DOCSLIB.ORG

Interactions Between the Cereal Aphid Pests Sitobion Avenae and Rhopalosiphum Padi and Their Fungal Natural Enemies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Interactions Between the Cereal Aphid Pests Sitobion Avenae and Rhopalosiphum Padi and Their Fungal Natural Enemies Norwegian University of Life Sciences Faculty of Biosciences Department of Plant Sciences Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis 2019:70 Interactions between the cereal aphid pests Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi and their fungal natural enemies Samspill mellom kornbladlus (Sitobion avenae), havrebladlus (Rhopalosiphum padi) og deres naturlige fiender i korn Stéphanie Saussure Interactions between the cereal aphid pests Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi and their fungal natural enemies Samspill mellom kornbladlus (Sitobion avenae), havrebladlus (Rhopalosiphum padi) og deres naturlige fiender i korn Philosophiae Doctor (PhD) Thesis Stéphanie Saussure Norwegian University of Life Sciences Faculty of BioSciences Department of Plant Sciences Ås (2019) Thesis number 2019:70 ISSN 1894-6402 ISBN 978-82-575-1630-7 i PhD supervisors Assoc. Prof. Richard Meadow Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) Ås, Norway Research Prof. Ingeborg Klingen Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) Ås, Norway Dr. Anne-Grete Roer Hjelkrem Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) Ås, Norway Dr. Therese With Berge Norwegian Institute for Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) Ås, Norway Evaluation committee Prof. Italo Delalibera, Jr. University of São Paulo (USP-ESALQ) Piracicaba, SP, Brazil Prof. Helen Elizabeth Roy, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (NERC) Oxfordshire, United-Kingdom Assoc. Prof. Siv Fagertun Remberg Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) Ås, Norway ii À ma famille, iii i Acknowledgements A PhD is many things. It is an education, a work but mostly a human adventure. This work wouldn’t had been possible without the wonderful people I met and helped me in different ways making this thesis possible. This thesis is pluridisciplinary and I, therefore, met many people that I want to thank. First, I wish to thank my supervisors Richard Meadow, Ingeborg Klingen, Anne-Grete Roer Hjelkrem and Therese With Berge. Thank you for offering me the possibility to work with you and welcoming me in your team. I am grateful for your trust, guidance and support during these four challenging and interesting years. Secondly, I would like to thank my opponents Helen Elizabeth Roy and Italo Delalibera, Jr. for taking the time to read my work and accepting to be a part of my committee. Thank you to Siv Fagertun Remberg for being my committee administrator and organising the defence. I had the pleasure to work with several co-authors. First, I had the chance to create zombie aphids in silico with Niels Holst. Thank you for your support, guidance and teaching. Jørgen Eilenberg, Annette Bruun Jensen, and Ibtissem Ben Fekih, thank you for inviting me on a fruitful and nice collaboration, and for interesting discussions. Marie Louise Davey and Annette Folkedal Schjøll, thank you for offering a bit of help when I was in need; and then becoming significant and interesting partners. Finally, Karin Westrum, thank you for teaching me how to handle these divas of fungi and being supportive when obstacles occurred e.g. suddenly fungi decided to stop growing in vitro. (Why? This was supposed to be the easy part.) I am grateful to my skilled colleagues at NIBIO who always helped me with a smile, squeezed me into their tight schedule and offered me advice and answers to my (sometimes strange) questions. Thank you, Andrea, Monica and Toril. I have been energized by my most reliable allies and support, my friends, who were there to share the ups with me and give me perspective during the downs. Thank you Chloé, Christophe, Claire, Marta, Nicolai, Roger, Simeon, Simon. And many others who shared a gym course, a coffee or a train ride with me! Support from outside your work environment is essential too. Thanks to Charlotte, Stefaniya and Sylvain for being supportive around chocolate cakes or on Skype and debating with me on many topics. Finally, thanks to my old friends who have been by my side for many years already: Arnaud, Chloé, Jean-Noël, Sebastien. Enfin merci à ma famille pour leur soutien longue distance et pour m’avoir permis de développer et de garder l’envie d’apprendre : Merci à ma mère, mon père, ma frangine, mamie, papi, Josette et Jean-Claude. Stéphanie iv Table of Contents Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................... vii Sammendrag ....................................................................................................................................................... ix List of publications ........................................................................................................................................... xi Foreword ............................................................................................................................................................... 1 1. Agronomical and ecological context .................................................................................................. 2 1.1. Agroecosystems and plant protection ...................................................................................... 2 1.2. Integrated Pest Management and biological control .......................................................... 3 2. Aphids and entomopathogenic fungi in cereals: a case study ................................................. 4 2.1. Pest aphids in cereals ...................................................................................................................... 4 2.2. Entomopathogenic fungi infecting aphids .............................................................................. 