DOCSLIB.ORG

Assessment of Aquatic Biological Condition Using Wy Rivpacs with Comparisons to the Wyoming Stream Integrity Index (Wsii)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Assessment of Aquatic Biological Condition Using Wy Rivpacs with Comparisons to the Wyoming Stream Integrity Index (Wsii) ASSESSMENT OF AQUATIC BIOLOGICAL CONDITION USING WY RIVPACS WITH COMPARISONS TO THE WYOMING STREAM INTEGRITY INDEX (WSII) Eric G. Hargett Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality Water Quality Division 122 W. 25th St. Herschler Building 4-W Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002 Document #12-0151 March 2012 Assessment of Aquatic Biological Condition Using WY RIVPACS with Comparisons to the Wyoming Stream Integrity Index (WSII) TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .............................................................................................. IV INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 1 METHODS AND MATERIALS ........................................................................................ 2 STUDY AREA ................................................................................................................................................................. 2 REFERENCE AND TEST SAMPLES ........................................................................................................................................ 3 MACROINVERTEBRATES ................................................................................................................................................... 3 WATER QUALITY, CLIMATE AND LANDSCAPE CHARACTERIZATION ............................................................................................ 6 MODEL CONSTRUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 6 A. Data Analysis .............................................................................................................................................. 6 B. Classification of Reference Samples ........................................................................................................... 6 C. Prediction of Class Membership ................................................................................................................. 7 D. Estimating Probabilities of Capture, E and O/E .......................................................................................... 7 E. Model Validation and Responsiveness ....................................................................................................... 7 F. Application to Reference, Degraded and Test Samples .............................................................................. 8 G. Aquatic Life Use Attainment Category Thresholds ..................................................................................... 8 H. Comparisons, Bias, Sensitivity and Precision between WY RIVPACS and WSII ........................................... 9 RESULTS....................................................................................................................10 SITE CLASSIFICATION .................................................................................................................................................... 10 ALL POSSIBLE MODELS AND FINAL PREDICTOR VARIABLES ................................................................................................... 10 PREDICTIVE MODEL VALIDATION .................................................................................................................................... 11 TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN O/E VALUES ........................................................................................................................... 15 O/E VALUES OF TEST AND DEGRADED SAMPLES ................................................................................................................ 15 SAMPLES OUTSIDE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE MODEL ........................................................................................................... 15 ATTAINMENT CATEGORY THRESHOLDS ............................................................................................................................. 24 COMPARISONS OF WY RIVPACS AND WSII ..................................................................................................................... 24 A. Precision.................................................................................................................................................... 24 A. Bias ........................................................................................................................................................... 24 B. Sensitivity .................................................................................................................................................. 25 DISCUSSION .............................................................................................................33 CLASSIFICATION AND PREDICTOR VARIABLES ..................................................................................................................... 33 MODEL PERFORMANCE AND VALIDATION ......................................................................................................................... 34 TEMPORAL VARIABILITY IN REFERENCE CONDITION ............................................................................................................. 34 DETECTION OF ANTHROPOGENIC DISTURBANCE ................................................................................................................. 34 WY RIVPACS LIMITATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 35 COMPARABILITY BETWEEN WY RIVPACS AND WSII .......................................................................................................... 