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The Vigors Family of Leighlinbridge an Introduction

The Vigors Family of Leighlinbridge an Introduction

Officers and Members of the Old Society 1979/80

President " Carpenter, Patrick, Barrack Street, Ellis, J. J. & Mrs., 17 Burnaby Park, His Lordship Most Rev. Dr. Patrick Carlow. Greystones, Co. Wicklow. Lennon, Bishop of & Leighlin. Carroll, Mr. Noel, 23 Phibsboro Road, Ellis, William, Burrin Street, Carlow. 7. Fenlon, Mrs. M., "Riverville", Life Vice Presidents Chmelar, Edward, Rathnapish, Carlow. Montgomery Street, Carlow. Very Rev. P. MacSuibhne, M.A., St. Coen, G. & Mrs., Braganza, Road, Fennell, Mrs. Eileen, Chapelstown, Patrick's College, Carlow; Mrs. M. Carlow. Carlow. O'Neill, Wilton Gardens, ; Mr. Liam Collins, Seim, "Feonacach", , Fitzell, Malcolm & Valerie, "Yellow D. Bergin, Editor, "Nationalist & Carlow. Lion", Burrin Street, Carlow. Times", Carlow; Mr. Alec Connolly, Mrs. T., Ballyfoyle, Mageney, FitzGerald, Mrs. D., Shinrone, Offaly. Burns, College Street, Carlow. Co. Kildare. FitzMaurice, Mrs. B., Laurel Lodge, Conroy, Miss Molly, Castle Street, Carlow. Chairman Foley, Joseph, Sycamore Road, Miss M. T. Kelly. Carlow. Cocoran, Mrs. B., 132 J.K.L. Avenue, Rathnapish, Carlow. Carlow. Governey, Francis, Pollerton, Carlow. Vice-Chairman Grecol, John L., Cleveland, Ohio, 44101, Mr. A. Burns. Corrigan, Thomas & Mrs., Knockfield, , Co. Kildare. U.S.A. Crombie, B. & Mrs., Pembroke, Carlow. Hade, Miss P., Castle Street, Carlow. Secretary Halpin, John, Mullawn, , Co. Mr. Sean O'Leary. Crowe, Austin, "Sleibhte", 125 Newtown Park Avenue, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. Carlow. Cullen, Miss Mary, Tullow Road, Carlow. Harding, Rev. B., St. John's, . Treasurer Harvey, Mrs. P., Mill Park House, Mr. James Westman. Cullen, Sr. Nessa, Clochar na Trochaire, Ceatharloch. Kilbride, Co. Carlow. Haughney, Eamonn, Pollerton Road, Editor Cunnane, Rev. James, P.P., V.F., Our Carlow. Mr. Hugh Dolan. Lady of the Taper Church, Cardigan, Scmth Wales. Hawkes, Miss S., Castle Street, Carlow. Healy, Pat, Pollerton Castle, Carlow. Committee Curry, Kevin,· 1 Parlos Park, Oakpark, Healy, R., College Street, Carlow. Miss I. MacLeod, Mrs. B. FitzMaurice, . Hodges, C. G., 48 Queen Victoria Road, Mrs. M. Fenlon, Mrs. B. Crombie, Mrs. Darling, Mrs. R., Ballylinan, Laois. Claremount, Cape, S. Africa. E. Fennell, Messrs. T. Smyth, E. Mc­ Deane, Miss M., St. Killian's Crescent, Hogan, Mr. S., Rathrush, Rathoe, Co. Donald, R. James, J. Halpin, K. Ken- Carlow. Carlow. nedy. Dempsey, R. & Mrs., Braganza, Carlow. Dolan, Hugh, 35 Oakley Park, Tullow Holden, Michael & Mrs., Tullow Street, Delegates to Arts Council Road, Carlow. Carlow. Holton, Sr. Ann, Clochar na Trochaire, Mr. Brendan Kealy, Miss Iona MacLeod. Doogue, Mr. M., Hillcrest, , Co. Wicklow. Ceatharloch. Delegates to the Historical Advisory Dooley, Gerard, 14 St. Killian's Crescent, Hosey, W., Hanover, Carlow. Committee of Carlow Co. Council Carlow. Hughes, Edward, Graignamanagh, Co. Mr. H. Dolan, Mr. A. Burns. Dooley, Miss M., Athy Road, Carlow. Kilkenny. Dooley, Padraig, 14 St. Killian's Cres­ Hughes, Mrs.. Jos., Kildrenagh, Members cent, Carlow. Bagenalstown, Co. Carlow. Agar, J. R. and Mrs., 13 Larkfield, Dooley, Miss Teresa, 14 St. Killian's Hyland, Mrs. Sadie, "Genazzano", Kil- Rathnapish, Carlow. Crescent, Carlow. leshin Road, Carlow. Alcock, Noel, 46 Staunton Avenue, Dowling O'Carroll, Mrs. L., Cloneen, James, Mrs. E., Montgomery Street, Governey Park, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Crettyard. Carlow. Behan, Mrs. C. Station Road, Carlow. Doyle, Mrs. B., St. Joseph's Road, James, Miss Margaret, Montgomery Bolton, Liam, Keelogue, Killeshin, Carlow. Street, Carlow. Carlow. Doyle, Mrs. C., Sycamore Road, James, T. R., 82 Green Road, Carlow. Brennan, Miss Mary, Kennedy Street, Rathnapish, Carlow. Mrs. A. Jones, Montgomery St., Co. Carlow. Carlow. Doyle, Jas. & Mrs., Road, Jordan, Mrs. M., St. Mary's Park, Brennan, Michael & Mrs., 2 Burrin Carlow. Carlow. Road, New Oak Estate, Carlow. Doyle, Mrs. M., 98 Maher Road, Kealy, Brendan, B.A., H.D.E., Brooks, Mr. & Mrs. W., Highfield, Governey Park, Graiguecullen. Maryboro' Street, GraiguecuIIen, Dublin Road, Carlow. Doyle, James, 98 Maher Road, Governey Carlow. Brophy, Edwam, Rathnapish, Carlow. Park, Graiguecullen. Kelly, Miss M. T., The Stream, Burns, Alex, College Street, Carlow. Doyle, Misses M. & D., "lnnisfree", Sta­ Castledermot Road, Carlow. Burns, Mr. & Mrs. C., "Malasha", Kil- tion Road, Carlow. Kehoe, T., Dublin St., Carlow. leshin Road, Carlow. Doyle, Miss Nellie, Granby Row, Carlow. Kehoe, M, Carlow Lodge Hotel. Byrne, Mrs., Little Barrack Street, Doyle, Mrs. M., "Sunny Cedars", Kil­ Kelly, Michael & Mrs., Burrin Street, Carlow. leshin Road, Carlow. Carlow. Canavan, Mrs. M., St. Joseph's Road, Doyle, Peadar, Everton, Carlow. Kelly, Mrs. Rutland, Carlow. Carlow. Doyle, Thomas, BougK, , Co. Kennedy, Mr. & Mrs. E., Kyleballyhue, Carbery, D. & Mrs., Green Road, Carlow. Carlow. Carlow. Carlos, Mr. L. N., 39 Sandfield Gardens, Duggan, W. L. & Mrs., College Street, Kennedy, Kevin & Mrs., 6 Oakley Park, Blackrock, , Co. Louth. Carlow. Graiguecullen, Carlow. Editorial

ONCE AGAIN Carloviana is published and hopes to make a con­ tribution to the knowledge of local history. Within its pages are articles on saints and scientists, villages and schools, elections CARLO VIANA and charters. The contents are diverse and there is an article dealing with events Volume 2. No. 28 in almost every century. New Series. 1980 Journal of Old Carlow Society Year by year we are reminded of how small the world is Editor: Hugh Dolan. becoming. In 1979 elections were held to the European Parlia­ Printedby 'Nationalist' Carlow ment. Manufacturing and retail firms with their headquarters abroad have established bases in Carlow. The days of living in isolation have long since passed. The question of where l<'Cal history fits into these developments could be asked. Surely we should be looking to the future, not to the past.

It is precisely because the pace of change is so rapid that modern man often feels disorientated and lost. Local history can restore a sense of belonging; it can give a feeling of security, of continuity. The Old Carlow Sociaety by means of lectures, out­ ings and a fine museum increases an awareness of our sur­ roundings. The more these surroundings change the more impor­ tant the work of the society. To be interested in the past is not the same as living in the past.

A voluntary society can only achieve so much and so it is gratifying to notice the interest in local history that public bodies are displaying. makes an annual subven­ tion to the Old Carlow Society's Museum and helps to lessen the financial headaches of the committee. The Library has been steadily adding to its collection of books, CONTENTS periodicals and documents relating to the history of County Medieval Carlow: Some Carlow. Other voluntary organisations are complementing the Documents••....•••.•...... •••.•• 4 work of the public bodies. An Taisce and spring immediately to mind. 'O Native Music beyond Comparing' ...... 6 Carlow Town and County Carloviana provides a permanent record for the research of of Old ...... 9 writers interested in local history. Articles are always welcome. Parnells Last Fight ...... 11 Old photographs are also of great interest to readers. All con­ tributors to the journal deserve thanks. Rev. Samuel Haughton ...... 12 The Celtic Connection in Carlow ...... 16 Despite inflationthe cost of the hournal remains at fifty pence. This has been made possible by the generosity of sponsors whose The Castle at names appear in the Journal. ...... ••••••..... 17 St. Joseph's Academy, Mhuine Bheag ...... 19 In its own modest way, Carloviana has been assisting in the preservation·of a record of Carlow's history. Hopefully it can con­ Tyndall of l.eighlin...... 23 tinue to do so. Secretary's Report...... 28 The Carmelites and l.eighlinbridge....••...... •.• 30 On the cover is an engraving of the rath at Lsighlinbridge, Co. Carlow, 1820. It was engraved by J. Grieg from a drawing by Geo. Petrie, for the Excursions Through .

3 Medieval Carlow: Some Documents

·------Tommy Clarke------

AFTER the Norman conquest and on the two shillings,and if on a third offence, he their acquisitions, whether by gift or sale, death of Dermott McMurrough in 11 71, shall have incurred a like judgment, he or mortgage, without my consent, saving Strongbow became Lord of Leinster (with shall pay half a mark, and the hundred the services which are therefore due, ex­ the exception of county Dublin, which the courts shall be held weekly. cept to religious men. It shall be lawful for King, Henry II, retained) by his marriage ITEM 5: No burgess shall be drawn the said burgesses outside my enclosures to Eva, Dermott's daughter. Strongbow into any suit by misnomers. to have common of my woods. died in April 1176 leaving as his heir his ITEM 6: It shall be lawful for the said 'ITEM 9: No burgess shall be compel­ daughter, Isabel. On her father's death burgesses to distrain their debtors, by led to lend his chattels, unless security be Isabel was made a ward of the king in such distress as shall be found in the town first given him of resoring them at a cer­ and remained under the royal of Catherlagh, or if it happens that the tain day; and if any burgess shall be of patronage until 1189 when she married plea shall be of live-stock for distress his own accord lend his chattels to the William Marshal; the hereditary Earl taken and brought into the hundred, and bailiffs of my castle, if they be not Marshal of England, and at this time if perchance it shall have happened that delivered up within forty days, he shall be perhaps the most powerful baron in the toll shall have been taken from any paid for their use beyond that time. And country, and the man who in 1216 held burgess within my land or jurisdiction, if if perchance there shall arrive a change in the very destiny of England in his hands. any one shall have taken it and have been my bailiffs, or my bailiffs shall resign, I By his marriage to Isabel he acquired the required to restore it, and shall have will compell the bailiff, so retiring, to Lordship of Leinster and also the Welsh refused by seizure, if the goods of any one restore his due to them, as they shall be Earldoms of Pembroke and Strigoil. of the place from whence he is, shall be able to prove him indebted. I have also The earliest mention of Carlow castle found at Catherlagh, they shall be dis­ granted to my burgesses to have the is recorded in a charter granted by Wil­ trained to recompence him. power of making of such of their tenants liam Marshall to the citizens of Carlow in ITEM 7: It shall not be lawful for any free as hold tenements of twenty feet of 1209, and which reads as follows: foreign merchant to sell cloth by the land, that thus they may enjoy a common "Be it known to all men, now and retail, or to keep a wine tavern in the town with the burgesses. I have also hereafter, that I, William Marshal, Earl of Catherlagh unless for forty days: and if granted to them, that if any man shall of Pembroke, have granted to my Burges­ any one should have it for a longer period, have taken their chattels for another ses of Catherlagh all such liberties as what remains shall be seized for the com­ forfeited without the borough, they shall Burgesses ought to have, and as it is law­ mon profit of the burgesses of the town. be restored to them without question, if ful for me to confer, to be held and en­ ITEM 8: No burgess shall be driven or they shall be able reasonably to prove joyed for ever of me and my heirs, by distrained within my land for another's them their property. I have also granted them and their heirs. debt, unless he be surety or principal deb­ to them the right to grind their corn in my ITEM 1: That no Burgess shall be tor. No burgess shall be compelled to bail mills for a reasonable toll. I have besides drawn into any suit, or answer any plea anyone even though he should have granted to the said burgesses, that they which shall arise within the bounds of the holden from him unless by his own free and their heirs may have and hold of my borough, in the castle, or elsewhere, than will. I have also granted to the said heirs freely and quietly for ever, their in the hundred court of the town; except burgesses of Catherlagh, that they may burgages with their appurtenances for the pleas which concern the men of my contract marriage for themselves, their rent of twelve pence per annum, half at household or my bailiffs; but it shall be sons, daughters, and widows, without the feast of Easter, and the other half at held in the hundred court of my town. leave of their lords, unless they hold the feast of St. Michael. I will, also, that ITEM 2: No homicide committed foreign tenements outside the borough of no assize of victuals shall be made in the within the bounds of the manor shall be me in chief; none of the lords of which borough unless by joint consent of the esteemed a murder. burgesses of Catherlagh who held foreign burgesses and my bailiffs, and, in the ITEM 3: No burgess shall be compel­ tenements, shall have the custody or giv­ hope that this concession may, at all led to single combat, or any appeal which ing away of their sons, daughters, or future times, continue firm and stable. I may be made against him, unless for the widows; but, nevertheless, they shall have confirm this charter with my seal." the custody of their own tenants until death of a man and for larceny or any Witnesses: John Marshal, other plea for which single combat can be those who have been in their custody shall Thomas FitzWinton, reasonable awarded. Also the said arrive at age, unless they held of me in Fulk FitzWarine, burgesses shall be quit of toll, lastage, chief, as aforesaid, without borough. It Walter Purcell, pontage, and all other customs shall also be lawful for the said burgesses William Grasse, throughout my whole territory and to have a guild of merchants and other Hammond Grasse, jurisdiction, except in my town of guilds, and their freemen with every Roger Hyde, Pembroke and my town of . liberty belonging to them, as is the Rodolph de Ralegh. ITEM 4: No burgess shall be amerced custom of other good towns. It shall also in any sum of money unless by the ad­ be lawful for the said burgesses to dispose To you, Lord Justice and the Council judication of the hundred court, and that of their tenements which they held in of our Lord the King in Ireland, prays amercement also to the utmost shall not burgage without prejutl1ce or injury to your chaplain, servant and petitioner, exceed ten shillings, the half of which their neighbours, as they shall deem ex­ Richard Wais, Rector of Catherlagh, in as shall be remitted, and if any one for bread pedient, whether edifices, or gardens, or much as he has laboured in the service of or beer, or such like on a second offence enclosures, or other things. I have also our Lord the King in his Chancery and have incurred a like penalty he shall pay granted to them power to dispose of all Exchequer of Ireland for these forty years

4 and more, and now in his old age he is vicarage, whereby he vexes and molests in the said place for twenty years and ruined for the rest of his days, if he be not the said Thomas in his possession . . . more, and all he has gained and acquired helped by our said Lord the King, that for the sake of the Lord God, and as for the time aforesaid now by McMorogh because now of late the enemy have a work of charity, you would grant a and divers other Irish enemies of the King burned and destroyed his houses, corn revocation of the presentation aforesaid, is entirely burned and destroyed, so that and divers other goods not moveable, and so that the said Thomas may be in peace, he has no means of livelihood either for robbed him of divers his moveables, and considering his old age and infirmity, and himself or his children but by begging, as yet after the said arson and robbery he that he has nothing to live by except the that it may please your most gracious needs must continue, at his great cost, to vicarage. lordship to consider the mischiefs dwell in town of Catherlagh, to the com­ Indorsement. Let there be made a aforesaid, and to ordain him some fort and aid of the Commons of the said revocation of the presentation mentioned suitable allowance to sustain and improve town, or otherwise they will have to leave in this petition by letters patent of the his condition, and that, as a work of the town waste without being reinhabited King, under his great seal in Ireland. charity. for ever; that it may please you to con­ Given at Dublin 20th November six­ sider his old age and poverty and long ser­ teenth year Richard II. Indorsement. Let the suppliant have vice, and his damages and losses five marks of the gift and special grace of To you, Lord Justice and Council of aforesaid, and grant him a fitting con­ the King, to enable him to inhabit his our Lord the King in Ireland, prays John sideration in recompense of the same, so houses, and rebuild them, and otherwise Penkestoun, clerk of the Common Pleas in that he shall be better able to bear such not. like charges in aid and comfort of tli.e the Exchequer at Catherlagh, inasmuch Given at Dublin, the first day Commons aforesaid. as he has been in the service of the King November sixteenth year Richard II. Endorsement. Let the petitioner have ten pounds, of the King's grace, as com­ pensation, for the reason contained in this petition. Given at Dublin, the first day of November, the sixteenth year of our Lord King Richard the Second. Mr. John Moriarty To you, Lord Justice and Council of our Lord the King in Ireland, prays Henry de W attenhull, that it may please you to RI.P. grant him the office of Attorney of our Lord the King before the Justices of the Common Bench of Ireland, and in his Ex­ chequer there, to hold as long as he car­ TO ALL the people of Co. Carlow and lost an opportunity of using the native ries himself well and loyally towards the neighbouring counties but especially to tongue, and was never ashamed to wear King and his ministers, receiving thereof the members of the Old Carlow Society, his Golden Fainne no matter what the yearly the fees and wages and rewards to the news of the unexpected death of John company. He was ever on the look-out for the said office usual, and that the said Moriarty came as a profound shock. A exhibits for the Museum and as a Henry may have power to appoint a man of indefatigable energy it was hard to member of the Co. Council he always ad­ deputy, for whom he will be answerable, realise that he had been called away so vocated financial aid to enable the to execute the said office in his absence, suddenly. Glowing and deserved tributes Museum to be worthy of Carlow. considering that the roads towards have been paid by the numerous The acquisition of the Town Hall as a Catherlagh are often so perilous that the organisations each of which he was, if not Museum was a brain-child of his, and his said Henry cannot approach the court on the chairman, an outstanding member. experience as member and Chairman of the first day without bodily danger; keep­ A member of the Old Carlow Society Carlow Co. Council was a great advan­ ing in mind the service which the said since his advent from his beloved Kerry, tage in the negotiations. Henry has rendered to the King for a long he took a deep and practical interest in all He was particularly glad that during period, until of late he was ousted without its activities. Despite the long distance he his Chairmanship of the O.C.S. this cause by Robert Hemyngburgh. had to travel, even in the bitterest momentous decision had been successfully Indorsement. Let the suppliant have weather, he rarely missed a meeting, and accomplished. We in the O.C.S. are sad the office mentioned in this petition, tak­ it was really marvellous how he could that we have lost a tower of strength, a ing the fee~ and wages usual to it, ac­ always fit in the O.C.S. into his ever-full fountain of knowledge, an able adviser cording to the purport of the same, by let­ timetable of meetings. Well versed in the and above all a real gentleman. It is in­ ters patent of the King under his great antiquities of his native county he soon deed nice to have known such a fine seal, in due form. acquired a wonderful knowledge of Co. Irishman. Given at Dublin the second November Carlow and especially of the Kiltegan dis­ Imeasc na n-aingeal agus na naomh i sixteenth year Richard II. trict. A fluent speaker of Irish, he never bhFlaitheas De go raibh a anam uasal. To you, most honoured Lord Justice of S.O'L. Ireland, humbly prays Thomas W averton, Vicar of the Church of Catherlagh, that as the Bishop of Leighlin lately has af­ firmed that the said Thomas ought to have resigned the vicarage of the same church . . . and thereto he is ready to swear on the Holy Evangelists, by reason of which affirmation one James Lawet ob­ tained a presentation of the same