8 3. Epizootiology and biological control of aphids in cereals ..................................................... 12 3.1. The specific case of one pest, one pathogen ........................................................................ 12 3.2. The case of several pest and pathogen species .................................................................. 16 4. Objectives .................................................................................................................................................. 18 5. Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 21 5.1. Factors driving susceptibility and resistance in cereal aphids .................................... 21 5.2. Entomophthoromycotina overwinter with Rhopalosiphum padi ............................... 22 5.3. The disease triangle effect on disease expression of Pandora neoaphidis .............. 24 5.3.1. Variability within the host community ......................................................................... 24 5.3.2. Variability within the fungus population ..................................................................... 25 5.3.3. Variability of environmental conditions ...................................................................... 26 5.4. Modelling the population dynamics ....................................................................................... 27 6. Conclusion and perspectives for biological control ................................................................. 30 7. References ................................................................................................................................................ 34 Papers I-IV .......................................................................................................................................................... 42 Errata………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………147 v vi Abstract In agronomy, efficient plant protection strategies are required to reduce pest pressure and increase crop yield. Pesticide application has been the dominant method for plant protection for almost a century. However, the over-reliance on pesticides has several detrimental consequences. Therefore, alternative plant protection strategies have been developed and promoted to reduce pesticide use. An overall approach to using alternative strategies is Integrated Pest Management (IPM), defined as a sustainable approach to manage pests by combining eight principles (according to the EU regulation that Norway implemented in 2015) in a way that minimizes economic, environmental and health risks. These include the use of natural enemies and the manipulation of their trophic interactions with pests in order to protect the crop yield (i.e. biological control). In Europe, two main aphid species cause damage in cereals such as winter wheat: the English grain aphid Sitobion avenae and the bird cherry-oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi. Both species have many natural enemies, among which are entomopathogenic fungi in the sub-phylum Entomophthoromycotina. In this fungal group, the most interesting species for biological control of aphids are Pandora neoaphidis and Entomophthora planchoniana. As for any host-pathogen interactions, three important groups of factors are important potential drivers for an epidemic development: host population, pathogen population and environment. Together they are called the disease triangle. The aim of this PhD thesis was to identify important drivers of the disease triangle influencing (1) the success of fungal infection of aphids in cereals and (2) the capacity of the fungus to spread in these aphid populations. In this thesis I first reviewed, the factors driving the aphid host susceptibility or resistance to fungal pathogens by considering the model system composed of S.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Population Growth and Damage Caused by Rhopalosiphum Padi (L.) (Hemiptera, Aphididae) on Different Cultivars and Phenological Stages of Wheat
    Neotrop Entomol (2013) 42:539–543 DOI 10.1007/s13744-013-0158-9 PEST MANAGEMENT Population Growth and Damage Caused by Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera, Aphididae) on Different Cultivars and Phenological Stages of Wheat 1 1 2 1 1 1 MSAVARIS ,SLAMPERT ,JRSALVADORI ,DLAU ,PRVSPEREIRA ,MASMANIOTTO 1Embrapa Trigo, Lab de Entomologia, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil 2Univ de Passo Fundo, Fac de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil Keywords Abstract Aphids, damage, Triticum aestivum,yield Among the aphids associated with wheat and other winter cereals, Correspondence Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) is currently the predominant species in the wheat PRVS Pereira, Embrapa Trigo, Lab de growing region of southern Brazil. The damage caused by this aphid occurs Entomologia, Caixa Postal 451, CEP by direct feeding and/or by the transmission of pathogenic viruses, such as 99001-970, Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil; [email protected] the Barley/Cereal yellow dwarf virus. In order to estimate the direct damage caused by R. padi on wheat, we evaluated the population growth Edited by Jorge B Torres – UFRPE of this aphid during the tillering and elongation stages and its effects on Received 22 June 2012 and accepted 29 July grain yield components. The experiment was conducted in a screenhouse 2013 with three wheat cultivars (BRS Guabiju, BRS Timbaúva, and Embrapa 16). Published online: 29 August 2013 The effect of a period of 16 days, starting from an infestation of 40 aviruliferous aphids/plant, was evaluated and compared to non-infested * Sociedade Entomológica do Brasil 2013 plants. In both stages, the population growth of R.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ecology of the Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid, Rhopalosiphum Padi (L.)
