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Contributions to Nepalese Studies ISSN: 0376-7574 Editorial B0ard Special Issue of Chiejeditor: Ninnal M Volume 33 Special Issue 2006 CONTRIBUTIONS TO NEPALESE STUDIES CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS AND LIVELIHOODS IN NEPAL Journal of Centre. for Nepal and Asian Siudies Tribhuvan Uninrsity Kirtlpur. Nepal CNAS Contributions to Nepalese Studies ISSN: 0376-7574 Editorial B0ard Special Issue of ChieJEditor: Ninnal M. Tuladhar Managing Editor: Drone P. Rajaure Editor: Dilli Raj Sharma Editor: Dilli Ram Dahal Editor Dhruba Kumar Editor: Damini Vaidya Editor. Mark Turin Contributions to Nepalese Studies Advisory Board Kamal P. Malia Harka Gurung on Dinesh "R. Pant Chaitanya Mishra Editorial Policy Changing Environments Published twice a year in January and July, Contributions to Nepalese Studies publishes articles on Nepalese Studies focused un: and art and archaeology, history, historical·cultural forms; religion; folk studies, social structure. national integration, ethnic studies, population Livelihoods in Nepal dynamics, institutional processes. development processes, applied linguistics and sociolinguistic studies; study of man, environment, development and geo-politlcal setting of the Indus-Brahmaputra regions. Articles, review articles and short review's of latest books on Nepal are welcome from both Nepali and foreign contributors. Articles should be original and written in English or Nepali. The Editorial Board reserves the right to edit, moderate or reject the articles submitted. Editor The published articles of Nepali contributors arc remunerated, but Centre Ram Bahadur Chhetri for Nepal and Asian Studies retains the copyright on the articles published. Contributors will receive a complimentary copy of the journal and fifteen copies ofoffprints. Opinions expressed in the articles or reviews are the authors' own and do not necessarily reflect the view of the Editorial Board or the publisher. Subscription Subscription payment can be made by cheque or draft payable to Research Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies, Convertible US$ AlC No. 0103214035201 at Nabil Bank, Kathmandu, Fax: 977-1-4226905. I Subscription rates are subject to change without prior notice. Su bscriptIon Rates NeDaI India Other countries Sin21e CODY NRs.250/- IRs. 250/- - One year NRs.450/- IRs. 450/- USS 50.00 Note: Air-mail DOstlll!e is included. 2006 CONTENTS Editorial Preface Changing Environments and Livelihoods in Nepal: An Overview Ram B. Chlletr; 1-14 Development and Livelihood Changes among the Kumals in the Pokhara Valley. Nepal Bi(Zwtnath Blzul1e1 and Ram B. Chhetri 15-37 Development as a Process of Marginalization: A Case Study of the Arun Valley Kumal Community Slwmhhu P. Katte! 39-62 Changing L..ivelihood Strategies of Dalits: A Case Study in the Pokhara Valley Sanjeet' K. PokhareI and Ram B. Chhetri 63-80 Changing Environments and Livelihoods: Adaptation of Jalari People in the Pokhara Valley Ram B. Chhetri 81-109 Survival Strategies among Parsawal Tharus Tu!.si Ram Patuley 111-125 Contributors Editorial Preface Bidyanath Bhurtel, M.A. in Anthropology. has been actively involved in research projects and development activities. His Master's thesis is on "The The initial planning for this research began at the Christian Michelsen Kumals of Begnas." E-mail: [email protected] Institute (CMI). Bergen in December 1995. My friend and professional colleague Tone Bleie and r had several rounds of brain-storming sessions on Ram B. Chhetri. Ph.D., is one of the t(mnding members and currently Chair the possibility of a collaborative research project with a focus on of the Central Department of Sociology/Anthropology at Tribhuvan environmental change, development and livelihoods in the hills of Nepal. University. He wrote his Ph.D. dissertation on "Adaptation of Tibetan Each of us then began to put our ideas on paper for discussion. In December Refugees in Pokhara, Nepal" (the University of Hawaii). His publications 1995, I stayed at the CMI apartment and worked in my office most of the include Anthropology alld Sociology (~r Nepal (1999, t:o-cditcd with Om days all by myself (since most of the Norwegian colleagues were on holidays Gurung), and co-authored three books including, Dispute Resolution in Nepal to celebrate Christmas and New Year). I managed to write a draft proposal (2004). E-mail: [email protected] before I left for Nepal on December 30 in 1995. Tone did most of the editing and tuning up of the proposal afterwards although we communicated by Shambhu P. Kattel, M.A.. teaches at the Central Department of Sociology! phone and fax until mid-1996 when we were ready to submit our proposal to Anthropology, Tribhuvan University. His M.Phil. thesis is on "The Kumals the Norwegian Research Council. In early 1997, I received a fax from Tone of Tumlingtar". (2000. University of Bergen. Norway). He has published with good news that our proposal had been selected for funding. Plans had to several papers in leading journals and is the co-author of the book. Dispute be