WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

WORLD WEATHER WATCH

SIXTEENTH STATUS REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION

1993

WMO-No. 790

Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization -Geneva- Switzerland WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION

WORLD WEATHER WATCH

SIXTEENTH STATUS REPORT ON IMPLEMENTATION

1993

[ WMO-No. 790 I

Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization -Geneva- Switzerland © 1993, World Meteorological Organization ISBN 92-63-10790-4

NOTE

The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. CONTENTS

FOREWORD BY THE SECRETARY-GENERAL OF WMO

CHAPTER! THE WWW PROGRAMME PLAN 1992-2001

CHAPTER I! THE GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM

CHAPTER Ill THE GLOBAL DATA-PROCESSING SYSTEM

CHAPTER IV THE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM

CHAPTER V WWW DATA MANAGEMENT, INCLUDING MONITORING THE OPERATION OF THE WWW

CHAPTER VI - WWW OPERATIONAL INFORMATION SERVICE

FOREWORD

Since 1963, when the Fourth World Meteorological main chapters in this report, therefore, contains conclusions Congress adopted the concept of the World Weather Watch which comment on the status of implementation with refer­ (WWW), remarkable progress has been made in its ence to the TLTP. implementation. The continued progress in the implementation of the The World Weather Watch has become the basic pro­ WWW, which has resulted from the considerable efforts gramme of WMO and is of vital importance to the success made by Members, is clearly demonstrated in the report. of other WMO programmes. Congress continually gives Such progress has often occurred through the development the highest priority to the implementation of the WWW and application of new technology and techniques. Despite programme. these encouraging features it is natural that there should be The Eleventh World Meteorological Congress areas in which progress has been less than one might hope (Geneva, May 1991) adopted Resolution 2 (Cg-XI)- World and in which greater efforts are needed for the attainment of Weather Watch Programme for 1992-1995- in which the objectives of a global programme such as WWW. It is Congress urged all Members of the Organization to co­ believed that the report will help to highlight such areas. operate actively and enthusiastically in the implementation I wish to take this opportunity of expressing my and operation of the World Weather Watch, and to keep the sincere appreciation to the Members of WMO for their con­ Secretary-General fully informed about their activities in this tinuing efforts toward the further implementation of the regard. Congress also requested the Secretary-General to WWW as well as for their collaboration in providing the keep Members fully informed of progress and developments information on which the present report is largely based. in the overall planning and implementation of the WWW. A status report on the implementation of the WWW is pub­ lished every two years for this purpose, and the present publication constitutes the sixteenth report in this series. The World Weather Watch Programme Plan for 1992 to 2001, which forms an integral part of the Third WMO Long-term Plan (TLTP) adopted by Congress in Resolu­ tion 28 (Cg-XI), provides the benchmark for monitoring ---- the G. 0. P. Obasi progress in the implementation of the WWW. Each of the Secretary-General

CHAPTER I

THE WWW PROGRAMME PLAN 1992-2001

CONTENTS

Page

Purpose and scope ...... 1-3 Overall objectives ...... I-3 Programme organization ...... I-3 Current status ...... I-4 Major influences 1992-2001 ...... 1-4 Other relevant factors ...... I-5 Relationship of the WWW with other programmes ...... I-5