    WÅITT. INSTI]'IjTE t8't,n3 LIIìR,\fiY The Ecology of the Bird Cherry-Oat Àphid, RhopaTosiphun padi (t. ) (Heniptera: Aphididae) in the Low Rainfall llheat Belt of South Australia. By PauI Joseph De Barro B.Ag.Sc. (Hons) The University of Àdelaide A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty Agricultural and Natural Resource Sciences at The University of Àdelaide. Department of crop Protection Waite Àgricultural Research fnstitute The University of Adelaide December L99I TO ELIZÀBETH ÀNNE CARTER Table of Contents Page SUI,TII{ÀRY xi DECI,ÀRATION xiii ÀCKNO¡{LEDGT,TENTS xiv INTRODUCTION 1 RESEÀRCH PI-ÀN 3 CTIÀPTER 1 CEREÀL APHIDS IN AUSTRALIÀ 5 CHÀPTER 2 BÀRLEY YELLOI,{ DÍ{ÀRF VIRUS IN AUSTRÀLIA 15 CTIÀPTER 3 A CHEAP LIGHTWEIGHT EFFICIENT VÀCUUM SÀMPLER. 24 Abstract 24 Introduction 24 Materials and Methods 24 Results and Discussion 27 CHÀPTER 4. KARYOTYPES OF CEREAL ÀPHIDS IN SOUTH AUSTRÀLIÀ WTTH SPECIÀL REFERENCE TO R. MATDÏg. 30 Àbstract 30 Introduction 30 Materials and Methods 33 Results 34 Discussion 34 CHÀPTER 5. STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF ÀPTEROUS R. PADI. 38 Àbstract 38 Introduction 38 Materials and Methods 39 Results and Discussion 4I CHÄPTER 6. THE ROLE OF REFUGE AREÀS IN THE PHENOLOGY OF R. PADT IN LOhI RÀINFÀLL CROPPING AREAS OF SOUTH ÀUSTRÀLIÀ. 44 Abstract 44 Introduction 44 Materials and Methods 49 Results 53 Discussion 65 111 CHÀPTER 7 THE ROLE OF TEMPERÀTURE, PHOTOPERIOD, CROWDING ÀND PLÀNT QUALITY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ÀLATE EXULE FORM OF R. PADÏ. 69 Abstract 69 Introduction 70 Materials and Methods 7L Results 77 Discussion 88 CIIÀPTER 8.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Biology of Rhopalosiphum Padi (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Winter Wheat in Northwestern Indiana J
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology Entomology, Department of 1987 A STUDY OF THE BIOLOGY OF RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN WINTER WHEAT IN NORTHWESTERN INDIANA J. E. Araya Universidad de Chile John E. Foster University of Nebraska-Lincoln, [email protected] S. E. Cambron Purdue University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub Part of the Entomology Commons Araya, J. E.; Foster, John E.; and Cambron, S. E., "A STUDY OF THE BIOLOGY OF RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN WINTER WHEAT IN NORTHWESTERN INDIANA" (1987). Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology. 543. http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/entomologyfacpub/543 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Entomology, Department of at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Publications: Department of Entomology by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 1987 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 47 A STUDY OF THE BIOLOGY OF RHOPALOSIPHUM PADI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) IN WINTER WHEAT IN NORTHWESTERN INDIANAI J. E. Araya2, J, E. Foster3, and S. E. Cambron 3 ABSTRACT Periodic collections of the bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi, dtring two years revealed small populations on winter wheat in Lafayette, Indiana. The greatest numbers were found on volunteer wheat plants before planting. In the autumn, aphids were detected on one-shoot plants by mid-October and also early March. The populations remained small until mid-June. We conclude that the aphid feeding did not significantly affect the plants, but helped spread barley yellow dwarf virus.