36 AQUATIC LIFE USE ATTAINMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 38 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................................................. 38 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................................................................... 39 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................39 LIST OF TABLES Table 1 – Predictor variables (with corresponding F-values) used in the predictive model. ....................................... 11 Table 2 – Means, standard deviations, percentiles and minimum and maximum O/E values for reference, test and degraded samples. ....................................................................................................................................................... 15 i Assessment of Aquatic Biological Condition Using WY RIVPACS with Comparisons to the Wyoming Stream Integrity Index (WSII) Table 3 – Mean O/E values, P-values and F-values for comparisons between bioregions for both reference calibration and test samples (significant values are italicized). Numbers of samples for each bioregion are noted in parentheses. Capital letters denote homogenous groups as determined from the Tukey multiple comparison tests. ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Table 4 – 2012 and 2005 WY RIVPACS O/E value numeric thresholds and associated aquatic life use attainment categories for each bioregion. ..................................................................................................................................... 23 Table 5 - Mean and standard deviations of O/E and rescaled 2011 WSII scores for reference calibration samples among all bioregions. .................................................................................................................................................. 25 Table 6 - Mean O/E and rescaled 2011 WSII scores with corresponding Paired t-test and p-values, regression statistics, NSE and drel for test samples among all bioregions. Italicized values are significant at P<0.05. ................ 25 Table 7 - Concurrence between WY RIVPACS and WSII aquatic life use assessments among test samples in all bioregions. Values represent percentages within concurrence categories. Numbers of samples are in parentheses. Italicized values are significant at P<0.05. ................................................................................................................... 26 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1- Location of reference (black circles) and non-reference (white circles) sites sampled from 1993 to 2009, in relation to major perennial streams and counties in Wyoming. ................................................................................... 4 Figure 2 – Wyoming bioregions, large river segments and selected municipalities (Hargett 2011). Reference data are not available or limited for cross-hatched areas though are assumed to have similarities to the bioregion of the same color. .................................................................................................................................................................... 5 Figure 3 – Illustration of aquatic life use attainment categories derived from interval and equivalence tests (Kilgour et al. 1998). The normal distribution of reference site O/E values is represented by the bell-shaped curve. The equivalence and interval lines represent the ‘full-support’ and ‘partial/non-support’
Load more

Recommended publications
  • WYOMING Adventure Guide from YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK to WILD WEST EXPERIENCES
    WYOMING adventure guide FROM YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK TO WILD WEST EXPERIENCES TravelWyoming.com/uk • VisitTheUsa.co.uk/state/wyoming • +1 307-777-7777 WIND RIVER COUNTRY South of Yellowstone National Park is Wind River Country, famous for rodeos, cowboys, dude ranches, social powwows and home to the Eastern Shoshone and Northern Arapaho Indian tribes. You’ll find room to breathe in this playground to hike, rock climb, fish, mountain bike and see wildlife. Explore two mountain ranges and scenic byways. WindRiver.org CARBON COUNTY Go snowmobiling and cross-country skiing or explore scenic drives through mountains and prairies, keeping an eye out for foxes, coyotes, antelope and bald eagles. In Rawlins, take a guided tour of the Wyoming Frontier Prison and Museum, a popular Old West attraction. In the quiet town of Saratoga, soak in famous mineral hot springs. WyomingCarbonCounty.com CODY/YELLOWSTONE COUNTRY Visit the home of Buffalo Bill, an American icon, at the eastern gateway to Yellowstone National Park. See wildlife including bears, wolves and bison. Discover the Wild West at rodeos and gunfight reenactments. Hike through the stunning Absaroka Mountains, ride a mountain bike on the “Twisted Sister” trail and go flyfishing in the Shoshone River. YellowstoneCountry.org THE WORT HOTEL A landmark on the National Register of Historic Places, The Wort Hotel represents the Western heritage of Jackson Hole and its downtown location makes it an easy walk to shops, galleries and restaurants. Awarded Forbes Travel Guide Four-Star Award and Condé Nast Readers’ Choice Award. WortHotel.com welcome to Wyoming Lovell YELLOWSTONE Powell Sheridan BLACK TO YELLOW REGION REGION Cody Greybull Bu alo Gillette 90 90 Worland Newcastle 25 Travel Tips Thermopolis Jackson PARK TO PARK GETTING TO KNOW WYOMING REGION The rugged Rocky Mountains meet the vast Riverton Glenrock Lander High Plains (high-elevation prairie) in Casper Douglas SALT TO STONE Wyoming, which encompasses 253,348 REGION ROCKIES TO TETONS square kilometres in the western United 25 REGION States.