THE WWW PROGRAMME PLAN 1992-2001

Purpose aud scope importance to all activities of WMO and its Members, the WWW is the basic programme of the Organization. I. Meteorological services are required for the safety of life and property, the protection of the environment, and for Overall objectives the efficiency and economy of a wide range of weather sensi­ 5. The overall objectives of the WWW Programme are: tive activities. Central to the provision of these services, as (i) To maintain an effective world-wide integrated system well as to related research and development activities, is the for the collection, processing and rapid exchange of receipt by National Meteorological Centres of observational meteorological and related environmental data, analyses data, analyses and forecasts on a variety of time and space and forecasts; scales extending from instantaneous to long-term, from local to global. The World Weather Watch Programme is the inter­ (ii) To make available, both in real time and non-real time, national co-operative programme which arranges for the as appropriate, observational data, analyses, forecasts gathering and distribution in real time on a world-wide scale and other products to meet the needs of all Members, of of this vital meteorological information required by individual other WMO Programmes and of relevant programmes Members, by other WMO programmes and relevant pro­ of other international organizations; grammes of other international organizations. (iii) To arrange for the introduction of standard methods and 2. The main purpose of the WWW Programme is thus to technology which enable Members to make best use of ensure that all Members have access to the meteorological the WWW system and ensure an adequate level of ser­ and related geophysical information they need to provide vices, and also the compatibility of systems for effective services and conduct related research so that co-operation with agencies outside WMO. each may make the best use of its weather and climate and minimize their harmful effects. This requires the frequent Programme organization and regular observation of a wide range of meteorological 6. The WWW functions on three levels: global, regional and related geophysical elements from thousands of loca­ and national. It involves the design, implementation, and fur­ tions around the world - on land, at sea and in the air, as ther development of three closely linked and increasingly well as in outer space; the rapid collection and exchange integrated core elements: of the observational data; the preparation of information in a The Global Data-processing System (GDPS), consisting variety of forms describing the current and forecast condi­ • of World, Regional/Specialized and National Meteoro­ tions; and the dissemination of this information to all who logical Centres to provide processed data, analyses, and require it. forecast products; 3. Implementation is based on the fundamental concept • The Global Observing System (GOS), consisting of that each of the Member countries undertakes according to its facilities and arrangements for making observations at means to meet certain responsibilities in the agreed global stations on land and at sea, and from aircraft, environ­ scheme. The Programme's main functions are the planning, mental observation satellites and other platforms; organization and co-ordination of the necessary facilities and arrangements at the global, regional and national levels, • The Global Telecommunication System (GTS), com­ including the design of observing and telecommunication net­ posed of an increasingly automated network of works, the standardization of observing and measuring telecommunication facilities for the rapid, reliable col­ techniques, the development of common telecommunication lection and distribution of observational data and procedures, the co-ordination of data-processing centres at processed information. various levels, and the presentation of both observational data 7. The operation and further development of these three and processed information in a manner understood by all, core elements will be co-ordinated and integrated through the regardless of language. following WWW support functions: 4. The Programme also embraces supporting activities to WWW Data Management (WDM), which is to co­ provide guidance, technical information and training to assist ordinate, monitor and manage the flow of data and Members in the implementation of WWW, and to improve the products within the WWW system in accordance with WWW system through the integration of its main components international standards to assure their quality and timely and the incorporation of new scientific and technological delivery to meet Members' individual needs and those developments. In so doing account will be taken of the differ­ of other WMO programmes; ent levels of development between Regions and Members and of the policy document "Bridging the gap - a strategic • WWW System Support Activity (SSA), to provide approach to Technical Co-operation". Because of its pivotal guidance, technical and scientific information, and I-4 THE WWW PROGRAMME PLAN 1992-2001