    [Show full text]
  • A Contribution to the Aphid Fauna of Greece
    Bulletin of Insectology 60 (1): 31-38, 2007 ISSN 1721-8861 A contribution to the aphid fauna of Greece 1,5 2 1,6 3 John A. TSITSIPIS , Nikos I. KATIS , John T. MARGARITOPOULOS , Dionyssios P. LYKOURESSIS , 4 1,7 1 3 Apostolos D. AVGELIS , Ioanna GARGALIANOU , Kostas D. ZARPAS , Dionyssios Ch. PERDIKIS , 2 Aristides PAPAPANAYOTOU 1Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Nea Ionia, Magnesia, Greece 2Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece 3Laboratory of Agricultural Zoology and Entomology, Agricultural University of Athens, Greece 4Plant Virology Laboratory, Plant Protection Institute of Heraklion, National Agricultural Research Foundation (N.AG.RE.F.), Heraklion, Crete, Greece 5Present address: Amfikleia, Fthiotida, Greece 6Present address: Institute of Technology and Management of Agricultural Ecosystems, Center for Research and Technology, Technology Park of Thessaly, Volos, Magnesia, Greece 7Present address: Department of Biology-Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece Abstract In the present study a list of the aphid species recorded in Greece is provided. The list includes records before 1992, which have been published in previous papers, as well as data from an almost ten-year survey using Rothamsted suction traps and Moericke traps. The recorded aphidofauna consisted of 301 species. The family Aphididae is represented by 13 subfamilies and 120 genera (300 species), while only one genus (1 species) belongs to Phylloxeridae. The aphid fauna is dominated by the subfamily Aphidi- nae (57.1 and 68.4 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively), especially the tribe Macrosiphini, and to a lesser extent the subfamily Eriosomatinae (12.6 and 8.3 % of the total number of genera and species, respectively).
    [Show full text]
  • Aphids and Their Control on Orchids
    APHIDS AND THEIR CONTROL ON ORCHIDS Paul J. Johnson, Ph.D. Insect Research Collection, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007 Aphids are among the most obnoxious of orchid pests. These insects are global and orchid feeding species are problematic in tropical growing areas as well as in commercial and hobby greenhouses in temperate regions. Rabasse and Wyatt (1985) ranked aphids as one of three most serious greenhouse pests, along with spider mites and whiteflies. These pernicious insects can show themselves on orchids year-around in warm climates, but seem to be mostly autumn and winter problems in temperate regions. Like most other orchid pests the most common routes into plant collections is through either the acquisition of an infested plant or the movement of plants from outdoors to indoors. However, certain reproductive stages of pest species do fly and they will move to orchids from other plants quite readily. Because of their propensity for rapid reproduction any action against aphids should be completed quickly while their populations are still small. An aphid infestation is often detected by an accumulation of pale-tan colored “skins” that fall beneath the developing colony. These “skins” are the shed integument from the growing and molting immature aphids. All of the common pest species of aphid also secrete honeydew, a feeding by-product exuded by the aphid and composed of concentrated plant fluids, and is rich in carbohydrates. This honeydew drips and accumulates beneath the aphid colony. Because of the carbohydrates honeydew is attractive to ants, flies, bees, other insects including beneficial species, and sooty mold.