5 t i ''0 Native Music, l Beyond Comparing'' k. I WAS having a meal at a hotel in the in spite of the opposition of literary and South-West when some people at the Aidan Murray social pressure. table started discussing Irish music. The The original Irish tune is named both critics could see no virtue in what RTE in the Index and after the title Moore has had to offer. The Ceili Bands were collec­ given it, but that is no indication that the tions of out-of-tune fiddlers, satisfying to them as a 19th century selling-point. original air is the one we know by that enough to dance to; but as all the tunes Moore had very little knowledge of music. name. I heard "Casadh an tSugain" sung The Preface to the 1859 edition makes were in unison, the effect was boring. The recently on RTE and it bore no the position clear. singers were usually old men "suffering resemblance to the version usually sung of from a superfluity of whiskers and a "The publication of a Collection of that lovely sean-n6s song. Moore's "How deficiency of teeth". By all means record Irish Melodies ... with poetry illustrative dear to me the hour" has as its Irish title .them as aids to trained singers, but don't of the manners and history of the country, "The Twisting of the Rope", which is yet inflict them on the public in the awed originated with the late Mr. J. Power, the another version of the same title, Similar­ tones the compere affected. One of the op­ well-known music-seller in the Strand. Sir ly "The Fox-hunt" - "An Maidrin Rua" position silenced all criticism with the John Stevenson was engaged to arrange played by the great Uileann piper Seamus declaration that Irish music had three the -airs, and several distinguished is completely different to the ver­ forms not possessed by any folk music in literary men had promised their as­ sion on the LP of my friend, Leo Row­ the world - the Geantrai, the G6ltrai, sistance in the literary department. some, now sadly gone from us; a master of and the Suantrai (gay songs, sad songs, Moore was not thought of at first, and the Uileann pipes as a player, teacher, and cradle songs). The riposte, which I when his name occurred to the projectors, and maker. The diversity of the different did not make, having remained silent it was only in conjunction with the names versions as sung in the Ring district, in when the feathers were flying, was that of others. The future bard of Erin had not Cork, in Kerry, in , and in there is no folk or even classical music, in won for himself in 1807 that immortal Donegal, shows the incomparable any part of the world, which has not these wreath which was destined to adorn his richness of melody which we have in­ elements. brow . . . We can scarcely wonder that herited. Moore was not consulted in the first Moore's Melodies place, when the new work on the National Tone to Toibin was contemplated. In When I had a group broadcasting in February 1807, Moore undertook to co­ All this was a closed book to Moore, the 30s we did a selection of Suantrai in operate in the new undertaking. He gave since he was not a musician, and the one of our programmes: Brahms', his whole heart and soul up to the task of gramophone, dictaphone, and tape­ Mozart's, and Schubert's; ending with interpreting in verse the touching recorder had not discovered new treasure­ "Seothin, Seo-ho, mo st6r e mo leanbh". language of his country's music ... The houses of words and music to put beside The Director of Broadcasting came in to publishers were so delighted with what the collections made from the time of us, delighted that the Irish offering should Moore had done that they engaged him Moore onwards, and numbering at least stand up so well against such opposition. immediately to write the whole series .. 20,000 melodies in all. Moore relied In every programme over the years, we The reception accorded to the new work mainly on the Bunting Collection, but had one song in Gaeilge. Luckily we had was unprecedented . . . The Irish there was a great body of Irish music ex­ Dr. Franz Born, then Professor of Music Government had interfered to stay the tant, with English words, which were used at St. Patrick's College, to arrange the publication (due to the patriotic tone of by various Irish composers of opera in the settings for our unusual grouping: two his verses). Moore ascribes it to the 18th century. Bunting, however, was the counter-tenors; the soloist (Tom bigotry of the Government". first of the great collectors. In 1792 the Meighan); two first basses and two se­ United Irishmen were organised in cond basses. Dr. Born said he enjoyed I have read several Lives of Tom Belfast, and in the same year patriots in writing for this type of ensemble, as it was Moore, and the more I read the more I the same city decided to hold a festival to very common in his student days in Ger­ love the man. He was gay, witty, modest; write down the traditional music from the many. an exemplary family man. The grocer's dwindling circle of Irish harpers. Edward We had a group of Welsh folk-songs, a son from Dublin became the darling of Bunting, an 18 year old organist, was Scottish group and an English group. London's most fashionable drawing­ engaged to note down the music. Ten Among them they had all the elements rooms, but he always remained his own harpers came, six of them blind; most of that our patriotic dialectician claimed to man. When his close friend, Byron, quip­ them over 70 and the oldest 97. For three be Ireland's patrimony unchallenged. ped that "Tom Moore dearly loved a days Bunting went among the harpers, This empty rhetoric is so typical of our lord", the implied obsequiousness so noting down their tunes. His little note­ prejudices that I was not surprised, when wounded Moore that for a year he did not book still exists, and "it is the oldest ex­ 1979 had barely dawned, to read in a folk speak to Lord Byron. To cut himself off tant manuscript of Irish tunes" (Dr. column a scathing attack on Tom Moore, from the Byron circle, brilliant in talent Donal O'Sullivan in his "Irish Folk-Music whose bi-centenary occurs this year (as well and title, was the act of a courageous and and Song"). Bunting was so fascinated by as that of Pearse). For years I have been independent man, to whom syncophancy the richness of the treasures he had gar­ reading how Moore "mutilated" the was distasteful. Byron's deep personal af­ nered that he resolved to devote his life to "Melodies" to fit his words, and ruined fection for him was shown when he chose the collection of Irish melodies. Having no their traditional form. They were not Moore to be his executor. Moore Irish himself he employed a helper from Moore's melodies. His name was only put destroyed Byron's diaries as instructed, Co. Down, a schoolmaster, who was a

8 native speaker, to note the words. Dr. daughter was in to see us recently on her to . Here the bias, and the song­ O'Sullivan edited the Bunting Collection way back from Ring after visiting her cycle were completely different, but it was in six volumes for the Folk Song Society relations. I told her of her father, after a most invigorating experience, learning of London. Bunting had travelled into singing one of the great art-songs like new songs and their history. and Munster as well as Ulster, "Una Bhan", would go behind the 1933 and '34 were two of the most which then had a strong Gaelic tradition. blackboard and weep. Another great song, rewarding steps on the journey. In Bal­ One of my own favourite songs is "My the 1798 "Sliabh na mBan", would bring linskellings, Leo Rowsome on the pipes Lagan Love", an air superbly written and the tears rolling down his cheeks as he and Micheal O Duinn from Tralee on the haunting in its beauty, with words that sang it. Sean O Riada's orchestration of violin provided the music for the Ceilithe. enhance the melody. It is not a "Moore the song, interwoven with another of Every afternoon after dinner, I would sit Melody". Nioclas's favourites, "R6isin Dubh", in the down in the recreation hall and listen to The reaction of Wolfe Tone to the score of the film "Mise Eire" marks a the two of them as they swapped tunes, Harp Festival clangs harshly on one's milestone in the development of Irish improvised, performed fantastic arabes­ ears. The sight of the remnants of what music. ques of counterpoint. People rightly had been a noble profession; blind, praise Sean Maguire on the violin, but poverty-stricken, the last of a nobility The Leo and Micheal made the most exciting that kings and chiefs had enriched, can and satisfactory Irish music I had ever move us to compassion even at this Fortunately for me I had gone on to heard. remove. Tone's comment was: "Poor college when a native government, And so it went on until I married in enough. No new musical discovery. pledged to promote the language and 1944, due to meeting my wife in Carna Believe all the good Irish tunes already music, brought in a rule that no pupil where I was still on the quest. That was written. Strum strum, and be hanged!" I could benefit from two branches of educa­ 193 7 and she had been at a Ceili in wonder who is the greater patriot, Moore tion. Secondary pupils could no longer at­ Rosmuc, which fostered marvellous or Tone. Moore gave to us in the Pale, tend Nioclas's classes, and another nail Ceilithe, as the Comh-Caidreamh had a who had no Irish for centuries, a corpus of was hammered in the coffin of the course there each year (the Universities' songs which kept the spirit of nationality Revival. Our Music Professor, though not Students Gaelic wing). I felt no summer alive. a native speaker, did excellent choral ar­ was complete without a visit to the My own bible of Irish Songs was rangements, and we used to enliven Croke Gaeltacht, a belief still held by my old "Songs of the Gael" by An t-Ath. Padraig Park every Sunday the team was playing friend Hugh O'Byrne, M.A., a past­ Breathnach, which my mother bought for with "Rose Catha na Mumhan", "O'Don­ President of the G.A.A. From his eyrie up me in Thurles in 1916, a year after its nell Abu" in Irish, and many others. in Rathcoyle he descends on Daon-Scoil publication. There are nearly 400 pages We even had a "Rose Catha" (Battle na Mumhan in Ring every summer, a in a handy pocket format of many of our Cry) of our own which we sang in har­ treat I intend to savour before I die. most popular ballads and songs. There for mony every time our team got a score. I the first time I found "Follow Me Up to was there to sing with them in 1932 when Carlow." P. J. McCall, the great ballad­ St. Pat's won the Dublin Co. Cham­ Nellie Walshe writer from Co. Carlow, gave him the air, pionship, as I was teaching in Bray. Dr. Carl Hardebeck was a German and wrote the words. Tradition has it that When I came out of college in 19 31 I organist, who worked first in Belfast, and the air was played by Fiach Mac Hugh started a pilgrimage that was to last every then at the Municipal School of Music in O'Byrne's pipers as his army marched to summer until 1944. I faced down to Ring Cork. When I knew him he had moved to attack Carlow in 1580. During 46 years for a month. The Gaeltachtai used to be Dublin, and held classes each week in a of teaching it was my constant source­ filled with teachers studying Irish. They room in Parnell Square. He was book. brought their wives and families. There fascinated by the great songs, which were Herr Haan, Dr. Born's predecessor, were hosts of university students at­ superb musically, but made such de­ used to come in to the C.B.S. in College tending the advanced classes in the col­ mands on the singer that he felt many Street twice a week to teach us patriotic lege. Nioclas was one of the staff, and I were written for singers of outstanding songs. Br. Ryan, a Tipperary-man, had a was brought in every day to dine with the vocal ability. So he put in rests for great store of ballads, and we loved to staff. There was a great spirit of dedica­ breathing where the sense dictated that listen to Pat Moore (now living in tion. One of the most elegant dancers at the Line should be sung in one breath. Montgomery St.) who had (and still has) the Ceilithe was Patrick Shine, N.T., of Miss Nellie Walshe, the famous ballad a voice of great purity and sweetness, and . In carriage and precision he (and operatic) singer from Wexford, can we were always coaxing the Brother to let had no equal and all the girls thought it a sing a whole verse through quite effortles­ Pat sing. When we left the Junior School very high honour to have a dance with sly. Anyone listening to her, who has had and went across to the Academy, John him. some vocal training, can feel the strain on Donnelly, B.A. (still with, us, active and An t-Ath. 0 Floinn, the great singer their lungs as they wait for her breath to down to the Friary for Mass at 1) urged from Cork, and the founder of the famous give out. Her brother, Dr. Tom (founder all the Inter. Class to attend the Irish Loft Drama Group which performed of the Wexford Festival), and another Classes in the Tech. (now the Library), wonders for Cork, came to give us lectures brother Sandy, now a B.B.C. and film ac­ conducted by Nioclas Toibin. on Irish singing. There was great con­ tor, had this same unique gift. Here we had a writer teaching us the troversy at the time about the ability of It was for singers of this calibre that stories and novels he had written. But to the sean-n6s singer to produce a quarter great art songs in Irish were written, just me the greatest bonus was that, at the tone, a semitone being the smallest inter­ as composers of opera write their arias end of each session, he taught us songs val known in ordinary singing. An t-Ath. with some famous singer in mind. Nellie in Gaelic. I think that Nioclas was an O Floinn felt it was possible; Nioclas, who has given at least two lectures illustrated even better singer than his nephew had trained as a teacher, was dubious I by dozens of songs to the Old Carlow Nioclas Og, who is famous as an in­ carried on a correspondence with his Society, and like Maire ni Scolai of terpreter of the sean-n6s and an authority Reverence for a long time afterwards , her voice is ageless. Maire is to of the songs of the Deise. Nioclas's about Irish music. My quest was for my appear shortly in concert with our cultural identity, and the next year I went greatest pianist, Charles Lynch. Nobody

7 should be without her LP. She is con­ Vivaldi, Corelli, and other composers of reply, together with a copy of the music stantly asked to sing "Eilin a Ruin", the Italian School. transcribed by himself. I have just un­ which has connections with this area of When O Riada saw how he could score earthed his letter, and find it was 1946 Hy Cinnseala. I heard her sing at a Feis his works when given a full symphony not 1945. in Spiddal, in the open air, without orchestra, he felt his works without The sad fact is that "The Boatman of L: benefit of amplification, and her voice academic players would remain fossilised. Kinsale" is the air used for "Scotland the soared effortlessly over the huge throng. For a few years we had numerous groups Brave". I am not asserting the Scots stole performing in pubs on Sunday mornings. the tune from us, there are hundreds of Everything seemed set for a great upsur­ airs which we have in common as I found ing of traditional music. But it was only a when I attended Gaelic Concerts at the Sal Og Rua passing phase, and now most of our Edinburgh Festival. They have, in par­ premier groups are working on the Conti­ ticular, a type of song in which we are nent or in America. very scant: occupational songs for all Sadly I have heard no male singer ever types of work. For an island people we are Youth is fickle and the disaster of the attempt Hardebeck's version of "Sal Og very meagre in our Boat Songs. The Pearse Centenary Pageant at the Rua", to me the greatest song in the "Scotland the Brave" title is a post-war National Stadium is a cause for regret. language. It tells of a widower (baintreach addition of a latterday poem for Kenneth Not so the Army's contribution to the fir), framing the roads with his young Mac Kellar. Why could we not produce a Centenary, "Song of Glory" presented b) child and grieving for his dead wife. Ow­ 20th century Tom Moore to write words nie Hughes of Westport once told me he the Musical Society, with Lt.­ for tunes that cry out to be sung. had a version superior to Hardebeck's, Col. Con O'Sullivan at the helm; Frank These are only a few corr-smaointe and as Austin Waldron, himself a native Patterson and Eily O'Grady, and a cast of (stray thoughts) round and about Irish speaker, and son of one of our greatest hundreds; the Curragh Command Band Music. To detail its history would take a collector of songs and prayers, considers under Commandant D. Mellerick, complete edition of "Carloviana". Neither Ownie the greatest Gaelic scholar in Con­ B.Mus., and the vast Gymnasium of the did I set out to write an apologia for Tom nacht, his opinion must be respected. Curragh packed for four nights with Moore, but the charge that he (or Sir However, at a dinner, our greatest male audiences that travelled from every John Stevenson) outraged the airs. is traditional singer was performing, and I county in Ir.eland. A most brilliant and falisfied by one of the tunes mentioned: asked him to sing "Sal 6g Rua", as an moving performance which moved from "Oh! for the swords of former time", encore. "Ni feidir liom. Ta se ro-dheacair". the Land League evictions, through the which ends on fah, and brings you back to "I cannot. It is too hard" was Parnell tragedy; the Gaelic League, the the beginning which goes on for ever and his reply. .Citizen Army, and the Volunteers. ever, a trait of Irish music mentioned by The three outstanding memories of O Riada in a series of broadcasts on the Irish Musical Triumphs centre around the "Infinity" theme m lnsh Art; literature: (> Riada Army. In 1924 I attended a pageant at e.g. Flann O'Brien's "The Third Croke Park in conjuction with the Policeman", where hell is depicted as a Tailteann Games. Colonel Fritz Brase series of nightmare happenings repeated Similarly, when Sir Hugh Roberton was Director of the Army School of for ever in a known and terrifying order. conducted the Glasgow Orpheus Choir Music. The pageant was held in Croke That theme also must rest. they came yearly to Dublin for a Sunday Park. The music started in the darkness P.S.: Beethoven thought so highly of concert. Freddie Taylor took me up each of the stadium. Suddenly the lights "Moores Melodies" that he did settings year. Sir Hugh would bring out a little old blazed out, to show the massed bands for a cycle of them. lady from the choir, who would sing a marching across the pitch, playing - song called "Maureen" with the freshness could you guess-a rousing "Moore's Bibliography: I have listed only the books in my of voice of a girl of 18. As we had tea in Melody" "O! For the Swords of Former own collection. Any good book-shop will be found to Time". The result was electric. People have many books on Irish Music. the Old Jury's, where the choir stayed, I Songs of the Gael: An t-Ath. Padraig got to know Sir Hugh very well, and chal­ jumped to their feet, cheering, waving, Breathnach. lenged him that "Maureen" was really crying. They had lived through the Rebel­ Ceol Ar Sinsear: An t-Ath. Padraig lion, , the Truce, the Civil Breathnach. Hardebeck's "Bean an Fhir Ruaidh". Yet Sidh-Cheol. Cuid a h-Aon: An t-Ath. Padraig the music of the song gave no acknowledg­ War. Now the hopes of centuries seemed Breathnach. ment of its source: He agreed, but asked to be partially realised. Then followed Sidh-Cheol. Cuid a Do: An t-Ath. Padraig me how1iften I had heard the song sung "Fainne Geal an Lae", "The dawning of Breathnach. Raint Amhrain (Irish Hymns): An t-Ath. in Ireland. I had to admit that I had never ·the Day", and "Cait Ni Dhuibhir"-an Padraig Breathnach. heard this marvellous melody ever at­ Aisling (Vision Poem of Ireland), a most An Claisceadal. Cuid a h-Aon. Colm O tempted. He echoed my own opinion that subtle and evocative encapsulation of Lochlainn. "Sign of the Three Candles". These are three aspects of Irish Song and History. songs we sang every Saturday night in Wynn's you need singers of outstanding calibre to Hotel, with Hardebeck at the piano, and Cohn, do justice to the Great Art Songs we pos­ It might have been 1945 when the Fionan Mac Coluim, Aindrias O Muimhneachain, sess and ignore, and that they need "Emergency" Army was stood down, and the Se sisters (harpers from Sion Hill), and all the a Tattoo was held at Ballsbridge. Another great authorities on Irish and Scots Gaelic Songs. rigorous vocal training to attempt them. An Claisceadal. Cuid a 06. -Sean O Riada seems to have reached triumph. The entry march - stage­ Gems of Melody: Seoda Ceoil. Cuid a h-Aon. the same crisis in his work for Irish managed as in 1924 - was a blend of Dr. Carl Hardebeck. three pipe-tunes: "An Irishman's Toast", Gems of Melody: Seoda Ceoil. Cuid a 06. Music. A member of his Ceoltoiri An Claisceadal: Dr. Carl Hardebeck (songs he Chualann said recently that Sean was "The Boatman of Kins ale", "The heard at the Claisceadal). finished with them long before they had O'Rahilly March". They were all tunes Irish Folk Music: Dr. Donal O'Sullivan. (No finished with him. Without musicians played by the Fianna Pipers Band, subse­ music). 1960. Songs of the Irish: Dr. Donal O'Sullivan. (A with the training of a Geraldine O'Grady, quently to become Carlow Pipers' Band, lovely book). 1960. he came more and more to rely on his in the first decades of the century. I wrote The Irish Song Tradition: Sean O'Boyle. harpsicord playing to interpret the works to Colonel C. Sauerzweig, Director, Army 1976. Traditional Music in Ireland: Tomas O of Carolan. Carolan was influenced by School of Music, and got a very genial Canainn. 1978.

