Making Peace; Psychological Origins of Violence, Warmongering and a New Democracy
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11/13/06 Making Peace; Psychological Origins of Violence, Warmongering and a New Democracy By William A. McConochie, Ph.D. Copyright 2005, William A. McConochie 71 E. 15th Ave. Eugene, Or. 97401 541-686-9934 [email protected] Table of Contents Temporary preface. Acknowledgments. Chapter 1. Big Bad Wolf Hunting. Data that may change how we see the world. An introduction to the book addressing the psychological traits of personal violence-proneness and warmongering, and two types of democracy, and how they are scientifically studied and statistically related. Chapter 2. The Science of Psychology. Introduction to the principles of measurement, reliability and validity in psychology. Section I The Psychology of Violent Individuals. Chapter 3. Why Do Normal People Kill? Looking into the killer mind. A case presentation of Kip Kinkel, a teenager who killed his parents, two classmates and injured many others. Explanation of steps taken to build a questionnaire to measure traits that put such persons at risk for violence. Chapter 4. Great Expectations: Gathering data to check a violence questionnaire. Explanation and presentation of data establishing the initial reliability and validity of this questionnaire with samples of adult job applicants and normal teenagers. Chapter 5. Disagreeable, Lazy, and a Little Bit Crazy: Personality and other traits of violence-proneness. Presentation of data on Big Five personality trait scores and other traits correlated with violence-proneness in teens and adults. Chapter 6 Bad People Behaving Badly: Correlates with criminal behavior. Presentation of data on incarcerated teens and adults and others with histories of criminal and violent behavior, further establishing the validity of the dozen or so traits measured in the questionnaire as predictors of violence and criminality. Chapter 7. An Ounce of Prevention: What we can do to prevent crime and violence. Specific suggestions for community and clinical prevention efforts based on the many traits which correlate with violence-proneness, violence and criminal behavior. Section II The Psychology of Warmongering Leaders. Chapter 8. Worldviews and World Wars: Testing the Eidelson conflict hypothesis. Presentation of the Eidelson hypothesis about five worldviews proposed as underlying international conflict on both an individual and group level and how these traits are measured by the author for the first time with questionnaire items. Correlations with pro-social and anti-social measures, specifically in terms of preferred government policies and programs. Chapter 9. Warmongering in Business and Education: Measuring the warmongering trait. Presentation of studies of business managers and university education majors on the Eidelson worldviews, preferred government types and programs, preferred public school funding methods and a measure of the trait of warmongering. Chapter 10. The Mind of the Warmonger: More criminal than Quaker. Studies of Nigerian criminals compared with U.S. Quakers on the traits mentioned above. Quakers have the lowest scores on warmongering. Young criminals have the highest. The trait of warmongering correlates strongly with violence-proneness as measured by the questionnaire presented in Section I, above. Chapter 11. Warmongers By Any Other Names: Defensive warriors and pacifists. A study of over 200 university students’ scores on warmongering and attitudes toward participating as soldiers in combat. Data is presented that documents the apparent relative number of warmongers, defensive warriors and pacifists in the general population (5%, 70% and 25% respectively). Chapter 12. Two Types of World Religious Beliefs: How warmongers worship. Presentation of research data on three separate groups documenting the existence of two basic types of human religious beliefs: fundamentalist and kindly. Citing of findings by another researcher that religious fundamentalism is found in major religions of the world. Presentation of correlations between these two types and measures of warmongering, sustainability endorsement, positive foreign policy, preferred government types and human rights endorsement. Chapter 13. Warmongers Versus the Majority: Conflicting Attitudes about government. Presentation of research data comparing and contrasting warmongers versus the majority of adults on preferred government types and many specific government policies and programs, including military spending. Chapter 14. Warmongers in Your Church and Mine: The kindly mind of the moral majority. Presentation of frequency data of warmongers in virtually all groups of persons studied. Data on the characteristics of the majority of adults, who are of the kindly religious orientation. Chapter 