    [Show full text]
  • Aphid Vectors and Grass Hosts of Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus and Cereal Yellow Dwarf Virus in Alabama and Western Florida by Buyun
    AphidVectorsandGrassHostsofBarleyYellowDwarfVirusandCerealYellow DwarfVirusinAlabamaandWesternFlorida by BuyungAsmaraRatnaHadi AdissertationsubmittedtotheGraduateFacultyof AuburnUniversity inpartialfulfillmentofthe requirementsfortheDegreeof DoctorofPhilosophy Auburn,Alabama December18,2009 Keywords:barleyyellowdwarf,cerealyellowdwarf,aphids,virusvectors,virushosts, Rhopalosiphumpadi , Rhopalosiphumrufiabdominale Copyright2009byBuyungAsmaraRatnaHadi Approvedby KathyFlanders,Co-Chair,AssociateProfessorofEntomologyandPlantPathology KiraBowen,Co-Chair,ProfessorofEntomologyandPlantPathology JohnMurphy,ProfessorofEntomologyandPlantPathology Abstract Yellow Dwarf (YD) is a major disease problem of wheat in Alabama and is estimated to cause yield loss of 21-42 bushels per acre. The disease is caused by a complex of luteoviruses comprising two species and several strains, including Barley yellowdwarfvirus (BYDV),strainPAV,and Cerealyellowdwarfvirus (CYDV),strain RPV. The viruses are exclusively transmitted by aphids. Suction trap data collected between1996and1999inNorthAlabamarecordedthe presence of several species of aphidsthatareknowntobeB/CYDVvectors. Aphidsweresurveyedinthebeginningofplantingseasonsinseveralwheatplots throughout Alabama and western Florida for four consecutive years. Collected aphids wereidentifiedandbioassayedfortheirB/CYDV-infectivity.Thissurveyprogramwas designedtoidentifytheaphid(Hemiptera:Aphididae)speciesthatserveasfallvectorsof B/CYDVintowheatplanting.From2005to2008,birdcherry-oataphid,
    [Show full text]
  • Aphidophagous Parasitoids Can Forage Wheat Crops Before Aphid
    Journal of Insect Science SHORT COMMUNICATION Aphidophagous Parasitoids can Forage Wheat Crops Before Aphid Infestation, Parana State, Brazil Orcial Ceolin Bortolotto,1,2 Ayres de Oliveira Menezes Ju´nior,2 and Adriano Thibes Hoshino2 1Corresponding author, e-mail: [email protected] 2State University of Londrina, Department of Agronomy, CEP: 86051-990, Highway Celso Garcia Cid, Londrina, Parana, Brazil Subject Editor: Inon Scharf J. Insect Sci. 15(40): 2015; DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev027 ABSTRACT. Aphid parasitoids are common in Brazilian wheat fields, and parasitize aphids at the wheat tillering stage. However, there is little information available about when this natural enemy occurs in wheat crops. This study investigated the initial occurrence of aphid parasitoids in four commercial wheat crops in northern Parana´ during the 2009 crop season. We installed two Malaise traps at each wheat farm, and 400 tillers were assessed weekly in each field for aphid abundance. During this study, we captured 4,355 aphid parasit- oids and 197 aphids. Three species of braconid parasitoids were identified, including Aphidius colemani (Viereck 1912), Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson 1880), and Diaeretiella rapae (McIntosh 1855). The aphids species identified were Rhopalosiphum padi (Linnaeus 1758) and Sitobion avenae (Fabricius 1775). This study showed that aphid parasitoids are present in wheat crops even when aphid densities are low, and in one farm, occurred before the aphids colonization. These reports can justified the high efficiency of these natural enemies against aphids in wheat fields. Key Words: Microhymenopterans, population dynamics, natural biological control, wheat pests, Aphidiinae Aphidophagous parasitoids, which are found in many regions of the us to estimate the moment that aphid parasitoids appeared in wheat world, help to regulate aphid populations in wheat crops (Adisu et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Wheat Aphid CP