8 Ceol Rince na h-Eireann: Breandan Breathnach. 1963. Londubh an Chairn: Margaret Hannigan and Seamus Clandillon. 1927. Munster songs. (In­ valuable). Amhrain Mhuighe Seola: Mrs. Costello. 1923. Connacht songs; the standard book on Connacht Carlow town and songs. Fuinn Fiadha Fuinidh: Dr. Carl Hardebeck. Cuid a h-Aon. Fuinn Fiadha Fuinidh: Dr. Carl Hardebeck. Cuid a D6. county of old Dosaen Amhrain do Leanai: Micheal O Baoighill (Songs he learned at the Claisceadal). Traditional Irish Airs: Rev. P.A. Walsh, C.M. Part 1. (Piano Accompaniment). Traditional Irish Airs: Rev. P.A. Walsh, C.M. Part 2. (Piano Accompaniment). By Jim Westman Amhrain na h-Oige: Dr. Carl Hardebeck. Irish Folk Dance Book: Book 1. Peadar O'Raf­ ferty. Irish Folk Dance Book: Book 2. Peadar O'Raf­ The name Carlow, according to some, town by a small low marsh known as the ferty. Gaelic Calling: Scots' Gaelic songs. Colm 6 is derived from Ceathair Loch, translated Moneen. In ancient times this may well Lochlainn taught us many of these at the Claisceadal as Four Lakes or Fourfold lake, and by have been one of the four lakes which ,essions). others Cathair Loch as City or Fortress of The Scottish Students' Song Book. gave the town and county its name. Even­ 220 Popular Scottish Songs. the Lake. I prefer the first mentioned tually in the early years of the eighteenth 101 Scottish Songs: Norman Buchan. derivation. At any rate here on an eleva­ century this marsh was reclaimed and The Clarendon Folk Song Books. Vo. 1. tion near the junction of the River Burrin buildings spread across towards the Cas­ The Clarendon Folk Song Books. Vol. 2. Irish Country Songs: Herbert Hughes. Vol. 1. with the Barrow and beside the latter tle and Graiguecullen Bridge, present day 1909. (English words. A book beyond praise). river was built Carlow Castle. Its erection Kennedy St, Castle Hill, Mill Lane, John Amhranleabhar 6gra Eireann: By the Chris­ was in the early years of the thirteenth St. tian Brothers. (Words, songs in English and Irish). Walton's Treasury of Irish Songs and Bal­ century; the year 1207 is given as being In 16 5 9, the Census of Ireland showed lads: (Words). fairly reliable. It was built most probably the population of the walled town of Moore's Irish Melodies. 1859. (Available in by Hugh de Lacy and owing to its com­ Carlow as 560; 271 given as English, several modern editions). George Petrie and "The Ancient Music of manding position we can take it that it 289 as Irish. Carlow was now a Borough, Ireland": Grace J. Calder. 1968. (No music). was a great defensive bulwark on the out­ represented by one member in Parlia­ Danta De: ·una Ni 6gain. Irish Traditional skirts of the Pale. Formerly it must have ment. The principal Irish names being Hymns. (An invaluable book). Staff. been massive. It was apparently rec­ Browne, Bryan, Byrne, Murphy, Nolan, Rinnce Gaelach: A Handbook of . (The textbook used by my father. An t-Oireachtas, tangular with drum towers at each corner. Neale and Walsh. It remained a Borough Gold Medallist. 1907 All-Ireland Champion. Silver Now only the west face of the wall ( 10 5 ft. town until 1885. In 1841 the population Medallist, An t-Oireachtas 1906). span) with the flanking towers nearly 70 of the town was given as 10,957 so one Sheet Music: A great quantity of song like "The Lark in the Clear Air", etc. Published singly. feet high remain. will see the big upsurge in population in · · Street Ballads: Cohn O Lochlainn. Sign of the Very often where a castle was erected a the space of roughly 180 years from 1659 Three Candles, 1939. village or town sprung up adjacent to 1841. Ten years later in 1851 unlike More Irish Street Ballads: Cohn O Lochlainn. Sign of the Three Candles, 1965. Both now to or nearby and the origin of quite a lot of other towns throughout the available in Pan Paperbacks. Carlow town probably stretches back country the population had increased and 'l'he J<'irst Book of Irish Ballads: Daniel D. almost to the date of erection of its Cas­ stood at 12,048. O'Keeffe. Mercier Paperback. 1963. The Second Book of Irish Ballads: James N. tle. In 131 7, King Edward 11 made it the County Carlow was comprised of the Healy, Mercier Paperback. 1964. seat of the seneschalship for Carlow and following Baronies - Carlow, Forth, Amgrain na nGleann: "Finghin na Leamhna" Kilkenny counties. In 13 61 Lionel, Duke !drone East, !drone West, Rathvilly, Fionan Mac Coluim: An Cumann le Beal-oideas. of Clarence, third son of King Edward 19 3 9.. (I have a number of school song books col­ Upper St. Mullins. Under the Local lected by Fionan, but cannot trace them at the mo­ 111 removed the Exchequer from Dublin Government Act, 1898, baronies ceased ment. One was "Cosa Bui Arda.") to Carlow and spent £600 on enclosing to exist. Under the census of 1659 the Cuisle an Cheoil: An Roinn Oideachais. 1976. the town with walls. The medieval town baronies of Upper & Lr. St. Mullins and (A new book that should be in every school. It draws on many of the collections mentioned in the would appear to embrace an area starting !drone East, !drone West, Rathvilly, bibliography). at Square down Barrack St., together as ldrone and St. Mullins. Look­ across by way of Bridewell Lane to the ing over the 1659 census an interesting junction of Kennedy St and then across name pattern emerges, Byrne tops the list from Court Place to Shamrock Square. As with a total of 138 families of the name in in any walled town there were gates at the county, Nolan comes next with 95 various points - Dublin Gate at the junc­ families, O'Neill - 45, Walsh- 37, Ryan tion of Dublin St with Court Place; Tul­ - 31 Kelly - 28. A quick look through a low Gate at Shamrock Sq and Castle present day telephone directory will show OLD PHOTOGRAPHS Gate somewhere near or at the present The Editor would be interested to hear that more or less they are the most plen­ junction of Kennedy St and Castle St. It from anyone who has old photographs of tiful names of the county still. would seem that the Castle remained Carlow and District, no matter how faded I give the following extracts in respect of Carlow Borough & County from or uninteresting these may appear to be. separated from the town for some con­ Census of Ireland 1659 (on Page 14). Such photographs sometimes print sur­ siderable time. It was separated from the prisingly well and may be invaluable when used as illustrations for some article we are considering for the Journal. * * *

9 ! Parnell's last Fight I I' An unknown Greek philosopher remarked handing it to him, and pointing to the "Know Thyself'; the modern philosopher This account was one of the reminiscences cross; "are you prepared to kiss that and says: "Let the Public Know!" Acting on of Ramsay Colles and was taken from his swear that you cannot read? Remember this excellent advice, I proceeded, as is book "In Castle and Court House, being there is such a thing as perjury, and that now fashionable, to jot down what I reminiscences of 30 years in Ireland." It you can be severely punished for swearing remember, before I am fifty, and have was published by T. Werner Laurie, what is false!" possibly forgotten these "Footnotes to London, circa 1910. The priest here sought to interfere. He History." saw that things were looking very blue. He My entry into public life commenced could absolve Pat for making a solemn with my being appointed Presiding officer basin, he said, "Begorra! some poor fellah declaration which, though it was false, his at Clonegall, Co. Carlow, when the strug­ might like to have that, I'll just cork what spiritual adviser approved of his making; gle commenced between Parnell's remains of the blessed liquor up again." I he could not shield poor Pat from the nominee, the late Mr. Andrew Kettle, and expostulated in vain. He reminded me punishment the law awards to perjurers. the late Mr. Thomas Hammond, who had that when a big whisky fire at Roe's I silenced his Reverence by holding up the support ot the Priests. Distillery took place in Dublin, the crowd my hand. while I continued, addressing It will be remembered that in 1891, in the street drank the ignited fluid as it the voter: Parnell's private life had been very poured down the channels, taking their "Why did you turn that paper round?" dramatically exposed to the public gaze, shoes off to serve them as drinking ves­ "Och, shure! I was only twisting it," and the Irish Priesthood saw their chance sels. "I'll just put the bottle in my outside said Pat. to free themselves from his autocratic pocket," he said, "and some poor fellah '11 "Well," I said, "either swear that you rule, and threw themselves into the be glad enough to steal it out of it!" This can't read, or 'twist' into that corner arena with a zest which eventually was exactly what happened that very (pointing to it) where you will find a pen­ secured for the Church the victory; their night in the crowded streets of Carlow. cil, and put your mark against the name war-cry being, "Purity in private as in Polling commenced sharp at 8 o'clock, of the candidate for whom you intend to public life." many men hanging around for the polling vote. Then fold the paper in two, and put In working to this end the priests booth to open. I shall not give the names it "into this box," pointing to the ballot­ fought to the death. They knew no such of the personating agents, but one of them box, which stood on the table; "and terms as compromise. I myself heard a was a priest. As a resident in Dublin, and remember the ballot is secret." young priest in the main street of Carlow, knowing little or nothing of Carlow, I was From this time on, my course was say to a voter, "You must either vote for astonished at the number of illiterates. clear. In only one case, from that hour, this (holding out a crucifix) and Ham­ In order to make my statement clear to about 2 o'clock, until the polling booth mond, or vote for the Devil and Parnell." the general reader, I must explain the closed at 8 p.m., did anyone take the Such tactics employed by their spiritual method of procedure. oath. One and all of the so-called il­ guides had, of course, an immense weight If Pat Murphy, on being handed his literates were eager to make the solemn with an ignorant and superstitious voting paper, says he cannot read or declaration, but shirked the consequences peasantry. write, the Presiding Officer fills a form of of the oath. I was sworn in at 3 o'clock on Monday, solemn declaration to that effect, and The priest expostulated, but I was 6th July, 1891, by Mr. John Alexander, having read it aloud to him, witnesses firm. the Sheriff, and drove to Clonegall, and Murphy's mark on the form. Murphy "Reverned Sir," I said, "You must was put up at a small house for the night. then declares aloud that he votes either really keep quiet. I will take the conse­ As my clerk, who accompanied me, was for Hammond or Kettle, as the case may quences of my conduct, and if you in­ a thirsty soul, and as I was myself very be; but the ballot being no longer secret, terfere with me any more, I shall, with dubious as to the resources of Clonegall, I the personating agents know how he great reluctance, have you removed." purchased a couple of bottles of whisky, votes, and the priest being a personating This had the desired effect, and I and lucky it was that I did so, for when, in agent, becomes aware that Pat has done parted the best of friends with all present. order to be fresh for the duties of the mor­ as he was told to do. Later I wrote to Mr A. J. Balfour, who row, I retired early to bed, I was so mer­ As nearly every voter in the district ap­ was then Chief Secretary for Ireland, on cilessly persecuted by midnight visitors in peared to be illiterate, I became this subject. the shape of agile agitators "from whom suspicious, and after a little reflection, I At twenty minutes past eight that is derived the verb to flee," that in handed the next illiterate his voting paper evening all Clonegall had assembled to despair I arose, poured all the whisky upside down. He confirmed my suspicions see us depart. First an Irish jaunting car into the wash basin, and proceeded to by turning it round, the while declaring with four armed policemen. Then the soak my pyjamas in the pure spirit! himself unable to read! This was too ballot-box placed in a conspicuous. posi­ I then wrung the garments out much for me. I said to him "Are you tion on the well of the car, with my clerk thoroughly, into the basin, and putting prepared to make a solemn declaration on one side with a policeman, and a them on, sprang into bed, with the happy that you can neither read nor write?" policeman with me on the other side. result of a total rout of the foe and the "I am, sir," he replied. Then a third car, like the car in front, sleep of the just for myself! A happy thought struck me, "Are you with four policemen, and in this order we When my clerk, who had slept at the prepared to take your oath that you can drove along the country roads, on a lovely house of the local clergyman, a teetotaller, neither read nor write?" July night, with the golden sickle of a new turned up in the morning at 7 o'clock, I He hesitated. I continued, "See here," moon on high; drove between hedgerows was still asleep. As the polling booth had I said, producing the familiar, so-called which were prodigal homes of un­ to open at 8, he awoke me, and I ex­ "Swearing Book" (a New Testament with marketable beauty, and which glistened plained the reason of the heavy aroma of a cross painted on it in white enamel). with the shaken silver of a recent summer alcohol in the room. Looking into the "Are you prepared to kiss that Book?" shower. Carlow was reached at five ·1,. ! 10 \ i \ ,\ -~ ~' minutes to eleven, and the ballot-box have never met anyone, man or woman, He was a Landowner, a Protestant, and a handed over to be dealt with those to even his nearest and dearest, who saw Gentleman, and surely when we look at whom the counting of the votes had been the dead Parnell." entrusted. Our task was ended. There we may leave the matter. We "The apes whose ancestors wt!re men," The result of the poll was declared at may not agree with his methods. As Wil­ we must solemnly admit this statement. 1.20 next day, in favour of Hammond. liam Ernest Henley pointed out, in that Parnell was very cool. He spoke, as usual, brilliant but short-lived paper The Scot's He was a man, take him for all in all; with much deliberation, and even with the Observer, Parnell had all the qualifica­ defeat at Kilkenny fresh in his memory, tions to militate against his being a We ne'er shall look upon his like declared that this was not the end. Leader of the Irish Parliamentary Party. again. Parnell was always a speaker who impres­ sed me as one who thought first and spoke afterwards. He did not merely talk for the sake of talking. His voice had a fine, sonorous ring in it, and carried con­ The Vigors Family viction with it. We returned by the same train to Dublin. Parnell hardly spoke a word all the way. As a proof of the of Leighlinbridge kindliness of the man, I may mention the fact that the first thing he did on reaching An introduction Dublin, was to drive to a private hospital in Harcourt Street to inquire about one of ~~~~~~~~~~~Alan Doran~~~~~~~~~~~ his followers who had been injured at the THE following is the text of a talk previous Election in Kilkenny. Vigors were 'Whigs' or Liberals and well prepared for Old Carlow members who respected in Leighlin. Many Vigors joined Although nominally a Conservative, I visited Leighlinbridge. had great sympathy with Charles Stewart the 'Colours' and gained honours abroad. The first Vigors named in local history The plaques in the Cathedral at Old Parnell, especially in his struggle against was Urban Vigors of . He was the interference of the priests in politics, Leighlin are proof of this. They did not to be dispossessed of his lands by Act of take arms against the Irish at home and and I addressed the following sonnet to Parliament but the accession of William him, submitting it first to that severe certainly not in 1 798. Some other III to the throne prevented this and so critic, Dr George Sigerson, who approved members of the family joined the church Vigors remained in Old Leighlin. of it, and gratified me by saying that he where they achieved high honour. In the Bartholmew Vigors was appointed Bishop considered it very good. 1820s children of both denominations ofLeighlin and Ferns in 1691. He resided used the cathedral of Old Leighlin as a To Charles Stewart Parnell, M.P. at Mensa! Lodge (on the road to Old school house. This was largely due to the He is not vanquish'd who renews the fight, Leighlin) and possessed about forty acres influence of the Vigors family. And open-breasted bids the foe again around the lodge. He left the house and In the later half of the 19th century Defiance, while alert he waits the rain lands to his successor to the see of Colonel C. Vigors of Burgage possessed a Of blows that fall, and, meeting might with Leighlin forever, together with £300 to race horse called "The Countess." After might, build a mansion suitable for the person Is conscious of his strength, as of his right. some successes it was beaten and the and office. In 1785 Walter, Bishop of colonel who had backed it heavily lost a He is not vanquish'd who erect doth stand, Leighlin, was given 267 acres near Ferns. And holdeth fortune in his own right hand, great part of his estate. His son Edward He went there and built his palace. With face uplifted and with eyes alight. C. Vigors was at school in Eton and things were so bad that a Doctor Nay, rather, though his foes plant many a Johnston rented the Burgage house. This blow, unfortunate man was drowned while And mock his silence with untimely mirth; The Vigors family were in the parish Tho' marr'd his visage be beyond recall­ fishing near the house. for about 300 years and the house at y ea, though his blood should as a river The above Edward C. Vigors was a flow- Hail him we victor, who from every Burgage was probably built in the last brilliant man and came to fill the post of fall half of the eighteenth century when the High Sheriff of Carlow. Later he held a Riseth, Antaeus-like, from Mother Earth! family were at the peak of their power, secretarial job in the House of Lords. He owning almost all of the old civil parish of and his wife did much of the landscaping The polling day in Clonegall was the Old Leighlin and part of Wells 424 7 of the lawn and rock garden by the river. 7th July, 1891, and on the 7th October, acres. The various branches of the Vigors He hated racehorses. He never broke the exactly three months later, Charles family lived at Burgage, Church Place, ground other than the garden, kept Stewart Parnell was dead! Dead? Has Old Leighlin and I-iolloden, Royal Oak, thoroughbred cattle and a Spanish ass. anyone who has seen Charles Stewart Jane and Anne were the traditional He was a reader of good quality fiction Parnell alive seen him after death? The names of the women and John, Ferdi­ and an easy conversationalist. He collapsed Rev. Father Skerret, a dignitary of the nand, Nicholas and Cliffe appears promi­ on the lawn and died in 194 6 and was the Roman , assured me that nent in the males. Cliffe predominated as last to be laid in the Vigor crypt under the he did his best, as a Priest, to see the cor­ the middle name throughout. east gable of Old Leighlin cathedral. He pse, but was refused. Father Skerret Captain John C. Vigors cut down two was succeeded by his nephew, Terence impressed me as being a lover of truth. ash trees and a whitethorn bush at St.­ Cliff Vigor. He died very suddenly himself. On the last Lazerian's Well in the 1830s. It was said Two other details are worth notmg: occasion on which I saw him, an occasion he had no luck afterwards. He soon after The hymn "All things bright and made memorable to me by a disgraceful 'passed on' and the place was sold to a beautiful" was written by C. H. Alex­ assault upon myself, the story of which I family from Parknakyle who had sup­ ander while staying at the house. The tell later, he said, "I declare solemnly that ported Nicholas Vigors of Burgage in his great moat of Dinn Righ is on the land though I have searched high and low, I contest with Henry Bruen of Carlow. The but a short distance from the house.

