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Universite De Ouagadougou N° d'ordre. UNIVERSITE DE OUAGADOUGOU •••••••••••••• UNITE DE FORMATION ET DE RECHERCHE (UFR) SCIENCES DE LA VIE ET DE LA TERRE (SVT) •••••••••••••• LABORATOIRE DE BIOLOGIE ET D'ECOLOGIE VEGETALES THESE Présentée à l'UFRI Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre pour obtenir le titre de Docteur de l'Université de Ouagadougou Spécialité: Sciences Biologiques Appliquées Option: Biologie et Ecologie Végétales Soutenue le : 21 novembre 2009, devant la Commission d'Examen: Président: SINSIN Brice, Professeur, Université d'Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou Membres: GUINKO Sita, Professeur, Université de Ouagadougou MILLOGOIRASOLODIMBY Jeanne, Maître de Conférences, Université de Ouagadougou MAHAMANE Ali, Maître de Conférences, Université Abdou Mo i de Niamey SOMÉ Antoine, Maître de Conférences, Université Polytechnique de Bobo-Dioulasso THiOMBlANO Adjima, Maître de Conférences, Université de Ouagadougou TABLES DES MATIERES DEDICACE 1 REMERCIEMENTS II RESUME IV ABSTRACT V LISTE DE SIGLES ET ABREVIATIONS VI LISTE DES TABLEAUX VII LISTE DES FIGURES VIII INTRODUCTION 1 CONTEXTE 1 PROBLÉMATIQUE 3 OBJECTIFS 4 PREMIERE PARTIE: REVUE BmLIOGRAPHIQUE.••••..•..•.•••.••.6-27 CHAPITRE 1. REVUE BmLIOGRAPHIQUE SUR LES CONCEPTS FONDAMENTAUX•••••• 6 1. Concept de perturbations écologiques 6 II. Concept de la restauration écologique 7 Ill. Définition et objectif 7 112. Aspects sociologiques de la restauration écologique 9 113. Evaluation de l'écosystème (structure etfonction) 9 114. Identification du problème etprise en compte de considérations techniques 10 115 Suivi et évaluation du succès de la restauration 10 116. Sélection des mesures de restauration des sites 10 III. Ethnobotanique II IV. Concept de la biodiversité 12 V. Structure des peuplements végétaux 13 VI. Relation entre gradient latitudinal, structure et biodiversité 15 VII. Régénération 18 VIII. Régénération naturelle 19 VIL 2 Régénération artificielle 20 VI13 Plantation 20 CHAPITRE Il. PRESENTATION DU CADRE D'ETUDE ET DES ESPECES ETUDIEES •••. 21 1. Milieu biophysique 21 Il. Situation géographique 21 12. Géologie et géomorphologie 21 13. Pédologie 21 14. Climat 23 15. Végétation 23 Il. Milieu humain 25 Ill. Popufation 25 II. 2. Activités socio-économiques 25 III. Aperçu sur les espèces étudiées 27 DEUXIEME PARTIE: TRAVAUX DE RECHERCHE MENES•••..••28-99 CHAPITRE ln. ETUDE ETHNOBOTANIQUE DE CINQ ESPECES DE COMBRETACEAE ...............................................................................................................................................................28 L Introduction 28 II. Matériel et méthodes 29 Il 1. Collecte des données 29 Il 2. Analyse des données 30 III. Résultats 31 1I11. Connaissances des usages des espèces 31 1112. Catégories d'utilisation 32 1113. Exploitation 36 IV. Discussion 39 V. Conclusion 41 CHAPITRE VI. DIVERSITE ET STRUCTURE DES PEUPLEMENTS DE CINQ ESPECES DE COMBRETACEAE 42 L Introduction 42 II. Matériel et méthodes 43 Ill. Collecte des données 43 112. Analyse des données 43 III. Résultats 47 1111. Richesse et diversité spécifique 47 III2. Structures globale et spécifique 51 IV. Discussion 55 IV1. Richesse spécifique 55 