    INDUSTRY BIOSECURITY PLAN FOR THE GRAINS INDUSTRY Threat Specific Contingency Plan Wheat aphid Sitobion avenae Prepared by Rob Weppler and Plant Health Australia March 2009 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Contingency Plan – Wheat aphid (Sitobion avenae) Disclaimer The scientific and technical content of this document is current to the date published and all efforts were made to obtain relevant and published information on the pest. New information will be included as it becomes available, or when the document is reviewed. The material contained in this publication is produced for general information only. It is not intended as professional advice on any particular matter. No person should act or fail to act on the basis of any material contained in this publication without first obtaining specific, independent professional advice. Plant Health Australia and all persons acting for Plant Health Australia in preparing this publication, expressly disclaim all and any liability to any persons in respect of anything done by any such person in reliance, whether in whole or in part, on this publication. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of Plant Health Australia. Further information For further information regarding this contingency plan, contact Plant Health Australia through the details below. Address: Suite 5, FECCA House 4 Phipps Close DEAKIN ACT 2600 Phone: +61 2 6215 7700 Fax: +61 2 6260 4321 Email: [email protected] Website: www.planthealthaustralia.com.au | PAGE 2 PLANT HEALTH AUSTRALIA | Contingency Plan – Wheat
    [Show full text]
  • Aphids on Medicinal Plants in North East India (Insecta: Homoptera: Aphididae)
    See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271519464 Aphids on medicinal plants in north east India (Insecta: Homoptera: Aphididae) Article · January 2004 CITATIONS READS 5 409 2 authors, including: Rajendra Singh Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University 232 PUBLICATIONS 1,792 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: Taxonomy and biological control of aphids and their natural enemies View project To prepare updated checklists of Indian spiders View project All content following this page was uploaded by Rajendra Singh on 30 January 2015. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Rec. zoo!. Surv. India: 102 (Part 1-2) : 169-186, 2004 APHIDS ON MEDICINAL PLANTS IN NORTH EAST INDIA (INSECTA: HOMOPTERA : APHIDIDAE) SHELLY GHOSH A 0 RAJE ORA SINGH Aphid BJocontrol Laboratory. Department ofZoology. DDU Gorakhpur University. Gorakhpur -273009. India INTRODUCTION India, one of the 12 Megadiversity countries, has an estimated plant species of over 45,000 out of which about 15,000 + 2000 constitute the flowering plants distributed in phyto zones ranging from Alpine Himalaya to deserts of Thar, "Hot spots" of Northeast India and Western Ghats, the sweed and saline water plants, the plants of plains and plateaus, hills and hillocks, valleys and vantage etc. (Hazra and Chakravorty, 1997). The present paper provides a complete list of aphids infesting the medicinal plants of Northeast India where aphids are represented by 414 species and subspecies (Ghosh and Singh, 2000).90 species/subspecies of aphids infest medicinal plants belonging to 95 species under 50 plant families.
    [Show full text]
  • Sitobion) Miscanthi (Takahashi) (Homoptera: Aphididae
    International Journal of Research Studies in Biosciences (IJRSB) Volume 2, Issue 9, October 2014, PP 17-41 ISSN 2349-0357 (Print) & ISSN 2349-0365 (Online) www.arcjournals.org Systematics, Nymphal Characteristics and Food Plants of Sitobion (Sitobion) Miscanthi (Takahashi) (Homoptera: Aphididae) Abhilasha Srivastava Rajendra Singh Department of Zoology Department of Zoology D.D.U. Gorakhpur University D.D.U. Gorakhpur University Gorakhpur, India Gorakhpur, India [email protected] [email protected] Abstract: The wheat aphid, Sitobion miscanthi (Takahashi) (Aphididae: Hemiptera) is a destructive aphid, native to Formosa but now distributed in many wheat growing countries of the world. It is a small (apterae 3.05-3.45 mm, alatae 2.35–2.92 mm) greenish to brownish aphid with dark siphunculi and light coloured cauda. Young ones are yellowish green in colour while grown-ups are light brownish to blackish brown. In India, it is reported on 84 plant species belonging to 13 plant families. It infests especially plant families Poaceae (Graminae). In northeastern Uttar Pradesh it was observed on feeding five host plants: Avena sativa L., Hordeum vulgare L., Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br., Phalaris minor Retz, and Triticum aestivum L. In this article the taxonomic status, synonymy, economic importance, distribution, life history, and food plants of S. miscanthi were described. The adult parthenogenetic viviparous apterae and alatae as well as alate male (sexual morph, not recorded in the study area) were morphologically described giving the morphometry of all taxonomic characters along with illustrations. Several taxonomic characters of the first to fourth instar nymphs of apterous morph of S.