training to those involved in the planning, development components are given in the Manuals on the GDPS, GOS, and operation of WWW components; and to initiate, GTS and Codes.) co-ordinate and evaluate various WWW co-operative activities and support actions. This includes the Current status Operational Information Service to collect and dis­ 12. The WWW has been evolving for nearly 30 years. tribute information on facilities, services, data and While progress over most of this period towards meeting the products made available within the WWW system. Programme's objectives has been remarkable it has become more sporadic in recent years with certain problems being per­ 8. The World Weather Watch Programme incorporates sistent and difficult to resolve. also four other components, one dealing with a particular application of the WWW system and two others with techno­ 13. The Programme has succeeded in meeting to a very logical support to the Global Observing System, as well as to great extent the requirements for atmospheric and related other programmes. These are: observational data but the quality is uneven and certain parts of the globe are still inadequately observed or not observed at • The Instruments and Methods of Observation all. The implementation of the conventional observing system Programme, which aims at improving both the accuracy has become stagnant but new automated observing and of observational data, the standardization of meteoro­ remote-sensing techniques are being introduced which logical instruments and observing techniques and, promise a new generation of high resolution data and valuable where suitable and appropriate, the incorporation of complementary observations needed for environmental moni­ new technological developments; toring. High quality analyses, forecasts and special-purpose products, especially, as regards medium-range forecasts in • WMO Satellite Activities, aimed at providing high­ middle latitudes, are already available but the ability of many quality global satellite data and products and to Members to receive and make full use of these products varies strengthen Members' capabilities to receive and effec­ widely. The capacity of the Main Telecommunication tively use satellite data; Network has increased enormously but much remains to be done to improve regional meteorological telecommunication • The Tropical Cyclone Programme, which is designed to networks in order to meet Members' requirements for basic assist some 60 countries in minimizing loss of life and and processed information; information is all too frequently property damage caused by tropical cyclones and asso­ delayed or lost. ciated phenomena such as floods, landslides and storm surges; 14. The shortcomings may be attributed to problems in the design, implementation, or management of the system. The • WMO Antarctic Activities, aimed at promoting and co­ development and implementation of the three main compo­ ordinating the implementation and operation of the nents has varied considerably from one to the other and the basic elements of the WWW to meet the requirements tendency to consider each as a separate entity has hampered for meteorological services as well as for environmental the development of the WWW system as a whole. The devel­ monitoring and climate research. opment and implementation of the data-management concept will help to greatly improve the operation of the WWW as a 9. The WMO bodies primarily concerned with the devel­ fully integrated system better able to meet the requirements of opment, implementation and operation of the WWW are the individual Members and of other WMO programmes. Commission for Basic Systems and the regional associations. CBS is responsible for technical matters relating to world­ 15. Constraints in economic resources available to meteoro­ wide co-operation in the operation and further development of logy in Member countries, combined, in many cases, with the WWW system in the light of new requirements and techni­ insufficient awareness of the benefits of meteorological ser­ cal developments and has established working groups to deal vices for the safety of people or for the economic development with all the main activities. Much of the WWW system is co­ of the country, have also been major factors hampering the ordinated and implemented on a regional basis by six regional development of the WWW. Lack of experienced and well associations. Each regional association has established a trained staff at national Services, particularly in the tropical working group on regional aspects of the WWW (the exact and sub-tropical regions, is another main cause of the short­ title varies from Region to Region) which acts as the main co­ comings that persist in the WWW system. The strategy of ordinating body. "bridging the gap" will therefore be an integral part of the WWW Programme and its implementation will be crucial to 10. The Commission for Instruments and Methods of the success of the Programme. Observation (CIMO) also plays a role as regards data accuracy and standards and the five regional tropical cyclone bodies are Major influences 1992-2001 concerned with the other sub-programmes. 16. The evolution of the WWW will be guided by two main 11. Basic meteorological data and products available within considerations: the WWW system are exchanged freely and without restric­ tion between Members in accordance with approved (i) Needs: procedures and within the limits of the agreed WWW system. Requirements of individual Members for improved (Details of the functions, structure and operation of WWW meteorological services as well as those of international THE WWW PROGRAMME PLAN 1992-2001 1-5