11 l The Rev. Samuel Haughton ( A man of great erudition and a determined opponent of the theory of evolution

------ND McMillan, Ph.D., B.Sc.------

SAMUEL HAUGHTON'S life has been cording to Jessop, Samuel was the son of and mathematics. Haughton thereby documented in a number of obituaries Samuel Haughton and Sarah Handcock, became steeled in a mathematical school (Ref. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) at least a couple of whose father was a linen merchant in which, according to O'Hara (Ref. 11) was biographical entries (Ref. 6, 7)) and at Lisburn. The boy attended the large at this time on a par with Cambridge. least one article (Ref. 8). He was a man of School in Carlow which The Trinity records show that he ob­ wide learning, an enthusiast for his many was kept by the Rector of the parish, tained a B.A. in 1844 and in the same causes, a lover of animals and Ireland, a where one of the masters at this time was year obtained a Fellowship. The man of great compassion and humanity Mr. Emerson, a gifted scholar and significance of this will probably escape and a Victorian who was universally naturalist. The young Haughton was the reader, but the Fellowship at this time recognised for his erudition and contribu­ taken on expeditions all along the banks was obtained by a 'Benthamite' (Ref. 12) tions to science. This article will attempt of the Barrow and the bog lands in its im- examination, which covered a wide range to draw all the relevant biographical of subjects but in particular required a material together, from the point of view superb knowledge of mathematics. Can­ of the Carlow reader. In particular it will didates were subjected to weeks of try to detail and where possible to assess testing, with some public orally answered his contribution to science. My objective, questions, at which other Fellows, for ex­ in short, to give the local school teachers, ample, could ask questions. pupils and scientific readership in There were also the now more familiar general, a fairly comprehensive picture of written examinations. Men studied for the range of Samuel Haughton's work. I years for these examinations and such also hope that the article will encourage brilliant men as Geroge Francis the establishment of a Haughton Section FitzGerald (Ref. 13) required six years in our County Library, to go alongside the preparation before they were successful in now thriving Tyndall Section, which will these examinations, while the world house permanent reference material on famous educationalist and mathematician Haughton and will in time possess- a full James Booth (Ref. 14), left Ireland in collection of his many admirable books 1840 after five unsuccessful attempts at and papers. Perhaps, there are local the Fellowship examination. Haughton relatives of Haughton or others, who was persuaded by some of his friends, and would be able to contribute books, papers probably Professor MacCullagh, to take or other material to start this section im­ the examination directly after completing mediately, once they realise how signifi­ his four year degree programme and with cant historically this Carlowman has little more than six months preparation, been. Finally, I would like to take this op­ he was successful, a feat quite un­ portunity to appeal to anyone who has precedented in the history of the college. any of Haughton's possessions, to see The young man thereby secured his that they are put into the hands of the future in this fearful contest and was uni­ Old Carlow Society immediately, so that quely fortunate in Trinity in being able to these may be placed in our County mediate vicinity as well as the slopes of remain untrammelled by the fear of Museum for posterity. the neighbouring hills and he thereby impending examination, to plunge himself gathered an early wide knowledge of both into research, at the then extraordinarily (i) EARLY LIFE AND FIRST botany and geology. young age of 23. PERIOD OF MATHEMATICAL His intellectual prowess was evidently PHYSICS He was also incredibly fortunate to be secured by the time he entered Trinity the protege of James MacCullagh, the Samuel Haughton was born in Carlow College, Dublin, where he quickly made Catholic* mathematician from Ulster, town on the 21 December 1821, although his mark. He was by all accounts very whose brilliance enabled him to obtain at present we do not know where. The . quick of apprehension, clear in mind and the form of Maxwell's equations for light with a tenacious memory. At this time, main details of his family tree were sorted using a mechanical model, more than out by Jessop (Ref. 8) and are reproduced Trinity was one of the leading universities twenty years before the Scot obtained in Britain, with respect to mathematics here as given. See Plate 2. The large these equations by a different method and and physics, and Haughton was one of number of children in the Haughton which thereby proved that light was an families make the construction of a full the most brilliant of a group of very able electro-magnetic disturbance. The tragic family tree very cumbersome and in the students. He received a marvellous educa­ interest of simplicity, Jessop omitted all tion from among others Humphrey Lloyd • Professor Spearman of T.C.D. pointed out in children who died young and all women (Ref. 9) and James MacCullagh (Ref. private correspondence how unlikely it was that a and men who did not marry. Haughton 10), both of which had been instrumental Catholic should be a Fellow in the college in the 19th century. Either the biographical sources are wrong was from Quaker settler stock, his in reforming the curriculum at the college on this account, or the government of the college families coming originally to Ireland dur­ by the introducing a considerable amount (under Bartholomew Lloyd in all probability) were ing the Cromwellian Commonwealth. Ac- of the then very radical French science more enlightened than we might give them credit for.

12 MacCullagh, in 1848 destroyed many visor's brilliant lectures on angular Dublin, B.A. T.C.D. 1820, Fellowship 1824, years of research work, which ac­ mechanics (Ref. 16) and to edit a very 1831-1843, Prof. Nat. Phil., 1862, Vice­ Provost, 1867-1881, Provost, President R.I.A., cording to the belief in Trinity, at this valuable collected works (Ref. 17) with 1846-51, President B.A., 1857, 1856, D.C.L., time, were of outstanding importance and the Trinity mathematical physicist, John Oxford, pour le Merite Germany 1874. Wrote characteristic brilliance, and then com­ Hewitt Jellet (Ref. 18) which unfor­ first modern text books on optics "Treatise on tunately contains no biography of the Light and Vision", Society for Diffusion of mitted suicide all in a madness. MacCul­ Useful Knowledge (1931) and magnetism, lagh was never-the-less an inspirational Ulsterman, although a very good "Magnetism, General and Terrestrial", figure to the young Carlowman and biography does exist (Ref. 19), which Longmans (1874). He wrote a book on Wave guided his first mathematical researches could very well be the work of Samuel Theory of Light in 18 3 6 which was redrafted in 1873. 1832 he discovered experimentally con­ on one of his own specialities, which was Haughton. We might surmise therefore ical refraction, 1833 report to B.A. on the con­ the physics of fluids. So successful was perhaps that the change in direction in ditions of physical optics was important series of the young Fellow that at the age of 2 6 he Haughton's career, is not unconnected B.A. Reports in 1841, 1842, 1843, 1844 and 1845. He carried out his famous "Lloyds" mir­ received his first extra-collegiate distinc­ with the death of MacCullagh, but below ror experiment made in 1834, and he tion, when he was awarded the Cun­ the writer hopes to show that there were demonstrated that a phase shift of 90° occurs ningham Medal by the Royal Irish at least other contributory factors which on reflection of light at a higher-density medium. 1832 began magnetic measurements Academy for his memoir "On the influenced his decision to leave his field of on earth's magnetism, 18 3 8 discovered tem­ Equilibrium and Motion of Solid and training. poral variation in earth's magnetism, 1841- Fluid Bodies" (Ref. 15). In fact, 1859 complete study of light incident on thin REFERENCES plates, discovered elliptical polarisation, 1833- Haugton's papers on the mathematics of (1) Obituary, RIA Proc., Ser 3, Vo. IV (Appendix) 1834 new method of determining intensity and fluids, elasticity, light, molecules, May 1898, pp283-287. angle of dip of earth's field, 1835 full magnetic mechanics and the equilibrium of planets (2) Obituary, Notes from the Botanical School of chart of Ireland, 1838 built magnetic obser­ formed by the dislocation from a central T.C.D., Vol 1, No. 3, pp123-7, June 1898. vatory in T.C.D. (now at U.C.D.) (3) Obituary, Proc. R.S. (London), Vol 62 (1897- 0) James MacCullagh, F.R.S. (1809-1847). gaseous star, all of which were submitted 8) pp28-37. (Written by D. J. Cunningham, Born Glenellie, Upper Badoney, Co. Tyrone. to the Academy before 1857, show that Prof. Anatomy, T.C.D. and contemporary of 1827 elected scholar T.C.D., Fellow 1832, Prof. he was capable of becoming a great Haughton's). Mathematics 1836, Prof. Nat. Phil. 1843. Sec. (4) In Memoriam, Dublin Journal of Medical to Council RIA 1840-1842, Sec. to Academy mathematical physicist, and perhaps even Science, Vol CIV, p535, Dec. (1897). 1842-1846. Introduced studies of electricity, one of the foremost of his day. Why he (5) Close Rev. M. H., "Rev. Samuel Haughton", galvanism, heat and terrestrial magnetism into chose to change the direction of his career The Irish Naturalist. Fellowship course 1830s. Did major work on (6) Dictionary of National Biography (account geometrical theory of light which assumed incor­ at this time immediately after this early written by Prof. A. C. O'Sullivan of T.C.D. rectly that vibrations of plane polarised light are acclaim is now a matter of conjecture, but and contemporary of Haughton's). parallel to the plane of polarisation while in fact there can be no doubt that he was deeply (7) Dictionary of Irish Biography, Bolan, pp137- they are perpendicular. Committed suicide after 138. unsuccessfully standing as a Nationalist can­ effected by the trauma of MacCullagh's (8) Jessop W. J. E. "Samuel Haughton: A Vic­ didate in TCD in 184 7 in fit of mental disorder suicide and certainly more than his earlier torian Polymath", Hermathena, Vol 116 precipitated by election, overwork, dyspepsia or biographers have realised. (1973) pp5-26. Jessop's family tree shows all there. He was a strict Catholic which is very Joseph Haughton the present Professor of unusual for Trinity professor and was unmar­ We know that Haughton was moved by Geography at T.C.D. at the foot of the left ried. Recipient of Copley Medal from RS for op­ this loss, very shortly after MacCullagh's hand branch. tical work. demise, to write an account of his super- (9)Rev. Humphrey Lloyd (1800-1881). Born (11) J. O'Hara, Humphrey Lloyd (1800-1881),

HAUGHTON FAMILY TREE c: Wilfred - Elizabeth Wilkinson I Isaac= t:linor Wilwn (came to Ireland lti94) -, I I John - Sarah Eves Joseph B..njamin = l~li1.abcth l'iel'!lI (1?03-83) <170:;-n> I (1706-91) ,- I -,--lie · 1 · s · ,!. l.r:;--Jonat~an - Mary Fuller Joseph John Th omas nJamm a11111d 1rr.1n11 ,., (I) Sarah Evan• .John Barcrnl\ c1720-1aoo> (1726-a3) I (1724-33) (1732..Q) (1738-1816) (1744-90) (17411-1828) i (1750-1835) I Benjamin Samur.1 l'ier.,on = (2) Jane Bnakr (1779-1810> c11411-1828> I ~ I Joscph - Mary Wright 'lbomas Samuel l'irl'll<>n ~ (3) Mary Pim Sam!1c1 = Sarah ':-4 (1765-1845) (1788-1851) (174R-t82R) ( 1787- ) I Hancock !'11

.Jaml'I "" Maryanne Haughton .f~hn --~\'ill!am AlfrrdI \ '-' (1795-1813) (179b-1845) (1799-1877) (1808-~,8) J J I Joseph =Abigail Wright Samuel John HandcockI - SAMllf.l. = l.oui,:i Haughton l'rcderick (1806-79) I (1849- ) (1820-li5) (1821-97) \ (1822-93) I . I 1-----, ----,· Jonathan I Anne Warmg Samuel John 'l11oma11 William Strrlr -a Jane Halahan (1829-1909) (1849- > (1851- ) (1853- > (1869- > I -, I ------I Joseph John ~ Lydia William ~~ Rrh<,rca Al)l't'd He~bc).Jonathan i.ahcl ,- John l'rrdrrick Wilde Samuel (1854- > I 11ooth (1858- ) I Sinton (IR!il·- ) (181iS- ) I I Jo~~ph Jo,...ph c= Anne Pedlow 1-- I ~---i--- I . ·' Robert l'rrdcrirk Juhn Anthony !JoS<"ph Pedlow ! The Tree, as is evident, cannot claim to b<; chronologically romplcle.

13 the Dublin Mathematical School of the 19th the Collegiate Institution, Liverpool in 1843. Works of MacCallagh", Dublin University century, Ph.D. Thesis, UNMIST Manchester, President of the Liverpool Literary and Press (1880). Jan. 1979. Philosophical Society 1846-1849. 1846 (18) Rev. John Hewitt Jellett (1817-1888). (12) Jeremy Bentham (1748-1834). English elected F.R.S., 1848 migrated to London and Born Cashel, B.A. Trinity 1838, Fellow 1840, founder of utilitarianism and important continued his campaign for examinations priests Orders 1846, Professor Nat. Phil. philosopher, and educationalist. which had begun in 1846 with paper on 1848, Commissioner of Irish national educa- (13) George Francis FitzGerald, F.R.S. (1851- "Education and Educational Institutions con­ 1tion. 1868, President R.I.A. 1869, 1870 1901). Born Old Rectory, Kill-o'-the-Grange, sidered with reference to Industrial Professions Senior Fellow, 1881 Provost and awarded Monkstown, Co. Dublin. Educated at home by and the Present Aspect of Society". He Royal Medal of R.S. Major works "A Treatise Miss Boole, sister of Cork professor of published several papers on topic and in 1852 on Calculus of Variations" (1850) and "A mathematics. B.A., TCD in 1871, Fellowship became a member of the Society of Arts, Treatise on the Theory of Friction" (1872). in 1877, Prof. Nat. Phil. 1881, elected F.R.S. where he organised the 1856 examina­ Died 1868 in provost's house T.C.D. Did im­ in 1883 and winner of Royal Society's Royal tions, which were amongst the earliest of portant and early work on sugar during the Medals in 1899. One of the first men to apply their kind. He was a first class mathematician famine and invented the Cornu-Jellett prism Maxwell's work on electromagnetism. and inventor of Boothian co-ordinates. 1854 for polarimeters. Developed theory of reflection and refraction of became minister at St. Anne's, Wandsworth (19) Obituary J. MacCullagh, Proc. R.I.A., 4 light and radiation of electromagnetic energy and in 1859 Vicar of Stone, Buckinghamshire (1847-50) pp103-116. This comments that from oscillating currents which was subse­ which was a living given by the Royal Ast. MacCullagh's lectures on rotation of a solid quently observed by Hertz. Theoretical Society of which he became a life member in body are well worth reproducing and later physicist who proposed in 18 8 9 reason for null ing that year. Best Biographical details in Haughton wrote these up, see note 18 here. result of Michelson Moley's 1885 experiment Obit. Notice in Monthly Notices of R.A.S. This suggests that S. H. was the author of this to try and detect motion of ether by variation (1879) 39 pp219-225. His work led to the obituary. of speed or light which led to the FitzGerald­ foundation of the City & Guilds Examination. • It appears there is a mistake in the Haughton Lorentz Contraction Theory which was used by ii, Science pp139-54 (1844-55). family tree. James was born in 1795 and is shown as Einstein in Special Theory of of Relativity. Did (15) This paper was published in the prestigious dying in 1813 and yet he produced an offspring in work on comets cathode rays, and Aurora Cambridge and Dublin Mathematical Journal, 18 4 9. This is probably James Haughton the Young Borealis. Strong interest in education but poor but it also appeared in Irelander, temperance crusader, anti-slaver, and teacher. His obituary in Nature, March 7th, Trans, Vol. xxi, Science, pp151-98, 1839-48. Unitarian. His interest in anti-capital punishment, 1901 states that he studied from 18 71 to In fact Haughton also published two other sanitary reform, education and the Dublin zoo were 1877 for his Fellowship which he obtained at notes in the Cambridge Journal on molecular all strong interest for Samuel and this is surely too the second attempt. mechanics, "On the General Equations of much of a coincidence. For fuller details see Jean (14) Rev. James Booth (1806-1878) LL.D., Motions" and "On Clairaut's Theorem". Rowlands, James Haughton and Young Ireland, F.R.S. Born Lava in Leitrim, graduated B.A. These were all published before 1852 and the Carloviana (1971) and Hugh Clifton, The 1832, M.A. 1840 and LL.D. 1842 from Journal was printed from 1846-1854. Remarkable James Haughton, Carloviana (1963). Trinity College, Dublin, 2nd in 1835, 1st in (16) S. Haughton, "On the rotation of a solid body He was born in Carlow on 5 May 1795 and died 20 1837, 4th in 1838, 1st in 1839 and 2nd in round a fixed point, being an account of the February 1873. 1840 amongst unsuccessful Fellowship can­ late Professor MacCullagh's lectures on the The present Professor of Geography in T.C.D. is didates. In 1840 he was appointed Principal of subject", Royal Irish Academy Trans, Vol. xx­ Joseph Pedoe. He is deeply involved in Quaker af­ Bristol College and held post until 1843, took ii, Science ,pp139-54 (1844-55). fairs. His connection with Carlow is removed by Holy Order in 1842. Became Vice-Principal of (17) J. H. Jellet and S. Haughton, "The Collected three generations and he was himself born in Dublin.

