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Taiwanofungus Camphoratus Un Hongo Medicinal Endémico De Taiwán

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Taiwanofungus Camphoratus Un Hongo Medicinal Endémico De Taiwán TAIWANOFUNGUS CAMPHORATUS UN HONGO MEDICINAL ENDÉMICO DE TAIWÁN C. ILLANA-ESTEBAN Dpto. Ciencias de la Vida (Botánica), Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid. [email protected] Summary. ILLANA-ESTEBAN, C. (2014). Taiwanofungus camphoratus a medicinal endemic mushroom of Taiwan. Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid 38: 215-221. Taiwanofungus camphoratus is a polyporaceous fungus and has been used in Taiwan traditionally due to its medical properties. A review of previously published literature about this fungus is made, dealing with its ethnomycological, nutritional, pharmacological and medical aspects. Key words: niu-chang-chih, medicinal fungi, Polyporaceae. Resumen. ILLANA-ESTEBAN, C. (2014). Taiwanofungus camphoratus un hongo medicinal endémico de Taiwán. Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid 38: 215-221. Taiwanofungus camphoratus es un hongo poliporáceo usado en Taiwán tradicionalmente por sus propiedades medicinales. Se hace una revisión de lo publicado con anterioridad sobre este hongo en la literatura, en relación a aspectos etnomicológicos, nutricionales, farmacológicos y médicos. Palabras clave: hongos medicinales, niu-chang-chih, Polyporaceae. INTRODUCCIÓN gástricas, tumorales y para controlar la hiperten- sión) y para aliviar las consecuencias del cansan- Taiwanofungus camphoratus es un hongo pa- cio o el consumo de alcohol. Es conocido cómo rásito que crece en la cavidad interna del árbol niu-chang-chih ó niu zhang zhi (niu-chang es Cinnamomum kanehirae Hayata, pertenecien- el nombre chino de Cinnamomum kanehirae y te a la familia Laureaceae. C. kanehirae es un chih hace referencia a su parecido con los basi- árbol endémico de la isla de Taiwán que vive diocarpos del hongo Ganoderma). La población entre los 450-2000 m en las sierras de Taoyuan, taiwanesa también le menciona popularmente Miaoli, Nantou, Kaohsiung, Hualien y Taitung. como niu-chang-ku (ku en chino quiere decir Los basidiocarpos de T. camphoratus son re- seta) o simplemente cómo chang-chih ó chang- cogidos manualmente de junio a octubre y en ku (WU & al., 1997). Taiwán se consideran como un “regalo del cielo” (GEETHANGILI & TZENG, 2011). TAXONOMÍA Y NOMENCLATURA Taiwanofungus camphoratus ha sido usado en medicina tradicional en Taiwán para preve- Taiwanofungus camphoratus es un hon- nir o tratar numerosas enfermedades (hepáticas, go basidiomicete que pertenece a la familia Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid 38. 2014 215 C. ILLANA-ESTEBAN Figs. 1-2. Basidiocarpos de Taiwanofungus camphoratus (imagenes procedentes de Asian Nova Bio-Tech Co.). Polyporaceae. Se describió por primera vez a árbol sobre el que crecía el hongo, ya que se dice partir de una muestra recolectada sobre madera que éste es Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl. del árbol del alcanfor [Cinnamomum camphora (de ahí el nombre específico propuesto), pero se (L.) Presl.] en Taiwán. La especie se incluyó ori- comprobó más tarde que en realidad el nombre ginalmente en el género Ganoderma cómo G. del árbol correspondía a C. kanehirae Hay (WU comphoratum Zang & Su (ZANG & SU, 1990). & al., 1997). Por último, tras estudiar los tipos Pocos años después, otros investigadores in- de G. comphoratum y Antrodia cinnamomea se formaron sobre la existencia de un hongo poli- concluyó que correspondían al mismo taxon y se poráceo, cuyos basidiocarpos eran también re- propuso la nueva combinación: Antrodia cam- cogidos de modo tradicional por la población de phorata (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu, Taiwán, debido a su valor medicinal. Su hábitat Ryvarden & T.T. Chang (WU & al., 1997). era el interior de los troncos huecos del árbol Años más tarde nuevos estudios morfoló- endémico Cinnamomum kanehirae Hay. El hon- gicos y moleculares de Antrodia camphorata go fue reconocido como una especie próxima al demostraron que la especie estaba taxonómi- género Antrodia que aún no había sido descrita, camente mejor ubicada en un nuevo género: y se propuso nombrarla como A. cinnamomea Taiwanofungus (WU & al., 2004). Análisis filo- T.T. Chang & W.N. Chou (CHANG & CHOU, genéticos posteriores confirmaron que efectiva- 1995). mente Taiwanofungus es un género diferente a En una revisión posterior del material tipo Antrodia (CHIU, 2007; YU & al., 2010; ORTIZ- de Ganoderma comphoratum se apreció que SANTANA & al., 2013). Sin embargo, a pesar las muestras recogidas estaban contaminadas, de estos argumentos algún autor (JONG, 2012) con esporas de otras especies pertenecientes al sigue defendiendo el uso del nombre Antrodia género Ganoderma. Esto provocó errores en la cinnamomea T.T. Chang & W.N. Chou. interpretación de la especie y por tanto en la La situación nomenclatural del hongo se re- descripción original. La contaminación esporal sume así (WU & al. 2012): hallada en el tipo de G. comphoratum se debió a que éste se había guardado en una bolsa junto Taiwanofungus camphoratus (M. Zang & a otra especie de Ganoderma. En la descripción C.H. Su) Sheng H. Wu, Z.H. Yu, Y.C. Dai & original también se identificó erróneamente el C.H. Su. Fung. Sci. 19: 110 (2004). Figs. 1-2 216 Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid 38. 