15. Oxymoronic Foreign Policy: The danger of exporting democracy. Discussion of the two types of democratic government studied in earlier chapters, specifically in the context of exporting one or the other to other countries. Explanation of the danger of exporting tribal democracy, which serves special interest groups and is preferred by warmongering political leaders. Chapter 16. Counting Heads: How many warmongers are there? What do the people want? Presentation and discussion of frequency data on warmongers and presentation of the types of specific government services desired by the majority of adults surveyed. Chapter 17. Why the Human Race has Warmongers: A grisly role of species survival. Discussion of the probable evolutionary origin of the human warmongering trait and its role in fostering species survival, though not survival of warmongers per se. Chapter 18. The Ultimate Conflict: Competitive versus cooperative humans Presentation of research findings as to the relative frequency of competitive versus cooperative human beings (based on the studies cited in prior chapters). Chapter 19. Warmongers Internationale: Bad guys everywhere. Presentation of research data on students and adults from several continents, compared with a sample from the United States on warmongering and preferred government types and services, cited as showing the probable universality of the warmongering trait in humans. Chapter 20. Spotting Warmongers: A rating scale you can use. Presentation of a 50-item rating scale that measures the warmongering-proneness of political and military leaders well known to the rater. Initial data on presidential candidates Bush and Kerry. Chapter 21. Warmonger Hall of Infamy: Who’s number 1? Presentation of scores on the warmongering-proneness scale for 23 historical leaders, and Bush and Kerry. Scores for Mandela, Gandhi, Lincoln, Attila the Hun, Hitler, Stalin, etc. Presentation of reliability and validity data for this instrument. Section III The Psychology of Good and Bad Government. Chapter 22. Designing a New Political Party: Would BICO’s try harder? Introduction to and description of a model for a new political party that would be dedicated to serving the best interests of the community overall, as over 90% of adults surveyed in studies discussed above prefer government of this focus. Chapter 23. Wholesome Values for the Whole Nation: United we stand. Presentation of rank ordered public endorsement of human rights and religious values, showing how a national ethic can be scientifically defined. Chapter 24. There’s Nothing the Matter with Kansas: Universally shared values and beliefs. Presentation of research data comparing different groups of adults on endorsement of basic religious and human rights values, showing how similar people are in this regard. Chapter 25. Problems in Kansas and Wherever There is Fear: Prevarication, propaganda, and paranoia. Discussion of public vulnerability to propaganda and the tendency of warmongers to endorse political lying and conniving, and propaganda and their tendency to have a sense of messianic mission. Presentation of research data documenting the robust relationship between clinical anxiety, and warmongering and religious fundamentalism. Chapter 26. Think about Elephants, Donkeys, and Dogs: Values, frames, and slogans. Discussion of George Lakoff’s linguistic theory of frames of reference and values in voter choices, and how this can be and is used to sell political messages. Discussion of the implicit oversimplification frame of slogans. Discussion of a contrasting complex frame of reference underlying the BICO party orientation. Discussion of how the BICO party would “sell” itself to voters from this frame of reference. Chapter 27. High Finance: Funding a new party one member at a time. Discussion of money in politics and how the BICO party could be funded by party member individual citizen dues, versus special interest group contributions with strings attached. Chapter 28. A New Political Party: A party of, by, and for the people. Presentation and discussion of details of the new party structure and function. Chapter 29. Poll Talk: Government as you like it. Presentation of research data documenting levels of endorsement of party characteristics, etc. by the voting public. Chapter 30. Now Hiring: High Quality Politicians: Selecting and grooming candidates. Presentation of research data on the personality characteristics of persons interested in political careers and how this relates to the BICO party process of hiring and grooming candidates for political office. Chapter 31. Public Speaking 101: Training candidates to speak for the public. Discussion of and demonstration of how BICO party candidates would talk to voters during campaign speeches and in town hall meetings, emphasizing party platform rather