Illade quickly to visit CMI again in order to work on the field-methods. I Resolution in Nepal (2004). E-mail: shambhukattcl((fhotmailcom spent the summer of 1997 at CM/. But soon after returning from there. I had to leave for University of Georgia on a Fulbright Post-Doctoral programme. Tulsi Ram Pandey, Ph.D. in Sociology from Dt:lhi Sch(x)1 of Economics, When I returned from there in March 1998. my colleague Tone was already teaches at Central Department of Sociology/Anthropology. He has published in Kathmandu to begin the first round of field work. Soon we both were out a number of papers in national and international journals. in the field sites with a number of hard working and motivated assistant researchers we had managed to identify and engage. Some of us continued to visit the field sites until the end of 200 I. Sanjeev K. Pokhrel. M.A. in Anthropology. teaches at the Central I would like to thank the Centre for Development Studies (CDS) t(Jr Department of Scx:iology/Anthropology. Tribhuvan University. His M.Phil. initially inviting me to the University of Bergen with a five-month long thesis is on 'The Dalits of fkgnae., Area", (University of Bergen, Norway). E­ visiting fellowship. I am also grateful to Prof. Gunnar Haaland of the mail: [email protected] Anthropology Department for linking me to the CDS at the ViB as well as for his encouragement in works that I wanted to do. Both Norwegian Research Council and the CMI, Bergen provided the necessary funds for the research project Livelihoods and Environmental Chan!?e in the Hills (~f Nepal. I am also grateful to my friend and colleague Tone Bleie (Co-Principal Investigator of this project) for all her intellectual inputs and cooperation from time to time. Assistant researchers Krishna Adhikari, Lok Bhattarai Parmeswor Khati. Lok Raj Pandey and Ganga Sen deserve thanks for helpin~ me with the field survey. I would also like to mention that Bidya Bhurtel and Sanjeeb Pokharel agreed to do their MA thesis work as part of this project and they collected information on the Kumal and Damai/Kami/Sarki. I was rcsponsihle for preparing the field research instruments for data collection in the Begnas area of Kaski district. Similarly, my colleague Tulsi Pandey at Tribhuvan University (TV). agreed to look at livelihood changes among the Tharus while working on his own Ph.D. research in the Tarai. In 2003-2004, the Bergen Mountain Forum, UiB, made it possible f(" me to visit the eMI and spend time reviewing the literature as well as editing CHANGING ENVIRONMENTS AND LIVELIHOODS the papers. I also would like to thank the researchers at the Bergen Mountain IN NEPAL: AN OVERVIEW Forum for providing me with an opportunity to share some of my research Ram B, Chhetri findings with them at a colloquium in Bergen in January 2004. Similarly, I also presented my paper on Jalari at the Institute of Social Studies (ISS), The Introduction Hague in January 2005. 1 am thankful to Marlene Buehy for inviting me to The thematic issues in this volume include development, changes in the ISS and for her hospitality during my entire stay there (January-February environment and livelihoods and sociallcultural change. Some of the 2005). I also thank her and other participants of the ISS colloquium f(" their concepts like development. environment and livelihoods are among the ever comments and intellectual input. The final editing of the papers was expanding baggage of everyday use vocabulary for people including completed at ISS during my leisure time on weekends. academics, researchers, policy makers. development professionals and social I am also grateful to the Centre for Nepal and Asian Studies (CNAS) for activists. I Environment and development in particular have remained handling all the work rdated to the publication of this special issue. In persistent themes in the discourses on Nepal's economic and demographic particular, I must mention that Prof. Nirmal Man Tuladhar, Executive processes for several decades now (for detailed reviews of these issues see Director, CNAS, and Prof. Dilli R. Dahal, Senior Anthropologist, CNAS. Ives and Messerli 1989, Ives 2006. Pandey 1999). The focus on livelihoods supported and encouraged me to publish these articles as a Special Issue of (in particular of vulnerable people) and the discourse surrounding it within Contributions to Nepotese Studle:\'. I am thankful to both of them. I am also the context of either 'dcvdopmcnt' or environmental (particularly natural grateful to Dr. Mark Turin, now on the editorial hoard of this journal, for resources) management or both is relatively nev\', perhaps going back to the proof reading the entire issue before it went to press and for catching many mid-1990s only (see Chambers and Conway 1992). The changes in the small errors. environments and livelihoods of the poor and marginalized people are among I also would like to thank Dr. Lauric Vasily who kindly assisted me in the central issues of concern today among those involved in development editing the language of some of the papers.
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