research and applications programmes for meteorologi­ the WWW system and by promoting Members' efforts to cal and other environmental information; raise the operational level of their national Meteorological Services to end users. Exchange of experience and know­ (ii) Opportnnities: ledge on the operational use of modern technology and Scientific achievements and technological advances as methodology within the WWW will become an important far as their operational inclusion in the WWW improves activity and increased training will be needed at all levels the quality of services provided. of specialization. 17. World-wide and long-range socio-economic develop­ Other relevant factors ment outlooks point to a number of areas which are likely to affect user requirements for meteorological information. Three 22. Levels of requirements for meteorological services will of these are of particular importance: differ from region to region. Financial and human resources available to Meteorological Services will vary widely as will (a) Pollution of the environment on a global scale and other technology, techniques and operational methods. The WWW possible changes of an anthropogenic origin to climate will integrate advances in atmospheric sciences and techno­ and the environment in general; logy in an orderly fashion, taking into account the ability of (b) Continued and increasing problems of food, water and Members to establish and operate these new techniques and energy production and supply in many parts of the technologies. world; 23. To overcome limitations in funds and expertise, groups (c) Increased exploration and exploitation of resources in of Members will increasingly pool their resources to marine areas (oil, gas, minerals, fisheries, etc.). implement and operate jointly advanced technology compo­ nents of the WWW such as regional specialized centres 18. The most widely recognized activity is likely to remain and automated observing systems in data-sparse areas. The the supply of general and specialized weather forecasts for expansion of these co-operative efforts will not only increase various user sectors, e.g. aviation, agriculture and water the performance of the WWW as an integrated system but resources. There will, however, be changes with growing also enhance the capability of Members to make maximum requirements for warnings of hazardous meteorological phe­ use of the WWW and improve their services on a national nomena and very short-range forecasts with increasing level. specification of time, location, intensity and duration. There will alsu be increased demands for long-range weather fore­ 24. Implementation activities will be developed as an casts or outlooks beyond ten days and up to a season. Not only orderly transition from the present WWW to an improved will it be necessary to improve the quality of the present range WWW by the systematic creation of new or improved WWW of observational data but a wider range of atmospheric facilities. Operational WWW Systems Evaluations (OWSEs) measurements will be required. will address such questions as the efficiency of field opera­ tions, services needed in support of integrated systems, 19. As far as opportunities are concerned there is a little procedures for maintenance and operational costs. The results doubt that the WWW will have at its disposal: of OWSEs will be needed to guide and promote the orderly • An increasing range of ever-more sophisticated observ­ development of the WWW. ing systems; 25. National requirements for cost-effectiveness will lead to • Still expanding computer power; expanded use of WWW services. The WWW has to develop into a closely integrated system in which duplication is mini­ • Improved telecommunication systems, especially via mized and cost-effectiveness strenuously pursued. It will satellites; become necessary for Members to seek closer international co-ordination and co-operative arrangements in developing • Increasingly reliable and extended range forecasting and operating WWW centres and facilities. It is crucial to the capabilities of numerical weather prediction models. success of the integrated WWW that each Member makes a 20. The inclusion of more modem technology and scientific long-term commitment and plays its part in achieving the developments into the WWW system will be better co­ objectives of the WWW Plan. ordinated and balanced among the WWW components through the introduction of the data management concept. Relationship of the WWW with other programmes Greater attention will also be paid to maximizing the use of 26. The WWW provides both the common infrastruc­ existing systems and to making the best use of new techno­ ture and the database to support a broad range of WMO logy particularly, for instance, in the automation of systems programmes and relevant efforts of international organ­ and components. izations. These include the World Climate Programme 21. The continued introduction of new techniques into the (WCP), the World Area Forecast System (WAFS), the WWW system will be a gradual process. One of the main Integrated Global Ocean Services System (IGOSS) and tasks of the WWW will be to bridge the differences between the !AEA Conventions regarding the release of hazardous national Services by improving Members' capabilities to materials in the atmosphere. The Second World Climate make maximum use of data and products exchanged within Conference, in explaining the requirement for a Global 1-6 THE WWW PROGRAMME PLAN 1992-2001

Climate Observing System (GCOS), pointed out that it 27. The extent to which the WWW may support other should be based on, among other elements, an improved WMO programmes will be determined in consultation with World Weather Watch Programme. The WWW components appropriate technical commissions, regional associations or of the GOS, GDPS and GTS, integrated through the other bodies (e.g. Executive Council panels). The use of WWW Data Management function, will all contribute to WWW facilities for relevant programmes of other inter­ GCOS. In making this contribution the basic functions national organizations will largely depend on the capacity of and priorities of the WWW in support of operational forecasts the WWW system and requires policy decisions by the WMO and warning services should not be compromised. A con­ Congress. Of particular importance will be the co-ordination tinued dialogue with those responsible for these programmes of relevant plans and activities between the WWW and inter­ is therefore essential to ensure that changes in requirements national organizations, in particular ICAO, !AEA, UNEP, are properly incorporated into the WWW Plan. WHO, !TU and IOC. CHAPTER I!