(To be continued) 1659 Census of Ireland CATHERLAGH COU~TY & BOROUGH 353 33-+ CE~SCS OF IREU~O. 1659

Uolio 1). Catherlagh County THE BOROUGH OF CATHERLAGH Pnncipall Irish Names [and! Their ~umber. Bane, 06; 6 Brenan & Brenan, c6; Bolger, G6; Byrne, .q Corren & Curren, 07; Kinsdag:h, ~umber 08; Kelly (11), Kealy (3), If; 6 Do~ lt: .t: Do:- le, 07; Doolin, 06; Duff{", 07; Daniell&: 0 Danidl, Towne· I ot I Tituladoes ~ames Eng I Irish 07; Dorgan, 06; )IcEdmond, 07; ),fc'.\Ionsh, 07; ~olan, r 1 ; Roe, 09; )fc\\1lliam. o6; Headon, 08. ship pee; People

{folio 2 rerso). Barrony &: Boro1:gh nf (att:erlagh: Eng, 395; Irish, 1122; 151;, TotalL < Catberlagh I ;6o I Henry Pntty Esc;_r, John Smith Portriue, John )tasten gent, / 271 / 289 Borough Edward Reynolds, marchant, George Rideout gent, Henry !folio 3). RATHV(LY 1 BARRONY Seix Apothecary, Robert Browne gent, and Samuell I ~forth Eno:igne, Hugh Gough gent. Xumber TO\\ nshlppes I of I Tituladoes Xames Eng ! Princivall Irish Names [and] Their ~umber. ------I I ,-- Browne, 04; 0 Bryan, 04; Byrne, 08; )turphy. 08; Nolan, o,t; Yeale, 04; Welsh, 04- Tulloephelim Richard Bu.rcell, Richd :llotly and Richard Fisher 07c I qo gents. James Segnock Esq'. Thnstram Thorneton, Xumber Jamu Se,gnock Junor, Laudwick Price gents. Ballimorphy 018 Towne 1 of Tituladoes ~ames Eng \ Irish Hugh Doyne gent 018 Pcor,,le Downanes Butkrs Grainge K1llnagarrocke I 004 oo, Croscles and Raglass 05S James )Iotly gent Vurghlin 053 I Robert }Iihill Esq' 010 OH _I o;8 J ancarstowne o 34 )Ir Pap"orth gent 00,J 030 Johnstowne 017 - - - 017 Ralahin 003 00.? 00 Ballinakill 0;3 John Ashton Esq' 011 o6, - Copnagh o,o Thomas White gent Duganstowne 040 Richard Andre""'t"S Esq' and Williarr Tyndall gent 019 o,i - Clonemore o,8 \\ill: Hudsonsg~nt & Eliazor Hudson geot oo8 Painstowne 02.1 Thomas Barry gent 02, - Tombay 027 ooS 019 Ballicroge Olj Walter Bodely uq, 003 012 Hacketstowne 016 Francis BroY.'Ue gent ooS ooS Stapletowne 014 - 008 oo6 KHcarton oq John Ruse! gent OI! oo, Clonemulsker 'H The La&y Juliana Burler : 00,J qo 0,9 Thomas Flenter Esqr Ba.llilow 053 Garott \Vale gent /_lo./io ,+). Plullips-1· oo, O.lj - 053 towne Clcughna OH Henry Ward Esqr 005 039 Ballyhackett 025 - 025 (Jolio 2). BaUitrane 027 - 027 R1cbardstowne oq John flenten gent oo, Oto Quinnagh 02; John Carpenter gent 020 005 Ra.donell 016· Pollardstowne & } I 016 Rathmore oq Jeffery Paule gent 008 oo6 Cernansto\\-ne O.f.2 John Clearke gent 006 Shrucboe 036 John Pooer gent 036 '-loyle 028 - 'O036 f~I - - 009 I Castlemore and } Killeriske oz6 :\Iatbew Shepherd gent 016 010 Hank beg 04.! O.Jl Graingefort O

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15 The Celtic Connection • Ill Carlow Austin Crowe

PERHAPS few people in Carlow realise the ancient Gaulish Divinities survived in the next time that he engages in single what the connotations are when using the the three Irish or Celtic mother goddesses combat that she will appear in the form of word "banshee" in conjunction with that of war. These were "The Morrigain,", a serpent and coil herself about his feet of the corrupt form of the "bough." It is "The Macha;' and ''An Bodb." and hold him fast for his adversary. Ap­ not usually known locally that they are The religion of the pagan Irish was parently she did this. Cu wounded referring to an ancient Celtic Deity called Druidic in origin. Up to the time of St. her even though she was a deity. She was "An Bodb" and this deity is shrouded in Patrick's arrival they must have had their healed afterwards by Cu when she came the mists of Celtic Mythology. That such equivalent in the Gaulish Druidic religion. to his assistance in a later episode. a word should remain in use in almost Therefore the Irish or Celtic Goddess "An These tales were passed on by word of complete isolation is of interest. Bodb" had her equivalent in the Gaulish mouth during the Druidic period and Of course the reference to "An Bodb" "Bodua." However it is thought that in were written down during the great golden has been extracted from the famous Celtic ancient Celtic that "An Bodb" was era of Christianity in Ireland. We must be epic of "An Ta.in B6 Cuailnge" or the similar to the word "Cru" meaning bloody grateful to the Celtic Christian monks "Cattle Raid of Cooley." This epic poem or gory and since in the Roman and Greek who showed such broadmindedness when was first written down between the 11th mythology the "Furies" were always recording our great pagan Celtic heritage. and 12th century in Lebor na Huidre covered in filth and blood here we have By the time the stories came to be written which was compiled by Mae! Muire Mac "An Bodb" who was one of the three the spirit world of the "Aes Sidhe" or Celechair, and the book is presently in the Celtic Furies or Goddesses of War carry­ "Sluagh Sidhe" had long ago lost its Royal Irish Academy. I know of no other ing out the same role for the Celts. significance. As an example of this the locality in which local people refer to "An In "An Ta.in B6 Cuailnge" the "Bodb" colophon added by a monk to one version Bodb" other than Carlow. There is a loca­ appears about four times under different of the Ta.in B6 Cuailnge is as follows: tion called "Boa Island" near the guises. In one particular scene she is in "I who have written out this history or of Dreenan in Co. Fermanagh, the form of a raven addressing the Brown more properly fiction, do not accept as a which is notable for its double figure idol Bull of Cooley in dark and mysterious matter of faith certain things in this consisting of two busts set back to back language. After the address the bull sets history or rather fiction. For some things with large heads and crossed arms. out for Sliabh Culina and flings off one are diabolical impositions, some are Whether this idol has any connection with hundred and fifty boys playing on his poetical inventions, some have a An Bodb is not known. Most local people back and kills two-thirds of them. The semblance of truth, some have not and in other parts of the country are familiar significance of this scene is not known. some are meant to be for entertainment of with the expression "banshee" - "the On another occasion "An Bodb" ap­ fools." fairy woman" - but this is a general term pears to Cu Chulainn in the form of a We Carlovians owe a tremendous debt referring to a group of goddesses whose beautiful woman and tells him that she is of gratitude to those great compilers of homes were in the "Sidh-mounds," the in love with him and she offers him all her our ancient manuscripts who have great raths of the dead. gems. He replied that he has other things bridged such an amazing gap between to­ Most of the mythological stories of to attend to other than love. This of day and four thousand years ago by ex­ Ireland are divided into four chief groups. course enrages her and she threatens that plaining to us the meaning of "An Bodb." Group 1 is of the older Celtic gods who were known from early times in both Gaul and Britain. Group II are the native Irish (Celtic) gods of the underground whose homes are Recent in the "Sidh Mounds." The most pic­ turesque stories are told in this group and "An Ta.in B6 Cuailnge" belongs to this group, and therefore "An Bodb" is also in Publications this group. Group III are about the gods of rebirth and are known from sources outside "'98 and Carlow. A look at the Historians" Ireland mainly associated with the sea. Padraig O Snodaigh Group IV deals with stories of the supernatural world - "Tir Tairngni" "Paul Cullen and His Contemporaries (Vol. 5)" (Dreamland) or "Land of Promise"; Tir na nOg (Land of the Young) and Peadar Mac Suibhne Eachtrai, "Adventures" such as "Eachtrai an Ghiolla Dheachair." "Norman Splendour. Duiske Abbey Graignamanagh" It is felt that the ancient Celtic Gods of Geraldine Carville Ireland had their counterparts in those of the Celts of Gaul and that the Triad of

18 Notes on the Castle at Ieighlinbridge

LEIGHLIN was the "capital" of the Oge O'More. (See Fr. Comerford). . of !drone - one of the most im­ Victor Hadden 1585. Castle and !drone sold to portant in the country. The Southern Dudley Bagnal by George Carew. Bagnal highroad of prehistoric Leinster ran from This castle may have been called the shortly afterwards has a feud with the Tara to and Bennetsbridge, "White Castle". (See Ryan 8 7) . Kavanaghs, resulting in the murder of r . through the Barrow Valley. It crossed the 1435. Of 148 castles in County Carlow Murtagh Oge at Garryhill and Dudley .j Barrow somewhere near Leighlin. The only that of Carlow and Tillagh are not himself at Ballymoon. (See Fr. Coyle). pass over the Barrow at Leighlin has under the subjection of the Kavanaghs 1590. Dudley's brothers act as Con­ always been of great strategic importance. under Donagh McArt. stables of Leighlinbridge while Dudley's (Dermot and Fitzstephen came and went Murragh Ballagh Kavanagh repaired son, Nicholas, was a minor - until 1602. by the ford at Leighlin in their campaign the castle and appointed Constables. The During this period the Kavanaghs under into Ossory in 1169). Kavanaghs held Leighlinbridge for about Donal Spaniagh and the O'Bymes were The following list details some of the 80 years at this time thus making sure of rife. (See Prendergast). more important events in the history of their Black Rent. (See Malcolmson). 1620. The Bagnals move to the castle. · · Daniel Dowling Kavanagh was expel­ Dunleckney, Nicholas Bagnal being the 1180. Mote-and-Bailey built by Hugh led by Piers Butler and the Butlers held last of the name to be Constable of de Lacy; this castle was called the "Black the castle thereafter for about 30 years. Leighlinbridge. (See Prendergast). Castle" from the earliest times. (See (See Malcolmson). 1646. Col. Walter Bagnal seizes the Holinshed & Cambrensis). 15 3 7. !drone confiscated by the Crown castle in the Confederate War but allows 1245. !drone passes to the Carews, but under the Act of Absentees. It was free passage to the Marquis of Ormonde is still peaceful owing to the kinship of the granted to the Earls of Ormonde, who and his troops. (See Ryan 177 & Carte Bigods and the Kavanaghs. were apparently in possession. A report to mp. 258). 1272. Carews erect Carmelite Friary the King about this time, recommends 1650. Castle taken on terms by (Grey Friars), the Priory of St. Stephen, that farming men of substance be sent Cromwell's soldiers under Heuson. (See and religious element gradually thither to inhabit the country, for in­ Fr. Coyle & Ryan 184). overshadows martial character - the stance, "at the bridge of Leighlin, which 1778. From 1278 to 1778 Priory apparently being either in or ad­ is a good place to build a town; there is a Leighlinbridge was not without the name joining the Castle. (See Fr. Coyle & Ryan house of friars there which will help well of Carew. (See Fr. Comerford). 71). to the purpose." 1792. Grose visited and drew the cas­ 1320. Bridge built by Maurice Jakis, 1543. Priory seized by Henry VIII tle. Canon of Kildare Cathedral. (See Ryan (See deed signed by Cahir McArt 1833. Ryan gives a useful description 77, etc.) Kavanagh surrendering Garryhill and the of the castle. (See Ryan 34 7). 1325. The Kavanaghs, under Donnell lands lying between Carlow and 1859. Prendergast gives a description McArt, now in possession of most of the Leighlinbridge "with the castle in !drone", of the castle. County Carlow. and the Friars moved 200 yards to set­ 1888. One wing of the castle collapsed 1335. The Kavanaghs dominating tle still in the vicinity of the castle. (See on to the towpath and gave rise to a most County Carlow and almost certainly Ryan 100 & 347). interesting article on the history of the Leighlinbridge. So much so that the 154 7. Sir Edward Bellingham built castle, probably by Malcolmson, Crown has to resort to paying "Black the castle, remains of which are still Published in the Carlow Sentinel. I Rent" to keep the bridge open. standing today. (See Fr. Coyle & Ryan References: ' 1378. St. Stephen's Priory is awarded 101). Ryan. History of Carlow. a pension by the Crown for the defence of 1567. Thomas Stukley was Constable Coyle. Antiquities of Leighlin. the bridge and this was confirmed by of the castle. Comerford. Antiquities of Kildare & Leighlin. Prengergast. The Plantation of !drone (Journal of Richard II in 1399. (See Ryan 84 & 87, 1568. Sir Peter Carew arrives in Kilkenny Arch. Soc., New Series, Volumes II and etc.) Ireland and is declared the right Lord of ill). Hooker. Life and Times of Sir Peter Carew. 1394. Richard II and his army of 40,0- the Barony of !drone by order of the Carte. Life of the Earl of Ormonde. 00 crossed the Barrow at Leighlinbridge Supreme Council. He took up residence Ma!rolmson. Leighlinbridge Castle (Carlow Sentinel in 1394, on his way to do battle with Art 1888). in Leighlinbridge Castle. (See Hooker's Grose. Antiquities of Ireland. Oge Kavanagh, King of Leinster, who at "Life".) this time was based on Garryhill and 1569. The Butler-Carew war, with dominated the Counties of Carlow, Wex­ various skirmishes at Leighlinbridge. ford, Wicklow and Kildare. (See Darcy 1575. Sir Peter dies at and Magee & Prof. Curtis). is buried at . The editor would like to thank the staff of 1399. Richard II returns and again 1576. Murrough Kavanagh and Rory for their help and co­ passes through Leighlinbridge. O'More are treacherously murdered at operation. 1408. Some writers say that Gerald, Leighlinbridge. (See Fr. Coyle & Ryan 5th Earl of Kildare, rebuilt the castle at 109). Leighlinbridge, but Ryan questions this. 1577. Castle and town sacked by Rory

17 LIST OF SPONSORS

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Brother James. Terence Flood and pupils of St. Joseph's Byrne. Philip Purcell. Goresbridge; Gordan Ashmore. Academy. 1901. Lorum(7); Philip Maher. . later a Professor in ~ Left to right (addresses Bagenalstown unless otherwise Carlow College; John O'Kelly. William Byrne. Paulstown. stated). 1st row: Thomas Murphy. Kilcarrig St.. later P.P .. 4th row: Patrick Mcloughlin. John Donohue. Thomas Rathvilly; Albert Ashmore. Lorum; Daniel Joyce. Thomas Browne, Coolnacupogue, Pastor Emeritus of and Maloney. Borris. the only surviving member of the group who. D.V.. will 2nd row: Edward O'Callaghan. Thomas Keogh. Gurteen. celebrate the seventieth year of his ordination in April 1980; . later and Leighlin; John Kilcoyne. Paulstown; John Walsh. , High Brother James. Terence Flood. Joseph Toole. Street; Edward Walsh, Paulstown; William Jeffers. Upper 3rd row: William Murphy. William Mahoney. Borris; Frank Seskin, Old Leighlin.

1980 marks the tercentenary of the foun­ consisted of Brothers Gall Deasy, James that they gave an education intermediate dation by Saint John Baptist de La Salle Sharkett and Martin Crawford. (1) between the National Schools and the of the Brothers of the Christian Schools Doctor Burke had been President of Universities; they conformed to the atan­ (De La Salle Brothers). By a happy coin­ Carlow College and so was not a little in­ dards laid down by t.he Intermediate cidence the Irish province will also be terested in fostering vocations to the Education Act of 1878. celebrating its centenary during this com­ priesthood. Experience had taught him ing year. One of the earlier foundations in that vocations flourished in areas where The Latin Question this country was made at Classical Schools had been established. In 1893 the De La Salle Brothers were on September 4th 1893 when the He now set about providing a "Classical forbidden by their Rule to teach or ewen Brothers were given charge of Saint and Intermediate School" for his new to learn Latin. This strange probibitiion Brigid's National School by the manager, parish. These schools were classical in so will be more easily understood in the oon­ Very Rev Monsignior Edward Burke far as they concentrated on Latin and text ot the peculiar cin:rnnsbtDC'l"S of their P.P., V.G., who had been recently ap­ Greek with an eye to preparing boys for foundation. Saint John Baptist had pointed to the parish. The first communicy the Church. They were "Intermediate" in determined that his Brothers should re-

19 ;:f main laymen in order the better to con­ Kilcloney, who, as rector of Norton, 1960s the numbers suddenly increased t ~ centrate on their school duties. An all-lay Kansas in 1908 presented a chalice to the and several pre-fabs had to be erected. ;ti!;.. , religious order was unknown in the Brothers' newly-built oratory. ( 11) Where Plans are now well advanced for building ~ ii P: Church in the Seventeenth Century and Professor M'Swiney came from and what a joint co-ed school with the Presentation '.(;, so there was a danger that the clergy, not his subsequent career was we do not Sisters. ~: understanding this new phenomenon, know. With Melchisidech-like anonymity Headmasters to 1926 would seek the Brothers' assistance in the he enters upon and exits from the stage of The first Brother Headmaster was our town's history. celebration of the liturgy and so distract James Sharkett, a native of Croghan, them from their real mission. It was to 1895 -1896 Roscommon, who was seconded from the emphasise their lay status that the In 18 9 5 the Provincial, Brother National School in 1896 to take charge of Founder forbade the Brothers to learn or Anthony Jerome, found himself in a St. Joseph's Academy. He was not yet 24 teach Latin. Like many such regulations, quandary regarding the schools in Muine years of age. In the tradition of the Irish useful in a given context but long since Province he is alvays referred to as " - having outlived their utility, the prohibi­ Bheag. It was both irregular and in­ convenient to have the Intermediate boys James Bags", so closely is he associated tion on Latin was a bone of contention in attend the National School for certain with the foundation of the schools in the Congregation and the issue was only subjects (as outlined above). The Bagenalstown. More of him anon. resolved when Pope Pius XI personally manager asked him, therefore, to allow When Brother James was transferred ordered its exclusion from the Rule in the Brothers into the Classical School to to Wicklow in 1912 he was succeeded by 1923. (2) teach these subjects there and to attend Brother Francis Murphy a native of In 1893, however, the effect of the to discipline. This would be against the Rathmore, Co. Kerry. He was transferred prohibition was that the Brothers could spirit if not the letter of the regulations to Waterford Training College as Profes­ not take charge of the proposed new Clas­ against the teaching of Latin in Brothers' sor of Irish in 1919 and was succeeded by sical School. In a sense they side-stepped schools. Unable to consult the Mother Brother Fintan O'Grady from Emly, Co the issue. The school would be "under House Brother Anthony allowed the Tipperary who was succeeded in 19 2 4 by their immediate inspection and care". (3) Brothers into the Classical School for a Brother Edwin Rigney, a native of A professor M'Swiney was employed to year and subject to approval from the Cloughall, Co Offaly. Very Rev Joseph teach the Classics and modern ianguages higher superiors in Paris. The temporary McDonald, parish priest of Portarlington, to the students in their own class room became permanent and the Brothers are who was a pupil of the school in 19 2 5- 2 6 ( 4), while they would go next door to the still in the school. (12) remembers Brother Edwin as a very Brothers in the National School for thorough teacher. He had taught in such English, Maths and Science lessons. (5) 1896: St. Joseph's exotic places as Mandalay, Singapore and The Classical and Intermediate School An entry dated August 23rd 1896 in Guernsey and, in fact, taught in St. commenced operations in the autumn of the Community History states that "St. Joseph's on four different tours of duty 1893 with twelve pupils. (6) Joseph's School was placed under the (infra). )14) direct control of the Brothers". There Finance Other Brothers were only five on roll at the time which October 1893 major repairs on In would seem to indicate that things had In 1903 Brother James was given an Saint Andrew's church had been com­ not been running smoothly. It was at this assistant Brother in the Academy - pleted. At the High Mass of re-dedication juncture that Terence Flood became Clas­ Brother Francis Taylor who taught there on Sunday October 8th Most Rev Doctor sics Master there. The "Classical and until 1910. Others who taught there in Sheehan, Bishop of Waterford and Intermediate School" was re-named "St. our period were: Brother Eunan Lismore, preached the sermon and the Joseph's Academy". St. J9seph is a Sheridan from Rosnakil, County proceeds of the collection were "used in special patron of the Brothers and thay Donegal, 1910-11, Brother paying off the expenses incident to the in­ already had St. ,Joseph's 4\-cademies in Frederick Mullins from , Co troduction of the Brothers of De La Salle, such widely separated placei as St. Louis, Galway, 1912 - 15; Brother Edwin and to the building of a new Classical and U.S.A. and Blackheath, Lpndon. Rigney, 19 15 - 16; Brother Joseph Intermediate School". (7) O'Donovan, Coleen, Co Cork, 1916 - School Premiies 17; Brother Urban Ryan, Co Cork, 1917 Professor M'Swiney The Classical School was first situated - 18; Brother Edwin Rigney, 1919 - 20 We know little of Professor M'Swiney in the room built by Monsignior Burke at (15); and Brother Nicholas Ryan from except that "his previous training aptly the western end of the National School. Muckalee, Co Kilkenny, who remained fits him to instruct in the Classics and the Since the renovation of the latter in 1954 there until 19 3 7. He was transferred modern languages". (8) This would seem the old Classical school-room has been back there in 19 4 3 and served as Head­ to indicate that, like his successor, used as a cloakroom. By 1901 a larger master from 1946 to 1954; altogether he Terence Flood, he had once been a clerical premises was required to accommodate served for twenty-eight years in the student. There was then no set standard the increasing numbers and Green Cot­ parish. (16) for the qualification of intermediate tage, which stood on the corner of teachers, and Classicals Schools were the Railway and Station Roads was acquired When we were young natural employment outlet for former from the Misses Wood ( 13). In his school The only surviving past-pupil of those seminarians. M'Swiney was made an account book in August 1906 Monsignior turn of the century days, Very Rev honourary member of the South Carlow Burke recorded the ·'Purchase of School" Thomas Brown, Pastor Emeritus of National Teachers' Association soon after for .£150. Unfortunately he doesn't ·i'