    [Show full text]
  • Late Pleistocene Glacial Equilibrium-Line Altitudes in the Colorado Front Range: a Comparison of Methods
    QUATERNARY RESEARCH l&289-310 (1982) Late Pleistocene Glacial Equilibrium-Line Altitudes in the Colorado Front Range: A Comparison of Methods THOMAS C. MEIERDING Department of Geography and Center For Climatic Research, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19711 Received July 6, 1982 Six methods for approximating late Pleistocene (Pinedale) equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) are compared for rapidity of data collection and error (RMSE) from first-order trend surfaces, using the Colorado Front Range. Trend surfaces computed from rapidly applied techniques, such as glacia- tion threshold, median altitude of small reconstructed glaciers, and altitude of lowest cirque floors have relatively high RMSEs @I- 186 m) because they are subjectively derived and are based on small glaciers sensitive to microclimatic variability. Surfaces computed for accumulation-area ratios (AARs) and toe-to-headwall altitude ratios (THARs) of large reconstructed glaciers show that an AAR of 0.65 and a THAR of 0.40 have the lowest RMSEs (about 80 m) and provide the same mean ELA estimate (about 3160 m) as that of the more subjectively derived maximum altitudes of Pinedale lateral moraines (RMSE = 149 m). Second-order trend surfaces demonstrate low ELAs in the latitudinal center of the Front Range, perhaps due to higher winter accumulation there. The mountains do not presently reach the ELA for large glaciers, and small Front Range cirque glaciers are not comparable to small glaciers existing during Pinedale time. Therefore, Pleistocene ELA depression and consequent temperature depression cannot reliably be ascertained from the calcu- lated ELA surfaces. INTRODUCTION existed in alpine regions (Charlesworth, Glacial equilibrium-line altitudes (ELAs) 1957; ostrem, 1966; Flint, 1971; Andrews, have been widely used to infer present and 1975).
    [Show full text]
  • A 20-Day Inspirational Itinerary
    StateA 20-day inspirational Parks itinerary N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N ® MONTANA NORTH DAKOTA WYOMING SOUTH DAKOTA IDAHO COLORADO ITINERARY OVERVIEW TOTAL TRIP*: 4,336 MILES/6,978 KM | 78 HOURS DRIVING ARRIVAL GATEWAY: Denver (DEN) DAY 1: Wyoming (Curt Gowdy) DAY 2: Wyoming (Bear River) DAY 3: Idaho (Bear Lake) DAY 4: Idaho (City of Rocks | Castle Rocks) DAY 5: Idaho (Thousand Springs | Bruneau Dunes) DAY 6: Idaho (Harriman) DAY 7: Montana (Bannack) DAY 8: Montana (Lewis & Clark Caverns | Missouri Headwaters | Madison Buffalo Jump) DAY 9: Montana (Chief Plenty Coups | Pictograph Cave) DAY 10: Montana (Makoshika) DAY 11: North Dakota (Little Missouri State Park) DAY 12: North Dakota (Fort Abraham Lincoln) DAY 13: North Dakota (Lake Sakakawea | Fort Stevenson) DAY 14: North Dakota (Fort Ransom) DAY 15: South Dakota (Palisades) DAY 16: South Dakota (Lewis & Clark Recreation Area) DAY 17: South Dakota (Custer State Park) DAY 18: South Dakota (Custer State Park) DAY 19: Wyoming (Hot Springs State Park) DAY 20: Wyoming (Guernsey State Park | Quebec 01 Missile Alert Facility) DEPARTURE GATEWAY: Denver (DEN) *Drive times and distances are approximate and meant for inspiration only DAY 1: WYOMING CURT GOWDY STATE PARK ACTIVITIES: Recently named as an “Epic” trail system by the International Mountain Bicycling Association, the foothills of the Laramie Mountains offer a stunning setting for any kind of outdoor enthusiast. Separating Cheyenne and Laramie, Curt Gowdy State Park was named for the native Wyomingite and noted sportscaster. The area features granite towers, rocky soils and timbered slopes.
    [Show full text]
  • Lakamie Basin, Wyoming
    DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR BULLETIN 364 GEOLOGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES OF THE LAKAMIE BASIN, WYOMING A PRELIMINARY REPORT BY N. H. DARTON AND C. E. SIEBENTHAL WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1909 CONTENTS. Page. Introduction............................................................. 7 Geography ............................................................... 8 Configuration........................................................ 8 Drainage ............................................................ 9 Climate ............................................................. 9 Temperature...................................................... 9 Precipitation..................................................... 10 Geology ................................................................. 11 Stratigraphy.......................................................... 11 General relations........................../....................... .11 Carboniferous system............................................. 13 Casper formation......................... .................... 13. General character........................................ 13 Thickness ............................................... 13 Local features............................................ 14 Erosion and weathering of limestone slopes ................ 18 Paleontology and age..................................... 19 Correlation .............................................. 20 Forelle limestone............................................