THE GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM (GOS)

CONTENTS

Page

GENERAL ...... Il-3 Components of the GOS ...... II-3 Requirements for observational data and networks of observing stations ...... II-3

IMPLEMENTATION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF THE SURFACE-BASED SUB-SYSTEM ...... II-3 Regional basic synoptic networks and their level of implementation ...... II-3 Level of implementation of surface observations ...... II-3 Level of implementation of upper-air observations ...... II-4 Network of supplementary stations ...... II-4 CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations ...... II-4 Mobile marine stations ...... II-6 Automatic marine stations ...... II-6 Aircraft meteorological observations ...... II-6 Ground weather radar stations ...... II-7 Atmospherics detection systems ...... II-7 Other stations ...... II-7

IMPLEMENTATION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF THE SPACE-BASED SUB-SYSTEM ...... II-7 Composition of the space-based sub-system ...... II-7 Near-polar-orbiting environmental observation satellites ...... II-7 Geostationary environmental observation satellites ...... II-8 Satellite-data ground receiving stations ...... II-8

CONCLUSIONS ...... II-10

ANNEXES: Annex I Regional basic synoptic networks: Status of implementation- Surface stations ...... II-11 Annex I! : Regional basic synoptic networks: Status of implementation- Upper-air stations ...... II-13

THE GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM (GOS)

GENERAL based on the different scales of meteorological phenomena and processes which occur in the atmosphere. The surface­ I. The Global Observing System (GOS) is the part of the based sub-system and the space-based sub-system WWW which is concerned with making observations of vari­ complement each other. Corresponding to the above three ous kinds on a world-wide scale required to describe the state levels of requirements for observational data, three networks of the atmosphere and the related environment. The purpose of observing stations have been established: global, regional of the GOS is to provide WMO Members with observational and national. These networks are interdependent with selected data from all parts of the world for use in both operational and stations of the national network within a Region comprising research work. In this task the GOS is very closely related to the corresponding regional network, and with the regional net­ the other two main elements of WWW, namely, the Global works collectively forming the global network. The general Data-processing System (GDPS) and the Global Tele­ characteristics of the global network are determined by the communication System (GTS). Commission for Basic Systems (CBS). The regional associ­ ations agree upon the stations which comprise the regional Components of the GOS basic synoptic networks in the corresponding Region and lay 2. The GOS consists of two sub-systems: the surface- down the observing programmes. The national networks are based sub-system and the space-based sub-system. established by Members to satisfy their own requirements taking into account the need to complete the global and 3. The surface-based sub-system is composed of networks regional networks. As in the past, in this part of the report, the of synoptic stations for surface and upper-air observations on procedure of studying only the state of implementation of the land and at sea (fixed sea-stations and mobile sea-stations), regional basic synoptic networks has been adopted as being aircraft meteorological stations, climatological and agricul­ both the most convenient and appropriate. tural meteorological stations and a wide range of special stations, e.g. ground weather radar stations, atmospherics detection stations, meteorological rocket stations, Global IMPLEMENTATION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF Atmosphere Watch stations. Not all of the information THE SURFACE-BASED SUB-SYSTEM obtained by the GOS is widely distributed for operational use. Regional basic synoptic networks and their level of imple­ Some of it is collected for research purposes, some for opera­ mentation tional use over a limited area only, and some as a contribution 6. The lists of stations comprising the regional basic to other WMO programmes such as the World Climate synoptic networks, as adopted by Programme. the various regional associ­ ations and by the Executive Council Working Group 4. The space-based sub-system comprises satellites of two on Antarctic Meteorology, appear as appendices to the rele­ types: near-polar-orbiting and geostationary environmental vant decisions taken by each session of these regional observation satellites. Both types of satellite provide qualita­ associations. Detailed figures regarding the implementation tive information such as visible and infra-red cloud images of the observing programmes required to be carried out over wide areas. Polar-orbiting satellites are equipped with at the regional basic synoptic network stations in each vertical profile radiometers which provide indications of the of the six WMO Regions and in the Antarctic are given in vertical temperature and humidity structure of the atmosphere Annex I for surface observations, and in Annex I! for upper­ needed for numerical models for analysis and forecasting pur­ air observations. For each Region information is given poses. Geostationary satellites provide cloud imagery concerning the number of observations requested for each sufficiently frequently to reveal the weather systems as well as standard time of observation and the number of observa­ providing indications of wind structure, inferred from the tions carried out. Global totals are also given. In these tables apparent movement of identifiable cloud systems, and various the level of implementation is compared with that which types of radiances. In this way, information about the global appeared in the Fifteenth Status Report (1991). Table 1 wind field aloft may be obtained. This is of particular value provides information on the number of stations requested, near the Equator, where the quasi-geostrophic balance breaks the number of stations not yet established and the number of down and winds cannot be inferred from pressure and temper­ stations which carry out the observing programmes in full or ature data, even where these are available. The two types of in part. satellite offer data collection and dissemination capabilities for both raw and processed information. Level of implementation of surface observations 7. The level of implementation of surface observations for Requirements for observational data and networks of the four main standard observing stations times of observation has fallen slightly from 91 per cent to 90 per cent. The corresponding figure for 5. The requirements of Members for observational data are surface observations at all the eight standard times of observa­ divided into three categories: global, regional and national, tions taken together is also down slightly to 87.4 per cent. Il-4 THE GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM (GOS)