    [Show full text]
  • Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: the Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus
    Supplementary Aphid Transmission of Potyvirus: The Largest Plant-Infecting RNA Virus Genus Kiran R. Gadhave 1,2,*,†, Saurabh Gautam 3,†, David A. Rasmussen 2 and Rajagopalbabu Srinivasan 3 1 Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA 2 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, 1109 Experiment Street, Griffin, GA 30223, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]. † Authors contributed equally. Received: 13 May 2020; Accepted: 15 July 2020; Published: date Abstract: Potyviruses are the largest group of plant infecting RNA viruses that cause significant losses in a wide range of crops across the globe. The majority of viruses in the genus Potyvirus are transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent, non-circulative manner and have been extensively studied vis-à-vis their structure, taxonomy, evolution, diagnosis, transmission and molecular interactions with hosts. This comprehensive review exclusively discusses potyviruses and their transmission by aphid vectors, specifically in the light of several virus, aphid and plant factors, and how their interplay influences potyviral binding in aphids, aphid behavior and fitness, host plant biochemistry, virus epidemics, and transmission bottlenecks. We present the heatmap of the global distribution of potyvirus species, variation in the potyviral coat protein gene, and top aphid vectors of potyviruses. Lastly, we examine how the fundamental understanding of these multi-partite interactions through multi-omics approaches is already contributing to, and can have future implications for, devising effective and sustainable management strategies against aphid- transmitted potyviruses to global agriculture.
    [Show full text]
  • Morphological and Genetic Indiscrimination of the Grain Aphids, Sitobion Avenae Complex (Hemiptera: Aphididae)
    Appl. Entomol. Zool. 41 (1): 63–71 (2006) http://odokon.ac.affrc.go.jp/ Morphological and genetic indiscrimination of the grain aphids, Sitobion avenae complex (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Hyun Jung CHOE, Si Hyeock LEE and Seungwhan LEE* Entomology Program, School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University; Seoul 151–742, Korea (Received 14 June 2005; Accepted 20 September 2005) Abstract Four grain aphids, Sitobion spp. [S. avenae (F.), S. akebiae (Shinji), S. miscanthi (Takahashi) and S. fragariae (Walker)] on various grasses (Poaceae), nominated as Sitobion avenae-complex in this paper, were compared for their morphological and genetic characteristics. For morphological comparison, ten characters frequently used in the identi- fication of S. avenae-complex were compared among samples from various global locations. The results from these comparisons demonstrated that the ranges of specific characteristics overlap considerably. The means of most charac- teristics were very similar among S. avenae, S. miscanthi and S. akebiae, indicating that the characteristics are not useful for the individual identification of these three grain aphids. Also, the intra-specific variations of the Far Eastern S. akebiae were as large as the inter-specific differences between S. miscanthi and S. avenae. In the nucleotide se- quence comparison of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit II (mt COII) gene, the pair-wise genetic dis- tances among the populations of the three species ranged from 0.00 to 1.56%, almost equal to the intra-specific dis- tances of Far Eastern S. akebiae (0.00–1.38%). In this context, it is suggested that S. akebiae (Shinji) syn. n. and S. miscanthi (Takahashi) syn.
    [Show full text]