    [Show full text]
  • 2010 Budget Session
    2010 STATE OF WYOMING 10LSO-0035 SENATE FILE NO. SF0012 State parks and historic sites-boundaries and designations. Sponsored by: Joint Travel, Recreation, Wildlife and Cultural Resources Interim Committee A BILL for 1 AN ACT relating to state parks and historic sites; 2 designating state parks, state historic sites, state 3 archaeological sites and state recreation areas; requiring 4 legal descriptions by rule; repealing statutory legal 5 descriptions; and providing for an effective date. 6 7 Be It Enacted by the Legislature of the State of Wyoming: 8 9 Section 1. W.S. 36-8-1501 is created to read: 10 11 ARTICLE 15 12 OTHER DESIGNATIONS 13 14 36-8-1501. State park designation; state historic 15 site designation; state archeological site designation; 16 state recreation area designation. 1 SF0012 2010 STATE OF WYOMING 10LSO-0035 1 2 (a) In addition to state parks designated in other 3 statutes, the following lands are designated as state parks 4 and the department shall by rule specify the legal 5 description of the parks: 6 7 (i) The state-owned lands in Fremont County 8 managed by the department as of July 1, 2010 as Boysen 9 state park; 10 11 (ii) The state-owned lands in Park County 12 managed by the department as of July 1, 2010 as Buffalo 13 Bill state park; 14 15 (iii) The state-owned lands in Natrona County 16 managed by the department as of July 1, 2010 as Edna 17 Kimball Wilkins state park; 18 19 (iv) The state-owned lands in Platte County 20 managed by the department as of July 1, 2010 as Glendo 21 state park; 22 2 SF0012 2010 STATE OF WYOMING 10LSO-0035 1 (v) The state-owned lands in Platte County 2 managed by the department as of July 1, 2010 as Guernsey 3 state park; 4 5 (vi) The state-owned lands in Crook County 6 managed by the department as of July 1, 2010 as Keyhole 7 state park; 8 9 (vii) The state-owned lands in Carbon County 10 managed by the department as of July 1, 2010 as Seminole 11 state park.
    [Show full text]
  • In the Supreme Court, State of Wyoming April Term, A.D
    IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING APRIL TERM, A.D. 2021 In the Matter of the Adoption ) of the Revised Uniform Bail ) and Forfeiture Schedule ) ORDER ADOPTING THE REVISED UNIFORM BAIL AND FORFEITURE SCHEDULE The Court received a recommendation from the Bond Committee that the Uniform Bail and Forfeiture Schedule be revised as shown in the attached schedule. The Court has fully considered the Committee’s recommendation and finds that the attached revised Uniform Bail and Forfeiture Schedule should be adopted. It is therefore ORDERED that the Uniform Bail and Forfeiture Schedule, as attached, shall be, and hereby is, adopted and shall become effective July 1, 2021; and it is FURTHER ORDERED that copies of this order and the Uniform Bail and Forfeiture Schedule be distributed to all circuit courts, and all interested law enforcement departments of the state and counties. This order and the Uniform Bail and Forfeiture Schedule shall also be published in the Wyoming Court Rules Volume and published online at this Court’s website, http://www.courts.state.wy.us. DATED this 19th day of May, 2021. BY THE COURT: /s/ MICHAEL K. DAVIS Chief Justice AMENDED 5/19/2021 APPENDIX I APPENDIX TO RULE 3.1, Wyo. R. Cr. P. UNIFORM BAIL AND FORFEITURE SCHEDULES (Revised July 1, 2021) To ensure uniformity throughout the state, the following schedule has been established by the Wyoming Supreme Court and shall be used in all circuit courts for misdemeanor offenses for which bond may be posted and forfeited.1 Unless a specific bail amount appears in the body of this schedule, the amount of bail is (including $20.00 court costs, a $40.00 court automation fee, and a $10.00 civil legal services fee): A = $85.00 B = $100.00 C = $150.00 D = $250.00 E = $450.00 ANYTHING NOT LISTED ON THIS SCHEDULE IS A “MUST APPEAR.” If the “MAY FORFEIT BOND IN LIEU OF APPEARANCE” box is checked, the person has two options: 1.