SURFACE SYNOPTIC STATIONS

Table 1 : To meet regional and global reqnirements

Making observations Stations not yet Requested in Making the at least for the main established or the regional basic complete observing hours (00, 06, otherwise non~ network programme 12 and 18 UTC) operational

RA! 720 386 39 89 RAil 1174 1 075 29 14 RA Ill 338 156 3 32 RAIV 583 405 52 33 RAY 362 168 100 16 RA VI 843 802 6 16 Antarctic 35 24 6 4

Global 4055 3 016. 235 204

Table 2 : To meet all reqnirements

Making o~servations at Total number Making hourly CL/MAT Year 0000 0600 1200 1800 of stations observations reporting UTC UTC UTC UTC

1982 9 361 6903 7 255 7 779 7 147 3 633 1 653 1984 9 463 6 958 7350 7 870 7226 3 742 1696 1986 9511 6977 7 382 7 888 7244 3 836 1 781 1988 9 525 6 958 7 390 7 904 7 255 3 849 1 830 1990 9 649 7 016 7 483 7 499 7 323 3 965 2247 1992 9 762 7168 7 597 8 065 7420 4 162 2264

Increase in (%) 1982-1992 4.3 3.8 4.7 3.7 3.8 14.5 40

8. As shown in Table I, out of 4 055 stations requested in observations are also made at a number of stations to meet the regional basic synoptic networks, 3 851 stations have been supplementary regional and national requirements. Some of established, of which 3 016 stations make the complete these supplementary stations are automatic weather stations observing programmes. The corresponding figures in the the total number of which is steadily increasing and has now Fifteenth Status Report were 4 039, 3 886, and 3 030 respec­ reached about 530. The details of stations operated by tively. Among these stations, some 300 automatic weather Members covering the global, regional and national require­ stations are used to supplement or replace manned surface ments are given in WMO-No. 9, Weather reporting, synoptic stations when for any reason it is difficult to provide Volume A- Observing stations. Table 2 gives the total num­ sufficient staff for 24-hour operations. ber of stations making surface observations to meet the global, regional and national requirements. It will be seen that over Level of hnplementation of npper-air observations the period 1982-92 there has been a steady increase in the 9. The level of implementation of upper-air observations numbers of stations and observations made. has also fallen from around 81 per cent to just over 79 per cent. Thus the global figures regarding the number of stations CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reporting stations are shown in the figure on page !I-5 from which it will be 11. The lists of stations transmitting monthly summaries of noted that the numbers rose to a "peak" in 1986 since when surface and upper-air reports for the previous month over the there has been a slow but gradual decrease. The regional GTS, using the WMO code forms CLIMAT and CLIMAT breakdown is given in Annex !I. TEMP, are published in the Manual on the Global Tele­ communication System, Part I, Attachment I-4. In July 1992 Network of supplementary stations the total number of CLIMAT reporting stations was 2 264 10. In addition to the surface and upper-air observations while there were 620 CLIMAT TEMP stations. As indicated in made at stations in the regional basic synoptic networks, Table 2, the number of CLIMAT reports has increased every m 5l r-