21 ·1 :1 who in a later period was followed into the When he died on October 8th 1926 he (11) Ibid; He certainly had attended the school at l' Marists by his nephews Thomas and was the first person to be laid to rest in some stage of its history. . ~t I , Paddy who now serves in Fiji. Paulstown the new Cemetery of the Assumption. (12) Letter of Brother Anthony Jerome, 1901. (13) Informants: Edward Byrne, Brother Arcadius r produced the Cold brothers who served in Brother Edwin Rigney, the headmaster Ryan. The Woods were connected with the milling or Kansas. Tinnegarney produced Joseph and an executor of his will, saw to it that maltinJ establishments in the town. i: Brennan who became Vicar General of he got his "neat little monument" suitably (14) Community and Provincial records. the Diocese of Wilcannia, New South inscribed in English and Irish, a language (15) He spent a fourth short period in the com­ Wales, and who presented a monstrance that he didn't altogether favour! munity in 1942. to the Brothers' oratory in 1912. Thomas By this time the prohibition on the (16) Community records. (17) Nationalist ? 1908. Millett of Borris became secretary to his teaching o( Latin by the brothers had (18) Letter of Very Rev Thomas Brown to the Archbishop in California and a Mon­ been lifted and Master Flood was suc­ writer, Jan. 1979. signior to boot. Henry Beauchamp also ceeded as Classics teacher by Brother Ar­ (19) Parochial Schools account book of Monsignior became a Monsignior and chaplain to the cadius O'Connor who before joining the Burke, 1893 - 1915. R.A.F. Patrick Maher became Dean of Brothers had, like his predecessor, also (20) Community records. Studies in St Patrick's College Carlow in studied for the priesthood. (34) ( 21) Informant: Edward Byrne. (22) Community records. 1932. These are but some of the names With Terence Flood's death the early (23) ibid. which strike one when looking at the list history of Saint Josephs Academy comes (24) Community records. of 30 students of our period who were to a close. (25) Nationalist Feb. 22nd 1908. ordained. (30). (26) Informant: Brother Arcadius Ryan. Wexford played in six football All-lrelands in a row between Terence Flood (1) Community records 1913 and 1918. Never before or since did the Wex­ (2) Common Rule of the Brothers, various editions. ford footballers figure in football All-Irelands. Because of the prohibition on the (3) Nationalist, Sept 23rd 1893 (27) Community records. teaching of Latin (supra) the Brothers (4) Ibid Sept. 23rd 1893. (28) ibid had of necessity to employ a layman to (5) Letter of Brother Anthony Jerome, 1901. (29) Nationalist Feb. 22nd 1908. (30) Provincial records. perform this duty when they took charge (6) Community records (7) Nationalist, 23rd, 30th Sept; 7th, 14th Oct., ( 31) Community records. of Saint Joseph's in 1896. Terence Flood, 1893. (32) ibid; Edward Byrne. a 48-year old man was chosen. He (8) Ibid, Sept. 23rd 1893. (33) Informant: Edward Byrne. had two brothers who became priests in (9) Nationalist, Oct. 21st 1893. (34) Community records; Brother Arcadius Ryan; the Diocese of Meath and was himself a (10) Community records. Edward Byrne. student at Maynooth until 2nd Divinity in 1876 when he withdrew, feeling that his vocation lay elsewhere. Previous to his coming to Saint Joseph's he had taught in a classical school in Cork city. For thirty years he bore the burden of Latin and Greek classes in the Academy in an era when many students there were preparing for the priesthood and when many others needed Latin to matriculate. He brought Sucressful Carlovian to his work a scholarship, an enthusiasm and a dedication that was the admiration of all his pupils. (31) In the early days of the century it was customary for the pupils of St Brigid's Peter Fenelon Collier was born in 1846 "Colliers" grew to a paid circulation of National School and the Academy to pre­ in Myshall, Co. Carlow. In 1866 he 3,200,000. He published "The Harvard sent a play in public annually. One of the emigrated to the U.S.A. He entered St. Classics"; more than 400,000 of these most successful of these presentations Mary's Seminary, Cincinnati, Ohio but fifty volume sets were sold by 1950. He was "Silken Thomas", an historical did not become a priest, entering the raised funds to buy the old Lincoln farm drama written by Terence Flood and publishing business instead. He started in Kentucky and had a granite memorial staged in the court house with complete printing books from a basement store in erected at the site of the log cabin in success on two successfve nights in 1906. New York, 1875. He sold on the instal­ which President Lincoln was born. He (32). ment plan, the first publisher to use this died in New York City, 24 April 1909. During his time in the town Terence method. In 1888 he launched a popular Details from A Dictionary of Irish Flood, who never married, lodged at the magazine "Once a Week" which became Biography by Henry Boylan, published by home of the McNally family in Kilree "Colliers, the National Weekly" in 1895. Gill & Macmillan 19 7 8). Street. He became very friendly with them and is buried with them in the new cemetery. (33) He was possessed of £500 at his death. He made a number of small bequests to his friends and he left some money for Masses - this to be given to priests who were his past-pupils. "Out of the remainder must be paid the price of a grave in the new churchyard and burial expenses. I also desire something in the ·shape of a neat little monument." The residue he left to St. Joseph's Academy.

22 Tyndall of Leighlin Part2

Norman McMillan & Martin Nevin, Carlow Regional Technical College Article on Tyndall and Carlow

Mechanics Institute, Preston

I have climbed some difficult mountains in my time, and after strenuous efforts for a dozen hours or more, upon ice, rock and snow, I have not infrequently reached the top. I question whether there is a joy on earth more exhilarating than that of a mountaineer, who having reached his ob- J. Tyndall's reply to toast by G. G. ject, is able to afford himself, upon the Stokes, President of the Royal Society at summit a foaming bumper of champagne. his retirement dinner in the Willie's Room, July 29th, 1887. But, my Lords & Gentlemen, the hardest climb, by far, that I have accomplished, was that from the banks of the Barrow to the banks of the Thames - from the modest Irish roof under which I was born to Willis's Room. Here I have reached my mountain-top, and you - God bless you! ., - have given me a bumper which no scientific climber ever before enjoyed.

• The Loosening of Links "I am sure that you will credit me me here send me a long letter and a when I tell you that you are still dear great deal of news and don't forget to with Ireland to me and nothing gives me more real let me know how you leave all your lit­ TYNDALL, like so many Irishmen before pleasure than your sweet romantic let­ tle girls. You need not fear me telling and since who set off to earn their fame ters. They breathe the language that I Rachel." (REF. 1, p.12). and fortune overseas, left these shores love. Pray, my dear John, have you However despite Tyndall confiding determined to make his mark. Above all written many Valentines this time? I that "in the main the ice wine of Ireland this meant for a young man standing on know your talents are of the first is more palatable than the hot lascivious his own two feet and standing up for his order. I am quite sure that you are vintage of England." (REF. 16). rights. He certainly did this an9- he car­ heartwhole all this time in the South, He did not concern himself over much ried with him grievances from his period of such a gay and gallant hotharin was with romantic questions at that time and employment in Ireland. Tyndall an­ never intended to blush unseen like he was undoubtedly concerned with more nounced shortly after his arrival in the desert rose. Come now, make me serious matters. Tyndall in leading the England his intention of seeking redress your confidant, as I have no secrets of fight against the Survey management led for certain grievances at the Survey. my own to keep I shall be the more ultimately to the dismissal in September During what was for Tyndall a capable of keeping another's?" 1843 of which his father had warned. A traumatic time, he received letters from While another cousin, Deb, wrote in contributory factor in this dismissal was Ireland which must have been welcome February 1842: Tyndall's series of articles in the Liver­ relief for the young protagonist, for in a "We expect to leave Ireland in pool Mercury which brilliantly exposed letter from his cousin Maria he heard of April. I hope you will come to County the disgraceful mismanagement of the much lighter matters. Carlow before then. If you cannot see Ordnance Survey. On November 8 he had

23 quoted, that 'when Tyndall had won writers is the influence on Tyndall of the fortune and renown the gentry of his 'Friends'. The Quaker influences in his native district hurried to lionise the life were very strong indeed. They came son of the leather dealer. One descen­ from his grandmother and his mother and dant of a Cromwellian trooper who later in his life, again when he worked at joined the crowd, would not condes­ the Quaker College, Queenswood. Un­ cend without reminding Tyndall of the doubtedly, he personifies the ethic of hard condescension. He invited Tyndall to work and self reliance and this is the most dinner. The first topic started for con­ characteristic feature of this form of versation when the ladies had Protestantism. It is certainly significant withdrawn was the changing times that Tyndall directed that he be buried in which made such a dinner-party possi­ an unmarked grave. Unfortunately, or ble and brought together on a plane of fortunately depending on the way you almost equality the host and guest. look at it, well meaning people subse­ The Carlow landlord (was it quently placed a stone on the mound in Bruen?) had a lesson in good manners the church in Haselmere in Surrey where which he did not forget, and Tyndall he lies. left him in real doubt as to whether the It is clear that Tyndall's greatest in­ man of science or the man of con­ fluence was his father, and therefore pos­ fiscated acres was the gentleman. sibly his mother as well, although he did The same writer gives an in­ not recognize this latter influence himself. teresting personal and local Tyndall Gorge, Colorado, This research has possibly revealed this reminiscence of the Professor. "On one U.S.A. powerful influence more clearly than any occasion when he saw Tyndall in his earlier study of Tyndall. John Connwill, native village. he was engaged by the often docily received a letter on his by popular legend, was meant to be the riverside with his coat off, helping a behaviour there. The famous Belfast man responsible for moulding Tyndall's peasant to drag a bullock out of a Address provoked a strong personality, but we would consider that ditch into which it had sunk. He was remonstrance; but the old man was his influence was primarily one of inspira­ then a lecturer at the Royal Institu­ relieved when he received a reply tion, in that he set alight the young man tion, and was one of the most famous repudiating the construction placed on latent scientific and mathematical ability, lecturers the Institution ever saw. it. The letter contained the germ of There was nothing in the bookworm in thought of the later explanatory Bir­ which had been already largely fashioned the heave the Professor gave the rope, mingham Address. There were a few by his family interactions. Tyndall came however. The conqueror of the Mat­ sentences quoted for the special to Conwill as a young man of seventeen terhorn was at work, and showed the benefit of Tyndall's successors in the and he could not therefore have been as physical soundness of the stock from old teacher's ears, in order to prove to influential as this popular local legend which he came." (REF. 11). them the 'great exemplar' had not would have had us believe. degenerated into the scandal-giver. I Finally, we feel that Tyndall's Irishness Tyndall certainly did come to Ireland am not an atheist that men make light and more particularly, his Leighlin roots, in 1874. He was then President of the of. In the river that rolls by my window were undoubtedly sources from which he British Association and had to deliver the I recognise the finger of the Great drew in later life. His acceptance in Presidential Address. In the First Cause." (REF. 26). England never led him to attempt as­ "Belfast address of 18 7 4 suggested Whether or not this was a real state­ simulation into the English ethos, but if that life might have come from in­ ment ofTyndal's views is open to specula­ anything, on the contrary, made him more animate matter." (REF. 19). tion but he certainly was no atheist. His conscious of his identity as an Irishman, Tyndall faced a furore over this speech friend T. Hirst claimed that he and Tyn­ which it appears he proudly proclaimed at which has been compared to the original dall were agnostics before T. H. Huxley every opportunity. His opposition to Irish explosion over the theory of evolution. invented the word! His wife certainly nationalism was certainly not from the There is modern evidence, however, to suspected him of being a materialist and stand point of a little Englander. Un­ suggest that this outcry was engineered busied herself for more than forty years questionably his Irishness shaped his by the Irishman Kelvin and his associate ,after his death, censoring his papers, politics, philosophy and outlook in Tait because of another ongoing argu­ journals and letters to remove any general. We might suppose even, that this ment over a theory of glaciers. Tyndall 'suspect' passages. played some part in his scientific work, delivered this speech quite appropriately although this would be hard to in Belfast, on August 19, 18 7 4. Tyndall RESEARCH DISCOVERIES demonstrate. We conclude that the most really was not challenging religion at From the background research of Tyn­ suitable epithet for Tyndall was not the Belfast, only irrational religion. He was dall the most important point to emerge amusing "X" -centric, which he adopted never an adament materialist, despite his is that we can begin to see the reasons for in the very influential, famous and statements which were often in these his incredible determination. Firstly he mysterious "X" -club, but rather Tyndall prudish times misunderstood. An in­ can not, as had been supposed, from a of Leighlin. teresting commitant of this historic event family who were from poor working stock, but from the Tyndall, Malone and McAs­ occurred. Tyndall had always kept con­ Miss H. Byrne and Mrs. E. Breen exhibited a tact with Conwill and was always careful sey stock who were extremely wealthy. picture of Tyndall at the Barrow Rally in 19 7 3 to send him copies of his books which he The fact that his mother and family for­ which was possibly the first publicity given to the engraved "To Mr. Conwill from his old tunes were so spartan compared to their Leighlinman which ultimately led to the current parents, must have been a powerful in­ interest, although as yet there is not a Memorial pal John Tyndall." Scholarship which Professsor Maloney wished to centive for the young man. The wealth of We learn that see established in County Carlow. the parent's family however must have Tyndall's Journal from 1866 to his death is "Even when the pupil wandered ensured that his parents were both very very sketchily compiled by a researcher. This into the realms which the teacher had well educated. records visits to Ireland in June '69, October '70, no opportunity of entering, the former June '86 and January '90 but no explicit mention The second point overlooked by other of Carlow made.