    [Show full text]
  • The Laramie Region
    Wyoming Game and Fish Department 2009 Edition LLARAMIEARAMIE RREGIONEGION AANGLERNGLER UUPDATEPDATE “Conserving Wildlife—Serving People” Inside this issue: The Laramie Region Aquatic Invasive Species 2 Updates on selected wa- 3 ters in Laramie Region Channel catfish 4 2 Plains lakes aeration 5 systems 3 1 Laramie River 6 Learn about the smooth- 7 greensnake Encampment River study 8 Map of the Laramie Region indicating the three different management River and floating eti- 9 areas: (1) Platte Valley, Sierra Madre Mountains, (2) Laramie Plains to the quette Snowy Range, (3) Eastern Plains to the Laramie Range. Red and Blue North 10 Platte River signs 2010-2011 Regulation 10 Cycle Pole Mountain Beaver Pond Stocking Splake vs. brook trout 11 The Pole Mountain area, located between and makes for a great family outing. If Cheyenne and Laramie, is dotted with you are interested in volunteering on Special points of hundreds of beaver ponds teeming with this project, Saturday, June 6, 2009, interest: brook trout. These ponds offer fast action contact us at the Laramie Regional Of- □ Wyoming’s Free Fishing for anglers. Many portions of streams in fice, (307) 745-4046. day is Saturday June 6, the Pole Mountain area do not have the 2009! habitat conducive to trout spawning. In □ Summary of last year’s order for these ponds to support high fish- activities ing pressure, they are stocked annually □ River and floating eti- with 20,000 fingerling brook trout on the quette first Saturday in June. Effectively stocking hundreds of ponds scattered over thou- □ Splake vs. brook trout sands of acres is a labor intensive job, re- identification quiring a lot of people.
    [Show full text]
  • Platte River Basin
    Platte River Basin Little Medicine Bow River Table of Contents Watershed Description ............................................................................................................................................. 2 Aquatic Wildlife ......................................................................................................................................................... 3 Identification of Conservation Areas ..................................................................................................................... 5 Threats......................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Conservation Initiatives ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Recommended Conservation Actions .................................................................................................................. 10 Monitoring ................................................................................................................................................................ 11 Literature Cited ........................................................................................................................................................ 11 Wyoming State Wildlife Action Plan - 2017 Page III – 15 - 1 Aquatic Basins Wyoming Game and Fish Department Platte River Basin Watershed Description Lower
    [Show full text]
  • Larimer County Emergency Operations Center Situation Report
    LARIMER COUNTY | OFFICE OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT P.O. Box 1190, Fort Collins, Colorado 80522-1190, 970.498.7010, Larimer.org LARIMER COUNTY EMERGENCY OPERATIONS CENTER SITUATION REPORT This report is intended to provide information and status in quickly evolving situations and is subject to change. This report can be shared publicly. INCIDENT INFORMATION: REPORT SUBMITTED BY: Lori R. Hodges, EOC Manager REPORT DATE/TIME: 08/21/2020 1000 MST INCIDENT NAME: Cameron Peak Wildfire CO-ARF-636 INCIDENT TYPE: Wildfire INCIDENT START DATE/TIME: 08/13/2020 1430 MST INCIDENT LOCATION: Cameron Peak, near Chambers Lake, Larimer County LARIMER OEM OR EOC POC NAME/CONTACT INFO: Lori Hodges, EOC Manager (303) 656-3214 [mobile] [email protected] CURRENT SITUATION: Larimer County is currently under a fire ban that went into effect at 1200 hours 8/18/2020 and will be in effect for a period of 30 days, until 9/18/2020. https://www.larimer.org/spotlights/2020/08/18/larimer- county-open-fire-ban-effect Governor Polis has issued a 30-day open fire ban for the State of Colorado, starting 8/20/2020. Fire restrictions for each county can be found at: https://www.colorado.gov/pacific/dfpc/fire-restriction- information The USFS expanded closures for the Arapaho-Roosevelt National Forest yesterday. Updated closures can be found at: https://www.fs.usda.gov/detail/arp/news-events/?cid=FSEPRD787358 DESCRIPTION: At approximately 1445 on 8/13/2020, Larimer OEM received notification that an active wildfire was growing on USFS property near Chambers Lake and Blue Lake on W.