2014 TAIWANOFUNGUS CAMPHORATUS UN HONGO MEDICINAL ENDÉMICO DE TAIWÁN ≡ Ganoderma camphoratum M. Zang & C.H. En 1773 el doctor de Medicina China Su, Acta Bot. Yunnan. 12: 395 (1990). Tradicional Wu-Sha encontró que los nativos = Antrodia cinnamomea T.T. Chang & W.N. de Taiwán masticaban los cuerpos fructíferos, o Chou, Mycol. Res. 99: 756 (1995). bien los preparaban en decocción, para tratar el ≡ A. camphorata (M. Zang & C.H. Su) Sheng cansancio o la resaca producida tras haber toma- H. Wu, Ryvarden & T.T. Chang, Bot. Bull. Acad. do mucho alcohol. Basándose en las experien- Sin. 38: 273 (1997). cias locales, el Dr. Wu también comenzó a usar Taiwanofungus camphoratus para tratar otras Taiwanofungus salmoneus (T.T. Chang & W.N. enfermedades (AO & al., 2009). En la medicina Chou) Sheng H. Wu, Z.H. Yu, Y.C. Dai & C.H. Su tradicional china, el cuerpo fructífero del niu- (= Antrodia salmonea T.T. Chang & W.N. Chou) es changchih se considera un potente hepatoprotec- otra especie que vive en troncos huecos de una co- tor. nífera también endémica de Taiwán, a 2000-2500 Tras años de uso en la medicina tradicional m de altitud (Cunninghamia konishii Hay.). taiwanesa se piensa que Taiwanofungus campho- ratus es un hongo con un gran potencial para tra- DESCRIPCIÓN tar enfermedades. Existe una gran demanda por el hongo. Actualmente se puede obtener a partir Los basidiocarpos de Taiwanofungus cam- de la recolección en el campo o bien procedente phoratus son perennes, resupinados a efuso re- de cultivo. flejos, pileados, elongados a semicirculares, le- La especie Taiwanofungus salmoneus popu- ñosos. Sabor amargo. Superficie del basidiocarpo larmente conocida como shiang-shan-chih, se ondulada. Himenio formado por poros angulares piensa que tiene propiedades medicinales simila- (4-6 poros por mm), de color canela cuando son res a T. camphoratus (CHANG & CHOU, 2004). jóvenes, luego naranja rojizo o naranja pardo, Recientemente se ha demostrado “in vitro” su oscureciéndose al envejecer. Tubos de más de 4 capacidad antibacteriana y antiinflamatoria cm de largo. Contexto muy delgado o ausente, (CHIANG & al., 2013). concoloro con la superficie himenial. Sistema de hifas dimítico, hifas generativas abundantes de COMPOSICIÓN 2-3,5 µm de ancho, con fíbulas; hifas esqueléti- cas hialinas a pardo claro, débilmente amiloides. La composición de metabolitos secundarios Basidios 12-14 x 3-5 µm, claviformes, tetraspó- de Taiwanofungus camphoratus ha sido amplia- ricos, con una fíbula basal. Basidiosporas 3,5-5 mente estudiada, especialmente en los cuerpos x 1,5-2 µm, cilíndricas, hialinas, lisas, dextrinoi- fructíferos. Se han identificado más de 80 com- des. En cultivo puro el micelio produce artro- puestos, predominando los terpenoides. Otros conidios y clamidósporas (CHANG & CHOU, son benzenoides, lignanos, benzoquinonas, to- 2004). coferoles y derivados del ácido maleico y succí- El hábitat de Taiwanofungus camphoratus es nico, además de polisacáridos. Entre los polisa- exclusivamente el interior de los troncos huecos cáridos obtenidos del hongo se ha patentado una de Cinnamomum kanehirai. mezcla de galactosa, glucosa, fucosa, manosa y galactosamina con enlaces α-D-(1-6), que es co- ETNOMEDICINA nocida cómo camphoratan® (www.simpsonbio- tech.com). También se detectaron esteroides y El consumo de Taiwanofungus camphoratus ácidos grasos (AO & al., 2009; GEETHANGILI como hongo medicinal tiene una larga tradición & TZENG, 2011). en Taiwán. Se ha usado popularmente para tratar No existen muchos estudios que muestren di- los tendones y músculos dañados y también para ferencias en la composición y eficacia terapéu- aliviar problemas respiratorios, fiebre y dolor de tica entre los basidiocarpos de Taiwanofungus cabeza (AO & al., 2009). camphoratus recolectados en el campo de los Bol. Soc. Micol. Madrid 38. 2014 217 C. ILLANA-ESTEBAN obtenidos a partir de cultivo. Es probable que anticancerígeno del antroquinonol® en distintos existan variaciones en la composición debidas a tipos de células humanas, ya que induce la apop- distintas condiciones de cultivo (AO & al., 2009). tosis, además de la muerte celular por autofagia En un experimento se comparó la presencia de y acelera la senescencia celular (YU & al., 2012). 10 compuestos en basidiocarpos recolectados en En Taiwán y Estados Unidos actualmente se es- el campo sobre Cinnamomum kanehirai y en ba- tán realizando ensayos clínicos en la fase II para sidiocarpos obtenidos a partir de cultivo, siendo tratar el
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