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z ..c - 1!-6 THE GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM (GOS) year since 1982 with a view to meeting the requirements of information about a wide range of meteorological, oceano­ the World Climate Programme for up to ten reporting stations graphic and other environmental factors; this includes wave every 250 000 km2• height and direction, sea temperatures, water and air pollution, wind, surface and underwater currents, and so on. Many coun­ Mobile marine stations tries throughout the world are now operating, testing or 12. The development of the WMO Voluntary Observing planning automatic or semi-automatic observing or recording Ships' Scheme for surface observations is shown in Table 3. stations on buoys, marine platforms, light vessels, oil and gas platforms, mobile drilling rigs, mobile ships and so on. Some 13. The number of mobile ships, including merchant ships of them already comprise part of the regional basic synoptic as well as research vessels which are equipped to make upper­ networks in various areas. Some others appear in the list of air observations, is given in Table 4. Fourteen of these ships observing stations in Publication WMO-No. 9, Volume A, are equipped with Automated Shipboard Aerological but many (for a variety of reasons) do not. A more complete Programme (ASAP) systems for aerological soundings (P, T, list appears in the IGOSS Regular Information Service U, wind) using navaids for wind determination and data trans­ Bulletin on Moored Buoys and Other Fixed ODAS, published mission through geostationary environmental observation annually by IOC and WMO. For general guidance, the most satellites. recent information received by the WMO Secretariat from Members indicates that about 195 moored buoys (mostly Automatic marine stations around North America) and over 80 fixed platforms (mostly 14. The operational drifting buoy programme in December around Europe) serve as automatic marine stations. 1992 comprised 620 active drifting buoys transmitting about 2 400 DRIFTER repmts over the GTS during a 24-hour period. Aircraft meteorological observations The location of buoys and the collection of data from them via 16. Upper-air observations made onboard aircraft are of satellites is carried out through the Argos System, a co­ great importance for both operational and research purposes. operative undertaking between CNES (France), and NOAA The collection and distribution of AIREP reports through a (USA). CLS/Service Argos operates two global processing system of co-operation between the International Civil centres, in Toulouse (France) and Landover (Md, USA). In Aviation Organization (ICAO) and WMO continues to work addition, the use of local user terminals (LUTs), such as those effectively. Efforts are under way to expand the automated established in Antarctica, Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, reporting of meteorological data from aircraft via a variety of Norway and Saudi Arabia, has enhanced the usefulness of the communication modes. Argos System for operational meteorological purposes. 17. Australia and USA registered aircraft are currently 15. Automatic marine stations on moored buoys or fixed producing over lO 000 reports daily transmitted by VHF. platforms are also being used to an increasing extent to obtain Currently eight aircraft are equipped with Aircraft to Satellite

Table3

Number of ships recruited as at 1 January Type of observing ship 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 Selected 4968 4760 4438 4642 4 608 Supplementary 1567 I 514 1420 1402 I 332 Auxiliary 1155 I 313 1344 1420 1422 Total* 7690 7 587 7202 7 464 7362

* The totals include the auxiliary ships, but it should be noted that they are not generally recruited on a permanent basis. It should also be borne in mind that (in rather general terms) only about 40 per cent of ships are actually at sea at any one time. Furthermore, those which are at sea may be operating in coastal waters, or may- have difficulty in making observations or in passing them through coastal radio stations to centres on the GTS.

Table4 ~ Number of ships recruited as at 1 October Type of upper-air observation 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 Radiowind 18 18 18 16 16 Radiosonde 37 37 43 43 42 THE GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM (GOS) II-7