    [Show full text]
  • SOAR 2021 Wyoming State Parks, Historic
    Kite Festival at Hot Springs State Park SOAR 2021 Wyoming State Parks, Historic Black & Orange Cabins at Fort Bridger Sites & Trails Strategic Plan Kayaking at Curt Gowdy State Park CCC Castle at Guernsey State Park Broom Making at Wyoming Terrorial Prison Table of Contents Acknowledgements.................................................................................2 Executive Summary.................................................................................3 Mission and Vision Statement...............................................................5 Introduction..............................................................................................6 Information.Collection........................................................................6 Wyoming.Tourism.Industry.Master.Plan,.2010.–.2020...................6 Development.of.the.SOAR..................................................................7 Implementation.and.Tracking.Progress.Of..The.SOAR......................7 SPHST Overview and Statistics..............................................................8 Philosophy...........................................................................................8 Function...............................................................................................8 Organization/Staffing....................................................................... 10 Facilities............................................................................................ 11 History..............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Big Spring Scenic Backway Is a 68-Mile Route from Kemmerer to Cokeville in Wyoming’S Southwestern Lincoln County
    Additional Information Information and maps may be obtained at the U.S. Forest Service offices and Information Centers, in Evan- ston and Kemmerer, Wyoming and Kamas, Utah. Additional Wyoming and wildlife information may be obtained from: Tourism Division—Wyoming Business Council I-25 at College Drive, Cheyenne, WY 82002 (307) 777-7777 or 1-800-225-5996 Bear River State Park Information Center I-80 East at Exit 6, Evanston, WY 82930 (307) 789-6540 Evanston Chamber of Commerce 36 10th Street, Evanston, WY 82930 (307) 789-2757 or 1-800-328-9708 Evanston Ranger District (307) 789-3194 Bear River Ranger Station (435) 642-6662 Bridger-Teton National Forest Kemmerer Ranger District Hwy 189 Kemmerer, WY 83101 (307) 877-4415 Wasatch–Cache National Forest Information Center Studio Horse Creek Indian Paintbrush, 50 E. Center, Kamas Wyoming’s State UT 84036 Flower. Produced by the Wyoming Department of Transportation with the cooperation of the Wyoming Business Council through a grant from the Federal Highway Administration. Egret Communications Egret Published by the Wyoming Department of Transportation, 7/01/04 ExploringExploring thethe MirrorMirror LakeLake ScenicScenic BywayByway The Mirror Lake Scenic Byway runs from Evan- Driving time in Wyoming is about 20 minutes while ston, Wyoming to Kamas, Utah through the the entire Mirror Lake Scenic Byway can take two western portion of the Uinta Mountains. It is to three hours, depending on the interests of the reached by taking Wyoming Highway 150 south visitor. All traveler services are available in Evanston of Evanston off Interstate 80. After about 20 and Kamas, Utah.
    [Show full text]
  • Geologic Resources Inventory Report, Fort
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Program Center Fort Laramie National Historic Site Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2009/161 ON THE COVER: THIS PAGE: View of Fort Laramie National Historic Site, The Laramie River was a part of life at Fort Lara- looking north across the Laramie River from its mie. Here officers’ children ride along the river, confluence with Deer Creek. Note how the c.1888. View is to the north. fort is situated on a river terrace. NPS image, Louis Brechemin Collection. Courtesy NPS image courtesy Baird Todd (NPS FOLA). Baird Todd (NPS FOLA). Fort Laramie National Historic Site Geologic Resources Inventory Report Natural Resource Report NPS/NRPC/GRD/NRR—2009/161 Geologic Resources Division Natural Resource Program Center P.O. Box 25287 Denver, Colorado 80225 December 2009 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Program Center Denver, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Program Center publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Report Series is used to disseminate high-priority, current natural resource management information with managerial application. The series targets a general, diverse audience, and may contain NPS policy considerations or address sensitive issues of management applicability. All manuscripts in the series receive the appropriate level of peer review to ensure that the information is scientifically credible, technically accurate, appropriately written for the intended audience, and designed and published in a professional manner.
    [Show full text]