IV2. Structure des populations 55 IV3. Diversité et similarité 56 IV4. Structure des cinq espèces de Combretaceae 56 V. Conclusion 59 CHAPITRE V. MECANISMES DE REGENERATION DE CINQ ESPECES DE COMBRETACEAE 60 1. Introduction 60 II. Matériel et méthodes 61 Ill. Collecte des données 61 112. Analyse des données 62 III. Résultats 63 1I11. Structure de la population des juvéniles 63 1I12. Mécanisme de régénération des espèces 65 IV. Discussion 69 V. Conclusion 71 1. Introduction 73 II. Matériel et méthodes 74 Ill. Collecte des données 74 11.1.1. Récolte des semences 74 n.1.2. Test de germination par provenance 74 II.1.3. Test de germination par latitude 75 n.l.4. Test de semis direct 75 II.1.5. Test de qualité des semences de P. suberosa 75 II.1.6. Test de plantation 76 n.1.7. Effet du feu sur la survie des semis directs et des plantations 77 112. Analyse des données 78 III. Résultats 79 JIll. Effet de la provenance de la semence sur sa germination 79 JI12. Effet du gradient latitudinal sur la germination des semences 80 1113. Semis direct 80 Il14. Qualité des semences de Pteleopsis suberosa 81 Il15. Performance des plants au champ 81 IV. Discussion 84 V. Conclusion 87 CHAPITRE VII. IMPACT DES ACTIVITÉS DE CONSTRUCTION DE ROUTES SUR LA RÉGÉNÉRATION NATURÊLLE DE PTELEOPSISSUBEROSA 88 I. Introduction , 88 II. Matériel et méthodes 89 Il 1. Sites de l'étude 89 Il 2. Collecte des données , 90 1113. Analyse des données 92 III. Résultats 93 III 1. Densité de la population juvénile 93 III 2. Mécanisme de régénération 95 IV. Discussion 97 V. Conclusion 99 TROISIERE PARTIE: SYNTHESE DES CONNAISSANCES ACQUISES ET PERSPECTIVES 101-104 CHAPITRE VIII. CONCLUSION GÉNÉRALE ET PERSPECTIVES 101 Conclusion générale 101 Perspectives 102 RECOMMANDATIONS...•.........•................•....•.....•...•................••...•.................................•............ 104 RÉFÉRENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES 106 ANNEXES....•.•......................•..............................•.....•....•.....••..•..........•.....••....•.......•.........•..••.....•....• 120 Annexe 1a : FICHE D'ENQUETE No 1 120 Annexe lb: FICHE D'ENQUETE No 2 121 Annexe 2 : Fiche de relevé dendrométrique 122 Annexe 3a : Indice de valeur d'importance des espèces enregistrées à Belehede 123 Annexe 3b : Indice de valeur d'importance des espèces enregistrées à Ouahigouya 124 Annexe 3c : Indice de valeur d'importance des espèces enregistrées à Diouroum 125 Annexe 3d : Indice de valeur d'importance des espèces enregistrées à PL 126 Annexe 4a : Fiche de relevé des mécanismes de régénération 127 Annexe 4b : Planches d'illustration des mécanismes de régénération 128 Annexe 5. Publications tirées de la thèse 134 DEDICACE Je dédie cette œuvre: JI. mon père ŒOÇj:NOV:NOV Zimapin ?rticlie{ JI. ma mère rr~OfJ{p. Suzanne Pour tous Ces sacrifices consentis ! JI. ma très dière épouse Sa6ine JI. notrefils (j)a6io Jonatlian Pour avoir accepté dé supporter mes muÛipCes a6sences ! REMERCIEMENTS Ce mémoire est fe résultat â une coffa6oration froctueuse entre r)f.gence Suédoise pour fe <Développement Internationa{ et de fa Coopération de ~clierclie (JlS<DI/S)f.1f,EC), rVniwrsité Suédoise des Sciences )f.gricofes (SLV), fe Centre Wationa{ de fa CJ<fclierclie Scientifique et