24 written home explaining his dismissal. He nature's penalty can shirk his proper was ultimately forced to return home pen­ employment." niless just before Christmas in 1843, Tyndall's Journal over this period also where he defiantly wrote his final letter to records the details of this flying visit. the Mercury. Mrs. Louisa Tyndall later December 22 wrote of this period of obvious tension 1847 between father and son: Reached Clonmel at two, remained "But in spite of his proclivities, the there until six. Started thence by father showed himself capable of tak­ mail-felt very sleepy, but had time to ing large views on the subject and the swallow a cup of coffee at Kilkenny, divergence of opinion between 'Big which negated my somniferous John' and 'Little John' (as they sometimes playfully called each other), tendencies. Reached Leighlin at 12, on the abstract question of justice and and found all in bed. A flood in the Barrow - it rolled very darkly along. human rights was not so great as the 23 Rise at 7.30. Saw Mr. Conwill in the latter had anticipated." (p.6). In this period of forced unemployment morning, remained some time in his in Carlow he was far from inactive and school. A long chat with my uncle Ned apart from keeping up his French and - decided on sending Emma to Banks if possible. A wet day all ~ mathematics studies he took to writing a novel. He sought employment and tarried mitment to climbing took him on vaca­ through. Read remarks on National with plans to emigrate to America, which tions away to the Alps and this kept him Education in company with Conwill. were strongly opposed by his friends. away from Ireland. Certainly before he Arranged our time. He is at my ser­ Then he was elected as Plotter for County was really established in his chosen vice up to 1 o'clock in the afternoon. I am at his house the remainder of the Carlow only to be bitterly disappointed profession, both his parents were dead day. Wrote to Filmarsh and to Guity. when this election was declared invalid and his major factor which shaped Tyn­ because the post had not been properly dall's decisions over the years and which 24 Saw Mrs. Steuart in the morning - advertised. At this time Tyndall became consequently kept him away from kind as usual. The forenoon with Mr. determined to gain employment and given Leighlin was that he was happy in the in­ Conwill, analysing Whateley's Les­ the prospect of a job in America he would tellectual English environment. sons on Reasoning; a walk to John have emigrated. We discover: Indeed, at his great retirement dinner, Kehoe's Bridge to see the works in "After a lapse of three years, Mr. given in Willis's Rooms in the Royal the railway. Tyndall, seeing little prospect of Society Room on June 29, 1887 he made 26 To church in the evening. speedy promotion in the profession he this very point: See quote at top of this, 27 A lovely day, evening calm, visited had chosen, resolved to emigrate to article. Old Leighlin Church and saw my On one of his very brief holidays in America. He was however opposed by father's grave - he lies beside his 184 7 Tyndall returned to Carlow to dis­ some of his friends, and particularly own father in a quiet lonely part of cover his father in a grave state of health by the Dean of Leighlin, a relative of the burial ground. On coming away I with paralysis on his left side. He aban­ the celebrated Robert Boyle, who ex­ turned instinctively to bid him good­ doned his holiday to nurse his father until horted him not to leave the country." bye, but there was no answer. forced to return to England. On March (REF. 17). 28 Called upon the Dean, but did not see 27, 1847 his father died and Tyndall In August he was informed that he him. wrote: would get appointed to a new Survey Of­ 29 Up at 5. Algebra, got through "One of the strongest links between fice in Preston being opened by Mr. Wren arithmetical progression. Incessant me and life is broken, one kind tongue if he reported for duty. After two weeks it rain. Mr. Conwill did not come. A forever silent, one fountain of was clear "that he was not the description walk in the evening to the three-arch boundless sympathy forever dried up" of person they wanted," and he left. He bridge. Barrow very much swollen. -REF. 1 (p.16). did not return home however but sought 31 A letter from Mr. McClintock - he In his private thoughts he wrote: and found employment in Manchester recollects the time which I alluded to ~ "No one but me will ever know his with Nevins and Lawton as a railway sur­ in my letter, but before giving me any worth." veyor. This was the final break with statement as to the state of the The night of the father's funeral, "a Ireland for he was never again to live in country about him he wants to know night of such rain and thunder that was whether I make the enquiry as a ~ the country and only returned on the rare never witnessed before*. occasion for vacations. private individual or as an agent of a Tyndall's views on the ·famine which charitable association. racked Ireland at this time were ex­ January 1 Tyndall in England pressed in his Journal. Rose at 5. Started by omnibus to as surveyor & teacher * Quoted from Alan Doran, local Carlow, thence by rail to Dublin. Met Leighlin historian. Jack near Westland Row; left my lug­ TYNDALL worked in England as a "Sympathy and humaness are un­ gage at station, and returned with railway surveyor, from 1844 he then took known; the rich man treats the poor him. Jack visited Mr. Hammond, and up an appointment as a teacher at' one as a slave, the latter in return obtained a promise of employment. Queenwood College, Hampshire (REF looked •upon his wealthier fellow as a Reached Kingstown at 6 o'clock and 18) in 1847. He studied for two years at foe. All confidence was destroyed, and sat down to a capital dinner. Marburg University in Germany from now in the hour of trial when con­ In , 1848 on July 12, we see the 1849 and returned to Queenwood, where fidence would be invaluable and1 'radical' recording in his journal on early he worked until he obtained the Chair of mighty the only means of repelling the compromise which ultimately led him 1 National Philosophy at the Royal Institu­ famine, they can't be found. This les- back into the fold of the conservatives. He tion London in 1853, where he remainea son will be scourged into them - that wrote: until his retirement. every man upon earth has a duty to "Cogitated on the paper for the His scant contacts with Ireland during perform, and in proportion as a man is 'Sentinal'. Altered my original inten­ his days at the Royal Institution should exulted his r_e_s_~_!lsibility is increased, tion and let the landlords off with a however be commented upon. His com- and that no man without incurring slight rule." 25 In 18 51 after acting as secretary of the Tyndall in Gennany Physics and Mathematics Section of the as a Mature Student British Association held in Belfast that year he took the opportunity to pay a At the end of the first year of brief visit to Leighlin. In his journal for Queenwood College's existence, Tyndall September 8 and 9 the following entries. was already very conscious of his need for September further education. At the time the only 8 Left Belfast at 10 o'clock, from place he could get what he considered to Dublin again at 5.30. Reached be an adequate university science educa­ Bagenalstown 8 .10, took a car to tion was in Germany and he was therefore Leighlin, found my mother in bed. easily persuaded to join his fellow teacher The old woman was as busy as a bee. Edward (later Sir Edward) Frankland as Felt gladdened on finding everything an undergraduate in Marburg University, clean and comfortable around her. where they studied under among others September the illustrious Robert von Bunsen. Before 9 This morning before breakfast I was at the "MOAT".* It needed no as­ the friends embarked on what was to be a sociations of childhood to embellish very strenuous and concentrated course of the delightful scene that lay before study they left on a short continental holi­ me. In itself it was lovely ... I do not day. Tyndall returned early to London on know anywhere a sweeter scene than some urgent business but on reading of this scene of my early boyhood. Saw the revolutionary struggles in the French some old friends and started again at capital in his London Times, returned Monday, 11 December 1848 Received a letter from home in the 12. rather melodramatically to his friend's morning giving a melancholy ac­ side. The pair of them were consquently *This is the famous seat of the Ard Ri. count of the sufferings of the poor caught up in the street fighting. people in Leighlin. Arranged that Tyndall kept a very detailed Journal Here where our concern is Ireland we 12 of them should spend which continued up until the 1850s. It will not recall the very interesting descrip­ Christmas day comfortably. The became very sketchy indeed when he tion of the street fighting to be found in Dean is leaving Leighlin and moved to the Royal Institution of G.B. in his diary, but it is perhaps relevant to removing nearer to the sea. Mr. London's West End, because as the mention what was really an insignificant King is moving into his house. The Professor of Natural Philosophy there he but nevertheless interesting incident. On name of Mr. Bredin mentioned in had very demanding duties and he also the 29 June we find the following entry in my mother's letter aroused many had an extremely busy professional and his journal: long forgotten memories. social life outside of his employment. The "Two guards mobile were killed, The rest of his life was to see him send only time that he really kept a detailed and three insurgents; a bullet was a considerable amount of money home to Journal after this was when he went to found flattened upon the floor of room his family and all kinds of people in the Alps, because he used these detailed next to mine. Women dressed as Leighlin. There can be no doubt that he records extensively in his Alpine books. It vivandieres administered poison wine was a most generous benefactor to the is hard therefore to find evidence of his to the wounded soldiers . . . people of Leighlin. visits to Ireland during his years of inter­ On opening the door of a large There is another mention in Tyndall's national fame. room, saw gentleman and lady ap­ Journal about a visit to Old Leighlin There are stories of course of parently in close conversation. I made by his mother and sister. It should unconfirmed authenticity about Tyndall, apologised and vanished; learned, be remembered that Ireland had only two which it is hard to know if they were true however, that my appearance would years before passed through the height of or not. Two such are included in one ac­ the famine. On 9 January, 1849, after not be an intrusion. It was a long time count of his life which date from his 'great since I have seen such incarnation of the receipt of a letter, he notes: years' although the authors know of no loveliness in the lady's beauty was "Emma gives me an account of a definite record of him being in Carlow positively radiant - mild brown eyes visit which she and mother made to after 1867* when he visited Leighlin to flushed under long pendant lashes, Old Leighlin. The people were very attend his mother's funeral. This account clear transparent skin of the richest wretched; Jerry Murray dead. Canting suggests he did pay other visits and as ex­ peachiness . . . and objecting is the order of the day. plained above it is difficult to verify these ac­ James Tracey has lost the loan fund. counts. "With stoical self-denial I kept my "Before we leave this part of his eyes off her, indulging in intervals in a What will become of his helpless family? Very wretched indeed. In what career, it may be interesting to state, transient glance . . . the thread of our does the life in Ireland differ from that on the authority of the writer * already conversation drew up to of the most savage gregarians? The Bagenalstown, the spot whence the wolf fights with his neighbour over the * Miss Holly Byrne of Bagenalstown in an inter­ beauty before mentioned sprung - carcase. Irishmen do the same." view given on 23 September '78 stated that who can she be? To bed at 11.30." when a visitor to her home, a certain Professor This entry in Tyndall's diary is very Daniel Maloney visited her father some thirty RETURN TO QUEENWOOD years ago was told that he had shaken hands revealing. It demonstrates that Tyndall AND THENCE TO WORLD FAME with Professor Tyndall. The American from was either incredibly shy, infatuated with Staton Island exclaimed: "It was worth while He went on to do research in Berlin for having come to Ireland to shake hands with a her to the point of dumbness, or was a man who had shaken hands with Professor Tyn­ romantic who wished to preserve the a short period after completing his Ph.D. dall." Since Mr. Byrne was born 5 October, mystery of this radiant beauty. and then returned to Queenwood for a 18 7 3, this is strong evidence to suggest that further two years. This period at Tyndall was in Leighlin in his later years. Tyndall continued as a correspondent Queenwood was to him a very frustrating for the Sentinal during his two years period because he was now well qualified * Article in Dublin Evening Telegraph. Date not study at Marburg. and looking for advancement. given.

26 CONCLUDING REMARKS libraries have original manuscripts and page TYNDALL WORK proofs from his books. The College's Tyndall How to tell School's Lecture Demonstration, which is A much fuller account on •'Tyndall and run appropriately by the Institute of Physics, a story Ireland" is being prepared by the aut­ was a great success last year and will be an hors, which will cover all the material on annual event. It will be transmitted by RTE J. Tyndall's Journal the Leighlin man and his country. The map this year. The College's permanent exhibi­ March 2 1844 on the region centred on Leighlin tion may however be the most enduring reproduced in Part I of this article shows memorial to this great technical The River Clyde which runs north of the location of most of the places con­ educationalist. Castlebellingham had been greatly swollen by nected with Tyndall and indicates the the rains. It was customary for the scholars to positions of every place mentioned in this get an hour in the middle of the day to play. Well, on this day nine years ago, myself and article whose location is known. APPEAL the young Semples and Troutons scampered John Tyndall has many relatives in through the green fields called "The Grove" this region still, and a large number scat­ We would appeal to any person who and soon arrived as near the river as the tered throughout the country at large. could help in the Tyndall researches to flooded bottom would permit. We saw Indeed, there is still a John Tyndall in contact us, and this could be anybody something extraordinary stuck up against the from members of the family who may bank at a spot where the current struck it with Leighlin; but he, like all the other Tyn­ great force. Curiosity induced two or three of dalls, appears to derive from William have family photographs or other items or us to strip off and wade towards the object - Tyndall, the grandfather of the scientist, details of their family connections, to peo­ we found that it was a small boat which had as John and Louisa did not have any ple with very special knowledge, to anyone broken from its moorings somewhere up river children. The closest relative to the who would be kind enough to contribute and had been driven down until arrested by a Professor was Caleb de Whycliffe Tyndall financially to the exhibition. Full recogni­ projection in the bank. A pirate never gazed tion will of course be given to any one who on such a rich prize with more genuine delight, who was apparently his favourite nephew, than we did on that little boat, a hearty cheer and whose education was paid for at least would help with this work because John announced our discovery. With much labour in part by his uncle. Caleb obtained a job Tyndall of Leighlin is a man of stature we hauled it to land, left it high and dry on the in the Ordnance Survey, almost certainly who does credit to the entire region and green sod, and by this time our hour having through his uncle's connections. Tyndall is, as Roy MacLeod stated, "A shining being expired we returned to school. At 3 o'c. gave or left his nephew some of his beacon to struggling self-taught youth." we again ran down to the river; judge our chagrin when we found that our treasure was property, which was in turn left with His great heritage to mankind is un­ gone. On enquiry, we found that it had been various people around the country as gifts questionably his scientific contributions purloined and taken down the river about the by Caleb. The remnants of this invaluable both in the experimental and distance of a mile, by servants of Mr. Wolsey's collection passed into the hands of the philosophical spheres where he stood of Milestown. We followed being accompanied Tyndall Committee from Mrs. E. Breen, forthrightly for progress despite the fact by Mr. Burnett, our worthy teacher, and who cared for Caleb in his old age. The recaptured the vessel. We pulled it upstream that politically he played a very reac­ for a considerable distance by rope. At length will of C. Tyndall left his property to Mr. tionary role. He was devoted to Leighlin we came to a spot where, owing to two or three John Byrne, the Principal at Kilkenny and his family and it is fitting to conclude huge trees which overhung the river, there was Vocational School, who has kindly given this article with a verse of the poem which no way of getting the boat on, but by getting all the assistance he could to the commit­ Tyndall wrote in memory of his father one into her and showing her up against the cur­ tee. He informed us that a box of items lonely new year's night in 1848 while he rent, which was most impetuous. I volunteered was left in the hands of the late Mr. Foley to perform the feat. I succeeded pretty well for was a student in Germany. a short time. Once, however I set down my of Bagenalstown, whose son John "He made no will, he had naught to pole and gave her a hearty shove, but the pole remembers that this was largely full of I could not recover; it had stuck in the mud, photographic plates, although he was un­ leave and my efforts to recover it only served to br­ able at the time to locate this box. A struggler poor was he, ing her back to her former position; unfor­ John Tyndall was one of the most im­ But the Royal Stamp of an honest tunately she turned broadside to current, and I portant scientists of the last century. man, was compelled to relinguish the pole. I saw Was his legacy to me." myself borne towards Milestown Bridge under (Ref. 20). An account of his work can be which the water rushed with incredible ~ found in an article by one of the authors rapidity. I paused a moment - I saw that it but the Tyndall Committee is planning a would be impossible to pass the bridge without really authoritative book on his contribu­ being capsized, and even if I did pass I would tions to culture, which, it is hoped, will REFERENCES not be a whit nearer deliverance from my peril, but on the contrary would be approaching the properly evaluate his work as this was not Ref 16 Louisa C. Tyndall's Gathering from Jour­ sea. I turned my eyes towards the land where nals. Held in Royal Institution of G.B. done in his biography. This book will be Mr. Burnett was undressing himself very edited by Dr. W. Brock of Leicester Univer­ speedily to come to my rescue. "Never Mind sity and Dr. N. McMillan, and will have Ref 1 7 Professor Tyndall, Natinal Portrait Gallery, Sir", I cried "I can swim rightly" and I im­ Cassell, Poitier and Galpin. some twenty contributions from all over the mediately plunged in. After a stout struggle I reached the bank, saturated from head to foot. world, chapters on every aspect of his life Ref 18 N. McMillan, J. Meehan, John Tyndall, "X­ This combined with the bitter cold of the even­ and work. The R.D.S. will be publishing "emplar of Scientific and Technological Education, ing, rendered my sensations in no way en­ this book in 1981. National Council for Educational Awards Historical viable. The boat was light, and being deprived It would appear that Tyndall's reputation Booklet, (1980). of my weight she was drifted by the wind to the opposite side, from which we hauled her is now finnly established in Ireland the next day, and many a pleasant hour did we Regional College and the Tyndall Committee Ref 19 J. D. Bernal, Science in History, Penguin, 1969. spend in her. must take the credit for this. The museum collection of Tyndall equipment and other Ref 20 N. McMillan, Carlow's scientific genius Correction items has been established and today three The sisters, Olive Robinson and Dorothy Paterson nee awaits his due recognition, Carlow Nationalist, 5 Robinson of Bangor, who provided some information for the fine museum cases stand in the college and April, 1977. first part of this article are relation• of Professor Tyndall, one in the County Library. Also the College their grandmother Deborah Tyndall being his first cousin. Their father worked at Leverette & Fry and their opened a and the County Library now possess superb Ref 20 N. McMillan, Carlow Natinalist, 5 April, grocery buaine11 at 6(?) Dublin Street. Their mother went Tyndall sections. The County now has Tyn­ into buainesa again after the fathers death at 144 Tullow 1977. Carlow's scientific genius awaits his due Street where she bought and aold Carlow sugar for the first dall's library of his own books and both recognition. time in_ the town. The shop waa sold in 1946.

27 SECRRrARY'S REPORT FOR THE YEAR 1978-79

BY SEAN O'LEARY

ONCE AGAIN it gives me much pleasure and despite increased costs a small profit local group Stewpot & Spike. to report that the O.C.S. in its 34th year was made. Interspersed between the dances were is in a fine healthy and virile condition. ANTIQUES FAIR vocal items by various members. Unfor­ With so very many organisations in tunately due to violent storms and torren­ Carlow to attract people it is wonderful Our 3rd Antiques Fair was held on tial rain the attendance was not up to that our Society can hold its own so well. April 5, 6, 7, 8 and was very successful. expectations. When our annual subscription was raised Due in large measure to the Postal Strike we were afraid there might be a drop in which adversely affected publicity, the at­ DR.BUTLER membership but such was not the case. tendance was not as large as in other On 18 January, Commandant Costello Numbers of new members join our ranks years. Expenses, too, were higher. of Kildare Archaeological Society gave a every month. All our activities were well However, the receipts swelled the talk on that extraordinary man, Dr. supported. Our summer outings were en­ Museum Funds very considerably. Butler, Bishop of Cork. Com. Costello who joyed by all and our winter talks were DUISKE ABBEY has written a book on this famous most interesting. However, we should like member of the Butler family, gave a During the year an appeal was issued to have a still bigger attendance at these fascinating account of a gentleman who to our Members for help for the restora­ lectures. apparently wanted to have the best of tion of Duiske Abbey. Considering the MUSEUM both worlds. His life story, to modern very worthy object the response was not listeners, was almost incredible. This time last year we had hoped that as good as expected and it was found the Museum would be transferred to the necessary to draw on the Society's funds 1798 REBELLION Town Hall early in 1979. However, due to have a worthwile contribution. On 15 February the noted historian, to unavoidable difficulties in the installa­ lecturer, author and literary critic, tion of the heating system, the shortage of Padraig O Snodaigh, Uachtaran Chon­ oil, and legal technicalities it was not pos­ TALKS nradh na Gaeilge, a native of Carlow, sible to do so. Anticipating an early move TOLERTON gave a talk entitled "1798 Again. Some the exhibits in College Street were got Observations on Historians". In his talk ready for transportation in April and the As an innovation the first talk of the Padraig dealt with the various accounts, College Street premises closed down. Winter Session was held on 19 October, many conflicting, of the '98 Rebellion to Many people were very disappointed dur­ 1978 in The Grove, Tolerton, kindly be found in various historical works. As ing the summer that they could not visit given for the occasion by Mrs. Behan. Carlow figured prominently in this rebel­ the Museum. Now, however, all dif­ Mr. John O'Neill gave a most interesting lion the talk was most interesting to the ficulties have been resolved and good account of the folklore of the district. This audience. friends are providing trucks and vans to was followed by a brief social of dancing convey the exhibits to the Town Hall in a and songs which was enjoyed by all. HENRY FAULKNER fortnight's time. A lot of work will be in­ The last talk of the Winter Session was volved in setting up the Museum in the BREEN FAMILY given by Mr. John Monahan on 15 Concert Hall but it is hoped to open to the On 9 November, Major General James March when he gave the life story of public early in the New Year. Lillis formerly of Dublin Street, now of Henry Faulkner of Castletown. This FRIENDLY SOCIETY Blackrock, Co. Dublin, gave a talk on the colourful figure spent the most of his life Breen family. This was a South Carlow in the wilds of Africa. In Castletown it During the year the Old Carlow family who emigrated to America during was said "that Henry went to Africa to Society was registered as a Friendly the Famine. Their struggles in Canada search for Livingstone and was eventually Society. It was felt by doing so that the and across the U.S.A. until they finally devoured by cannibals!" This, of course, Society would have a better legal standing reached California made a really thrilling was not correct, as he was shot by a and that its continuance in the future story. In conclusion the lecturer showed a native chieftain who had some grievance would be safeguarded. For registration a series of coloured slides which he himself against him. John Monahan dealt with new set of Rules had to be drawn up took during visits to California. These his subject in his own inimitable style. which took a considerable amount of con­ showed what a wonderful transformation sideration. During the Postal Strike it has taken place in that area since the A.G.M. was rather difficult to contact the Breen Family settled there. The A.G.M. was held on 30 May. Registrar but eventually the registration Before the meeting Vice-Chairman Alec was satisfactorily completed in March. SOCIAL Burns said all were shocked at the death CARLO VIANA On 7 December we had our Annual of the Chairman, Mr. John Moriarty, who Social in the Royal Hotel when Miss Nel­ died on 7 May. Mr. Burns said that Mr. The '78-'79 edition of Carloviana lie Walsh of Wexford gave a delightful Moriarty was a great loss to the O.C.S. as received widespread commendation. It recital of songs. This was followed by a he had .always a deep and practical in­ contained very many fine articles and was Buffet Supper after WBich Miss Walsh terest in all its activities. Rarely did he tastefully produced. We were very glad gave a further selection of her favourite miss a meeting. He was an ideal that we had the support of an increased numbers. Finally until 1.00 a.m. there Chairman and as a member of Carlow Co. number of sponsors. All copies were sold was dancing to the music of the popular Council he never lost an opportunity of

