nyala, Omdurman, and Port Sudan 3 The only Special Operations Force (SOF) in the Sudanese military is the Army Special Forces (SF) Brigade, which has only two subordinate units, the 143rd and 144th Special Forces Battalions.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe
    The Archaeological Sites of The Island of Meroe Nomination File: World Heritage Centre January 2010 The Republic of the Sudan National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums 0 The Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe Nomination File: World Heritage Centre January 2010 The Republic of the Sudan National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums Preparers: - Dr Salah Mohamed Ahmed - Dr Derek Welsby Preparer (Consultant) Pr. Henry Cleere Team of the “Draft” Management Plan Dr Paul Bidwell Dr. Nick Hodgson Mr. Terry Frain Dr. David Sherlock Management Plan Dr. Sami el-Masri Topographical Work Dr. Mario Santana Quintero Miss Sarah Seranno 1 Contents Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………. 5 1- Identification of the Property………………………………………………… 8 1. a State Party……………………………………………………………………… 8 1. b State, Province, or Region……………………………………………………… 8 1. c Name of Property………………………………………………………………. 8 1. d Geographical coordinates………………………………………………………. 8 1. e Maps and plans showing the boundaries of the nominated site(s) and buffer 9 zones…………………………………………………………………………………… 1. f. Area of nominated properties and proposed buffer zones…………………….. 29 2- Description…………………………………………………………………………. 30 2. a. 1 Description of the nominated properties………………………………........... 30 2. a. 1 General introduction…………………………………………………… 30 2. a. 2 Kushite utilization of the Keraba and Western Boutana……………… 32 2. a. 3 Meroe…………………………………………………………………… 33 2. a. 4 Musawwarat es-Sufra…………………………………………………… 43 2. a. 5 Naqa…………………………………………………………………..... 47 2. b History and development………………………………………………………. 51 2. b. 1 A brief history of the Sudan……………………………………………. 51 2. b. 2 The Kushite civilization and the Island of Meroe……………………… 52 3- Justification for inscription………………………………………………………… 54 …3. a. 1 Proposed statement of outstanding universal value …………………… 54 3. a. 2 Criteria under which inscription is proposed (and justification for 54 inscription under these criteria)………………………………………………………… ..3.
    [Show full text]
  • The Southern Border of the Kingdom of Makuria in the Nile Valley 94 Mariusz Drzewiecki
    INSTITUT DES CULTURES MÉDITERRANÉENNES ET ORIENTALES DE L’ACADÉMIE POLONAISE DES SCIENCES ÉTUDES et TRAVAUX XXIV 2011 MARIUSZ DRZEWIECKI The Southern Border of the Kingdom of Makuria in the Nile Valley 94 MARIUSZ DRZEWIECKI Written sources do not contain much information about the borders between the different kingdoms of medieval Nubia. It seems that there were two types of borders1 and the dif- ference between them comes down to a matter of precision. The borders running through the Nile Valley are in the majority of cases more clearly defined than the borders which run through the desert. In the first instance the names of settlements, characteristic points in the landscape, are given as well as distances in terms of the number of days a journey takes. Desert borders however are often described using only the names of the tribes which were meant to be, at least seasonally, in the given region, without any further details. On the basis of this observation it is possible to deduce that in the time of the Kingdom of Makuria the borders in the Nile Valley were precisely established. In this article I will deal with the southern border of the Kingdom of Makuria in the Nile Nalley. The issue in question is whether, in a certain period (at least within the Thir- teenth –Fourteenth centuries), could this border have crossed through the fortifications in Wadi Dam et Tor and Tarfaya (Fig. 1). The conclusions are based on the analysis of writ- ten sources and the context of both the aforementioned sites. Written sources mentioning the southern border of the Kingdom of Makuria in the Nile Valley We have few detailed mentions of the southern border of the Kingdom of Makuria.
    [Show full text]
  • The Power of the SC to Adopt and Refer A
    “The power of the SC to adopt and refer a resolution to the ICC prosecutor for crimes committed by presiding Head of States/Governments: with special emphasis on President Al-Beshir of the Sudan” By Medhanie Taddele ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES LAW FACULTY Addis Ababa October, 2011 i www.chilot.me “The power of the SC to adopt and refer a resolution to the ICC prosecutor for crimes committed by presiding Head of States/Governments: with special emphasis on President Al-Beshir of the Sudan” A Thesis Submitted to Addis Ababa University, Faculty of Law in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Masters Degree of Laws (LL.M) By Medhanie Taddele Addis Ababa University October, 2011 www.chilot.me Table of Content Page Approval ..............................................................................................................i Declaration ...........................................................................................................ii Acknowledgement ...............................................................................................iii Acronyms ..............................................................................................................iv Abstract .................................................................................................................i CHAPTER ONE Introduction ....................................................................................................1 1.1 Background ..........................................................................................................1
    [Show full text]
  • The Legality of the Indictment of President Omar Hasen Al-Bashir By
    The Legality of the IndIndictmentictment of President Omar Hasen AlAlAl-Al---BashirBashir by the International Criminal Court Under International Law BYBYBY Takele Enkossa Addis Ababa University School of Graduate Studies Faculty of Law Addis Ababa January, 2010 www.chilot.me Table of Contents Pages Acronyms--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v Abstract ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi Chapter One Introduction -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.1 Background ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1 1.2 Statement of the Problem --------------------------------------------------------------------4 1.2.1Research Questions -------------------------------------------------------------------------5 1.3 Objective of the Study -----------------------------------------------------------------------6 1.4 Scope of the Study -----------------------------------------------------------------------------6 1.5 Significance of the Study ---------------------------------------------------------------------7 1.6 Research Methodology -----------------------------------------------------------------------8 1.7 Organization of the Paper --------------------------------------------------------------------8 1.8 Limitation of the Paper ------------------------------------------------------------------------9 Chapter Two The International Criminal
    [Show full text]
  • Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables Underwater Along River Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case
    IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) www.iosrjen.org ISSN (e): 2250-3021, ISSN (p): 2278-8719 Vol. 05, Issue 02 (February. 2015), ||V2|| PP 37-41 Feasibility of Laying Fiber-Optic Cables underwater along River Nile Basin- Sudan Study Case 1Ammar A. Saleh, 2Dr. Amin B. A. Mustafa, 3Dr. Ashraf A. Osman 1(Faculty of Engineering, Al- Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan, [email protected]) 2(Faculty of Engineering, Al- Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan, [email protected]) 3(Computer Design Senior Engineer, Folsom, CA, USA, [email protected]) Abstract: - Fiber optics cables offers various advantages of over regular cables when used as data transportation medium in today’s communication networks. The River Nile basin countries such as Sudan enjoys vast distances that are travelled by the River Nile, offering a natural path for an underwater cable laying areas. In this study, the potential of laying such cables is investigated with Sudan taken as a case study. The socioeconomic impact analysis will be provided, and potential issues and obstacles will be discussed. Keywords: - Communications, Fibers, Network, Optic I. INTRODUCTION Several researchers have provided detailed analysis of merits and demerits of using fiber-optic in communication network specially when long distances are involved where light suffers little attenuation compared to electric wiring cables. Examples of fiber-optics benefits includes[1]: Immunity to electromagnetic interference, Usage of nonconductive materials, No electromagnetic radiation from cables leading to high data security No current induced sparks risks since no conducting current is used Usage of small and lightweight materials High operating bandwidth over long distances. Despite these benefits, the fiber-optic cables suffers from limitations such as[1]: o Cost where cables are expensive to install but last longer than copper cables.
    [Show full text]