rreclinofogique (~ et fes Vniversités de Œo6o-<Dioufasso et de OuagatfoUfJou. Que ces institutions trouvent ici rexpression de ma profonde gratitude. J'ai 6éné.ftcié âune aide consùféra6fe et précieuse de plusieurs personnes de fa conceptualisation à fa colkcte et fe traitement des données, fa rédaction et fa pu6Cication de ce mémoire. Sans préten.tfre être e:{liaustif, i{me pfait dé fes remercier sincèrement. - Je suis très reconnaissant au cp,)f.t[jima TJ{IO:MŒI.J(NO, <Directeur de tlièse, qui a conçu fe tlième et qui a assuré fa direction scientifique dans fa conduite des trava~ de terrain et de rétfaction. - Je remercie fe <Pr Sita ÇVIJv1(O pour ses appuis muftifonnes pour fe 60n aéroufement de mes travaU{; - Je suis profondément reconnaissant au <Pr Josepli Issa/(p. ŒOVSSI:M qui a facifité mon éfigi6iEité au soutien financier pour fes trava~ de tlièse, pour son soutient moral et son apport scientifique pourramélioration du document. - Je suis reconnaissant au cp, Jeanne :MILLOÇO-<JU4SS0Lo:DI:MŒrf pour fes discussions fructueuses que nous avons eues durant ces travaU{; Le <Pr CPer Clirister aJYEWet ses coffa6orateurs, Prof. )f.ssoc. 9rtu{uafem 71Ç)f.ŒV et <Dr CPatrice S)f.1/)f.<DOÇO ae fa 'FacuCté dés Sciences 'Forestières tfe rVniversité Suéaoise des Sciences )f.gricofes à )f.{narp ont été â une assistance importante dans fe traitement de mes aonnées et fa rédaction dé ce document. Qu'ifs trouvent ici re.x:pression de ma profonde gratitude. - Je suis reconnaissant à )f.fou 'l(OV:NtD)f.Œ)f., Ouseini 'l(OV<D)f.Œ)f., Wafo )f.{6ert WOV:M)f., :Moussa ZCE,~O et <Donfoui Ignace L)f.:MICE,W pour feur assistance fors des trava~ de terrain. - Je remercie fe (YECP)f.PE de rVniversité ae 0uaoatfoUfJou qui m'a appuyé sur fe pfan fogistique pour fe 60n déroufement dé mes sorties de terrain. II \- Je suis aussi reconnaissant aut directions régionafes et provinciafes au !Ministère tEe ftEnvironnement et au Cadre ae 'Vie ae CDji6o, OualiÎ[Jouya, 'Tougan, Vü{ougou et Œoromo pour m'avoirfacilité fe aéroufement aes travautsur k terrain. J'eJ(JJrime ma gratituae à tous ks mem6res au fa6oratoire tie Œiofogie et tf'tEcofogie 'Végétaks pour fa 60nne co{{a6oration que nous avons entretenue. Sans être ~liaustif, que (J)r )f.maâé OVE~OÇO, (J)r Sa{ifou rzt1U1-Q<R!F., (J)r tEfisée!MŒ)f.'YNÇ01fE, !Mr Patrice ZtECJl!j30, Oumarou jU !MOV.N)fPH)f., !Mr LodOum 7IÇ)f.J{)f.(]))lŒ)f., tMr Oumarou OVPlIYRjlOÇO, 9I1.fle Œfandine tMarie 'Yvette N)lCOVL9r1)f, tMr Oumarou S)f.!MŒ)l~, tMfle )lssan Ç1VOVtMOV, tMr Sy{vestre (]))f., !Mr Œilassé ZONÇO, tMr Prançois 'J(;4Ç)f.tMŒtEÇ)f., tMr tMarce{1(O)l(])I9r1)f, tMr Lassina ?!JVfQ<R!F., tMrSalfo S)f.'V)f.(])OÇO, tMr Hassane S)f.J{ç)f.CR!ft, tMr Cyrifle SIN)f.~ et !Mr)f.fain Œ)f.tMŒ)f.1UI trouvent ici f e:qn-ession ae ma gratittufe. Je suis reconnaissant à mes camaradés qui ont 6énéficié au soutien financier ae fjfSVI/S)f.CR!ftC. Sans être ~liaustif, que Vr. :N"téaou6a L)f.!MIP.:N, (])r. 1(orotfJouma OV)lP'J)MJl, (])r. )f.madou SI(])IŒP., (])r. (])üfier ZI(]))l, (])r. Zaigria ÇN)l1(}ltMŒ)f.CJ('Y, (])r. Saran 'T1VfO'R!J'., (])r. Soufeymane P)f.~, ([)r. SaCifou OVE(])1VfOÇO-1(01fE, (])r. çeorges ZOtMŒOVV(jl$ Catlierine CJYEtMIJ3fEDE-1('Y, PascaBne COVLIŒjU'Y-LINÇ)fNI,
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