28

~ furthering the interests of the Museum. ANNUAL OUTING who gave a delightful talk about the very On behalf of all the members, Mr. Burns The Annual One-Day Outing was on well-kept Church. The visitors were in­ extended sincere condolence with the Sunday, 17 June. The venue was Dublin. terested to find monuments of several old Carlow families in the adjoining relatives. A prayer for the repose of the There the party was met by Lieutenant deceased was offered. Colonel Austin Crowe, a native of graveyard. Mr. Burns who presided at the meeting Maryboro' Street, Graiguecullen. First he ROSCREA AND BIRR said the Society was in a very thriving took the party to the Municipal Gallery in condition. New members were being con­ On Sunday, 9 September, Roscrea and Parnell Square, and then to the National Birr were visited. The noted historian, stantly enrolled. He said that the atten­ Gallery in Merrion Square. The members dance at some of the lectures was rather Mr. George Cunningham, an old friend of had an alfresco lunch in the glorious the O.C.S., conducted the party to Darner small. This was not fair to the speakers sunshine in Merrion Square. who had gone to so much trouble to House in Roscrea where an Art Exhibi­ From there the party went to the tion was on display; to the Old Abbey prepare their lectures. Mr. Burns said he Phoenix Park where Colonel Crowe took was anxious that more local members with its fine Celtic Doorway; to the well­ them into the Magazine Fort. He ex­ preserved Round Tower; then via Lep would give talks. It was not a good thing plained the reason for the fort and various to be depending on outside speakers. Castle and Barracks to the spacious incidents that occurred there down the grounds of Birr Castle and finally a tour years. From the Fort we proceeded to of the town. Mr. S. O'Leary, Hon. Secretary, gave McKee Barracks where a really sump­ A visit was then paid to Gloster House, a detailed account of the year's activities. tuous high tea had been provided by formerly the residence of Medhop and Mr. K. Kennedy, Hon. Treasurer, gave Colonel Crowe and his most efficient Lloyd families and now a Salesian Con­ particulars of the receipts and expenses staff. After tea the members were shown vent, the Superior of which gave a warm which left a satisfactory balance on hand. over the Barracks. They were specially welcome to the visitors. With George Mr. Kennedy was congratulated on the impressed with the horses of the Army Cunningham's expert guidance the after­ financial position. Mr. Kennedy said that Jumping Team, the facilities for training, noon was most enjoyable. due to many commitments he would be the various trophies won in National and and International Competitions, the lux­ unable to act as Treasurer for the coming BURGAGE year. Tributes were paid to the excellent urious quarters of the officers and the way he had kept the accounts during his many armoured vehicles that were in the On Sunday afternoon, 23 September, term of office. barrack yard. The members were loud in Burgage Estate, Leighlinbridge, lately Mr. Hugh Dolan, Hon. Editor, said the their praise of Col. Crowe for the wonder­ purchased by Mrs. T. Connolly, sales of Carloviana were quite good and ful hospitality he had provided. Mageney, was the venue. The stud they hoped to break even although the premises and the grounds were first present cost of production was very high. visited, then the Mansion which is yet un­ The first afternoon outing was on Sun­ He thanked the sponsors, the con­ occupied. The visitors were very in­ day, 8 July to Inistioge. There, in the tributors, the Nationalist staff and those terested in the many remains of former most picturesque village. Mrs. Phelan who had helped with the sale of the Jour­ days. Mr. A. Burns read a paper written and Mr. Thomas Coyle of the Kilkenny nal. by Mr. Alan Doran of Leighlinbridge giv­ Archaeological Society met the party. Mr. K. Kennedy, Chairman of the ing the history of the house and its former Mrs. Phelan gave the history of the village Museum Committee, said they were hop­ owners, the Vigor family. In the paper and the Church. We then went to Wood­ ing to move to the Town Hall within a Dinn Ri which is visible from the stock House, the family seat of the Tighe month or so. The exhibits were now drawing-room was described. Family, where Mr. Coyle gave its packed and ready for transport. He said On the return journey a stop was made history. This must have been an imposing the recent Antiques Fair had realised a in Leighlinbridge where Mr. Burns read a mansion in its day situated as it was on a nice sum and that together with the paper written by Fr. Peter O Dwyer about hill commanding a beautiful expanse of generous grant of £500 from Carlow the Carmelite Monastery, the remains of woods, pastures and agricultural land County Council would be most useful in which are near the famous old bridge through which the Nore wound its way to setting up the Museum in the Town Hall which spans the Barrow. the Barrow. From Inistioge we went on to ELECTION OF OFFICERS the famous Cistercian Monastery at Jer­ OBITUARY Chairman, Miss M. T. Kelly; Vice­ point where Mrs. Phelan gave a detailed Our Society sustained a great loss in C hairman, Mr. A. Burns; Hon. account of its history and architectural the unexpected death of our beloved Secretary, Mr. S. O'Leary; Hon. features. Chairman, John Moriarty (appreciation Treasurer, Mr. J. Westman; Hon. Editor, KILDARE VISITORS on another page). Mr. H. Dolan. Gone from us too is a grand old faithful On Sunday, 26 August, Mr. A. Burns member, Miss Lucy O'Neill. She and her The names of the various Committees and a few of our members conducted fifty etc., are on another page. sisters Leonie and May rarely missed a members of Kildare Archaeological meeting or an outing and as Carlovians of FRIENDLY SOCIETY Society on a tour of Carlow Town. The an older generation they took a wonderful Mr. S. O'Leary reported that due to visitors expressed themselves very pleased interest in anything pertaining to their with their visit. Postal Strike there had been difficulty in native town. contacting the Registrar of Friendly PALATINE & RUTLAND Another to pass away was Mr. Brian Societies. The Registration had now been On Thursday evening, 2 August, Mr. O'Caoimh, former Chairman of the completed and fee paid. Seamus Murphy conducted a packed bus U.D.C. and a man who always had a deep OUTINGS load of members to lhe Palatine and interest in all things Gaelic. He and all Rutland districts. On the way the party the members of his family were long­ Various suggestions were made for the standing members of the O.C.S. Annual and Afternoon Outings. It was left visited the old-time residence of Mr. Recently called to her Eterrit'J Reward to the incoming Committee to decide the Christopher Kelly. At Rutland Church was Miss Kitty Sheehan of St. Killian's venues. the party was met by Archdeacon Willis

29 Crescent and formerly of Burrin Street. Kitty, even when handicapped by illness, attended every lecture and went on every The Carmelites and outing and was always ready and willing to assist the Society in any way she could. She was a valued member. Go ndeana Dia tr6caire orra go leir. Leighlinbri~ge THANKS In conclusion I wish to thank very 1272-1826 sincerely those kind members who helped in the distribution of circulars etc., and Fr. Peter O'Dwyer O.Carm. "The Nationalist" for publicising all our THE Carmelite Order which had been of the Irish representatives at the general meetings and outings so effectively. founded in the Holy Land came to dif­ chapter held at Piacariza in Lombardy in ferent parts of Europe in the thirteenth 1503. Closely connected with him was SEAN O'LEARY Father William Carew (possibly of the 30 September 1979. century. The first foundation in England came with the return of the Crusaders same family which founded Leighlin) who about the middle of the thirteenth cen­ was Provincial of Ireland in 1509. tury. The earliest reference to their In 1543 the monastery was sur­ Carlow presence in Ireland is 12 71 when the rendered by the last Pre-Reformation order was granted "simple protection for Prior, William. It had a church, a belfry, five years" here. The first monastery was dormitory, hall, two chambers and a County at Leighlinbridge c.12 7 2. It stood on the kitchen, a cemetery and garden contain­ east bank of the Barrow and was ing one acre - with twenty-four acres of Museum dedicated to Our Lady. They received the pasture and an eel weir at Leighlin and foundation from the Norman family, four arable acres. It has passed through DURING the year two very important Carew. In 1303 the community at various hands since then. Sir Edward decisions were made affecting the County Leighlin received a gift of a small plot of Bellingham, Lord Deputy of Ireland in Carlow Museum. The decision of the Old land from friendly neighbours: John Chef­ the middle of the sixteenth century, en­ Carlow Society to lease the Concert Room fyn and William Bohyt. Rarely do we find circled the suppressed monastery with a of Carlow Town Hall for the Museum the names of Carmelites in Medieval Irish wall, made a fort and kept over thirty resulted in the society deciding to become monasteries but we do know that the horses stabled there. a Registered Society. Under the new rules Prior of Leighlin in 1315 was named One of the claimants to the territory a standing committee was elected in Adam. In 1318 the Irish Provincial was along the Barrow had an extraordinary charge of the Museum. This committee Fr. William of Leighlin. He may have career. He was Sir Philip Carew. As a differs from the previous Museum com­ been Prior there in 1320 when Maurice page he was present at the Battle of Pavia mittees in that its powers are confined to Jakis, a canon of the Cathedral of between Francis I King of France and organising and managing the Museum. Kildare, built the bridge spanning the Charles V of Germany in 1525. He To improve the organisation of the Barrow at Leighlinbridge. changed sides and joined the Emperor Museum the committee has compiled a Charles V and witnessed the sack of The death of the Bishop of Leighlin, "Collecting Policy." This policy is divided Rome in 1527. H€ travelled in disguise to Meiler Power was reported to the Papal into seven sections, two being of par­ see the majesty of the Turkish Court and Court at Avignon in 1344. Pope Clement ticular importance. was entertained by the Courts of Milan, VI appointed Ralph Kelly bishop of (a) In future people will be encouraged Venice and Vienna. His claim to the Bar­ Leighlin. He was an Irish Carmelite and to make outright gifts to the row lands was upheld by Queen Elizabeth Procurator General of the Order at the society. Previously it was the excep­ in 1568. time. The report was an error as Meiler tion to accept gifts. On the 20th of July, 1606 the site of was not dead so R. Kelly was appointed (b) While the collecting of items is the the Black Castle and the Carmelite Friary in 1346. concern of all interested parties, was granted to George Tutchett. At pre­ the actual selection of artifacts, On December 3rd, 13 71 King Edward sent a goodly section of the Black Castle specimens, documents and pic­ III granted the Prior of Leighlin 10 marks and a considerable part of the wall built tures will be the concern of the annually to help to repair and rebuild his by Sir Edward Bermingham to enclose Museum committee. monastery. In 1375 the Prior's name was the monastery are still standing but there On Sunday, 21st October, 1979, the Alan. The position of the monastery was are no ruins of the monastery building. Museum material was transferred from precarious. This led Richard II to grant 1543 did not see the end of the the former premises in College Street to an annual subsidy of 20 marks to the Carmelite Apostolate in Leighlin. The the Concert Hall. This was the occasion monastery on March 13, 1378 in con­ friars had to go into hiding. for a display of co-operation and help sideration of the great labours, burdens The first post-Reformation notice with over 30 people participating in the and expense which the Priors of the comes from the Provinical Chapter of removal of the objects. It is hoped that monastery have for supporting their 1741 and states that Father Michael many more members of the society and house and the nearby bridge against the Lovelock was Prior there. Father William even non-members will come forward and King's enemies. It looks as though it was Kinsella was Prior in 1819 and Father help to re-erect the exhibits. not always paid as the grant was con­ Patrick Barry in 1823. The small com­ Anyone wishing to partake is asked to firmed by the same king on the 20th munity lasted till about 1826 when the contact any of the following: Kevin Ken­ February, 1394 a:hd by his successor monastery was closed fue to lack of per­ nedy, Alec Burns, Patrick Purcell, James Henry IV who also ordered that all ar­ sonnel. Up to 1543 the friars were buried Westman or Seamus Murphy. Hopefully rears be paid. in the cemetery of their own monastery. the response will equal, if not better, that The Prior of Leighlin in 1503 may Since that date the friars were buried in which obtained for the removal. have been William de Castro who was one the graveyard near the Parish Church. ~ . 30 Keyes, Miss B., Duggan Avenue, O'Hare, P. J. & Mrs., Rathellin, Patricia, Sr. M., Presentation Convent, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Leighlinbridge, Co. Carlow. Carlow. Lilllis, Major Gen. James, 2 Wymberg O'Keeffe, Mrs. B., St. Killian's Crescent, Peter, Sr., Brigidine Convent, Tullow. Park, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. Carlow. Parkes, Mr. J., Monacurragh, Carlow. Lillis, T. J. & Mrs., Lumclone House, O'Keeffe, Miss Mary, St. Killian's Cres­ Purcell, Michael, Kennedy Street, Fenagh, Co. Carlow. cent, Carlow. Carlow. Little, Lazerian & Mrs., Strawhall, O'Leary, Miss Angela, "Arus na Greine", Purcell, Pat, Quinagh, Carlow. Carlow. Montgomery Street, Carlow. Rattigan, James Joseph, Post Primary Little, Mrs. T., Montgomery Street, O'Leary, Miss Maria, "Arus na Greine", School, Baltinglass, Co. Wicklow. Carlow. Montgomery Street, Carlow. Ratusky, Mrs. M., Montgomery Street, Loftus, Mrs. G., Gurteen, Carlow. O'Leary, Sean & Eileen, "Arus na Carlow. McClean, Mr. & Mrs. F., 5 Oak Park Greine", Montgomery Street, Carlow. Reynolds, Miss K., 7 Governey Park, Road, Carlow. Oliver, Miss B., Dublin Street, Carlow. Graiguecullen, Carlow. McDermott, Mrs. K., St. Joseph's Road, Oliver, Sr. M., Presentation Convent, Shaw, Misses Nan & Kathleen, 130 Carlow. Carlow. J.K.L. Avenue, Carlow. McDonald, Mr. E., Clonmore, Hacket­ Oliver, James & Mrs., "Carraig Rua", Sheehan, Miss E., 119 Upperfield Road, stown, Co. Carlow. Kilkenny Road, Carlow. Wellwin Garden City, Herts, England. McDonnell, Mrs. C., "Barnagree", Tullow Oliver, Richard J., 611 Bordeaux Rue, Sheehan, R., Morristown, N.J., U.S.A. Road, Carlow. Green Bay, Wis. 54301 U.S.A. Slater, Mr. V., 39 Sycamore Road, MacLeod, Miss Iona, Pembroke, Carlow. O'Neill, Austin, Leaugh, Carlow. Rathnapish, Carlow. MacSuibhne, Very Rev. Peadar, St. O'Neill, Miss Leonie, Barrack Street, Smith, Mrs. Kathleen, Dublin Road, Patrick's College, Carlow. Carlow. Carlow. Ma.cSuibhne, Rev. Sean, St. Patrick's O'Neill, Miss Mary, 67 Colclough Smyth, Miss Mary, 2 Leinster Crescent, College, Carlow. Avenue, Graiguecullen, Carlow. Carlow. Maddock, Mrs. P., 173 Maher Road, O'Neill, Miss M., Granby Terrace, Smyth, Michael, Newtown, Nurney, Co. Graiguecullen, Carlow. Carlow. Carlow. Maguire, Mrs. E., Dublin Road, Carlow. O'Neill, Mrs. T., Granby Terrace, Smyth, T. & Mrs., 2 Leinster Crescent, Monahan, John & Mrs., Castletown Carlow. Carlow. House, Carlow. O'Rourke, Mrs. M., Montgomery Street, Tenanty, Mrs. M., Rothes Park House, Moore, Mrs. E., Chapelstown, Carlow. Carlow. Rothes Park, Leslie, Fife, Scotland. Moore, W. & Mrs., "St. Anne's", Athy O'Shea, Mrs. M., St. Patrick's Avenue, Treacy, Miss Eileen, College Street, Road, Carlow. Carlow. Carlow. Moran, Mr. James, Burrin Street, O'Sullivan, Miss H., County Librarian, Walsh, Mrs. E., Hanover Bridge, Carlow. Carlow. Carlow. Westman, James, "Dunluce", 23 Green Moran, Mr. James, Talbot Terrace, O Maolmhichill, Liam, 6 Braganza, Road, Carlow. Carlow. Carlow. Moriarty, Mrs. D., Tynock, Kiltegan, Co. Wicklow. Morton, Mrs. Myrtle, P.O. Box 7 4, Walnut Creek, California 94597. Mulhall, Mr. J., The Green, Tullow, Co. The annual membership fee of the Old Carlow. Carlow Society is £2. This entitles the Murphy, Miss Annie, Barrack Street, member to a free copy of Carloviana, the Carlow. Journal of the Society. Anybody who Murphy, Kevin, Pollerton Little, Carlow. wishes to become a member should con­ Miss Olivia Murphy, Pollerton Little, tact Mr. Sean O'Leary, Montgomery Carlow. Street, Carlow or Mr. James Westman, Murphy, Seamus & Mrs., Pollerton Lit­ 23 Green Road, Carlow. A full list of the tle, Carlow. societies activities is to be found in the Murphy, W. F., "Harmur", Kilkenny secretary's report on page 28. Road, Carlow. The editor invites articles suitable for Murray, Aidan & Mrs., 25 Dublin Street, inclusion in next year's Journal. There Carlow. are still episodes in the history of Carlow Murray, Mrs. K., 5 St. Joseph's Road, town and county that could provide Carlow. Nolan, B. & Mrs., Burrin Street, Carlow. suitable material for research. Some of Nolan, Miss Chrissie, Burrin St., Carlow. our older members have vivid memories of Nolan, Mr. Frank, Burrin Street, Carlow. life as it was lived years ago. These could Nolan, Mr. & Mrs., John, 405 Iowa State form the basis for many an interesting ar­ Bank, Iowa City, Iowa 52240. ticle. For useful hints and ideas intending Nolan, Mrs. Mary, Barrack Street, writers should consult "Sources for Local Carlow. Studies" by William Nolan. O'Byrne, Rev. Fr. J., St. Patrick's College, Old photographs are also welcome. Carlow. Readers are invited to submit further O'Carroll, Mrs. L., Railyard, information on articles contained in the , Co. Kilkenny. ' journal. O'Grady, Faith, Holloden, Muinebeag. O'Hanlon, Mrs. J., College Street, Carlow.

31 ,. if ·,11 1 ANTIQUES FAIR Ji

ROYAL HOTEL CARLOW APRIL 1980

Remember the highly successful Fair we held in 19797

Some exhibitors have already booked stands for 1980

Proceeds in aid of the County Museum

VISIT ... THE COUNTY MUSEUM

Town Hall, Carlow

OPENING SOON

See The Nationalist for full details

... View the wide·range of exhibits

Top View