Data Relay Systems (ASDAR), five more are in the process of Near-polar-orbiting environmental observation satellites implementation and a further ten are being procured. 23. The third generation of the USA's near-polar-orbiting Ground weather radar stations operational satellite system continued to provide data for oper­ 18. Observations from weather radar stations constitute one ational and research purposes during the period of this repmt. of the best means of studying small and mesoscale cloud pre­ For all or most of these years two polar-arbiters NOAA-11 cipitation systems. These observations are also essential for and NOAA-12 were operating. The sensory equipment of the effective and reliable detection, tracking, forecasting and these satellites includes the TIROS Operational Vertical warning of dangerous weather phenomena such as tropical Sounder (TOYS) and the Advanced Very High Resolution cyclones and tornadoes. In some countries, systems combin­ Radiometer (AVHRR). The TIROS Operational Vertical ing the output of radar networks and the information received Sounder is composed of: High-Resolution Infrared Sounder from geostationary environmental observation satellites have (HIRS/2), Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU), and Micro­ come into operational use or are at an advanced stage of wave Sounding Unit. Data from satellites are made available development. Radar observations provide both qualitative and to all Members by means of satellite receiving equipment quantitative information which can be used fruitfully in the through the Direct Sounding Transmission (DST), Automatic fields of synoptic meteorology, aeronautical meteorology and Picture Transmission (APT) and High Resolution Picture hydrology, particularly for the provision of improved quantita­ Transmission (HRPT) services. In addition, the TIROS-type tive forecasts of specific elements such as rainfall or wind. satellites have a Data Collection System (DCS) to receive data The total number of such stations operated by Members is from fixed and moving platforms and to process and store it now over 500. It should be mentioned however that not all are for later transmission to a central processing facility. This sys­ in full operation, some being temporarily out of service and tem is used by Service Argas for the location of such others for longer periods due to lack of spare parts. platforms and the collection of data from them. Observations derived from AVHRR and TOYS data, including raw radi­ Atmospherics detection systems ances and sea-surface temperatures, are distributed over the 19. Twenty Members have indicated that they are operating GTS in the SATOB, SARAD and SATE M code forms and other atmospherics detection systems for the detection and location ways. The USA plans to continue the advanced TIROS­ of lightning flashes. N/NOAA series through the remainder of the decade. Future plans for the USA's polar-orbiting system include a continua­ Other stations tion of the advanced TIROS-N/NOAA series with some 20. The GOS also comprises stations intended for various improvements. The NOAA-K, L and M spacecraft are other purposes such as Global Atmospheric Watch stations, expected to enable the USA to continue polar-orbiting satellite radiation stations, meteorological rocket stations, climatolog­ services into the late-1990s with this generation of satellites. ical stations and agricultural meteorological stations. As these Advance work is now in process to develop a polar-orbiting stations serve mainly to provide specialized information for space platform for the next generation which could be opera­ other WMO programmes such as Global Atmospheric Watch tional at the beginning of the next decade. A EUMETSAT and the World Climate Programme (WCP), details concerning contribution to meteorological observations from polar­ them are not given in this report. Some Members are making orbiting satellites is being developed and is expected to be radioactivity measurements (as listed in WMO-No. 9, operational by the turn of the century. Weather reporting, Volume A- Observing stations). 24. The present METEOR-2 meteorological satellite system continues to form the basis of the Russian Federation's IMPLEMENTATION OF VARIOUS COMPONENTS OF near­ polar-orbiting operational THE SPACE-BASED SUB-SYSTEM satellite services. During the period of this report three satellites were in orbit and operational at Composition of the space-based sub-system any one time. The satellites are equipped with a scanning tele­ 21. In accordance with the WWW Plan, environmental photo meter, for direct transmission of images in the visible observation satellites constitute the space-based sub-system of and infra-red spectrum, a television-type scanner, scanning IR GOS, with the major goal of augmenting the information pro­ radiometers, and a device for measuring penetrating radiation vided by the surface-based sub-system to complete the global flux densities. The measuring systems on board are pro­ coverage. Current environmental observation satellites are grammed to obtain global data (images of cloud, snow and ice divided into two groups: cover, sea-surface temperature, temperature profiles) once or twice a day. These data are processed and distributed over the (a) Near-polar-orbiting satellites; GTS in pictorial and other forms. Tentative plans for the (b) Geostationary satellites. future development of this system envisage an increase in orbital altitude of the vehicle to ensure complete coverage 22. To a very large extent the two types of satellites are over the equator and the introduction of improved radiometers complementary. The geostationary satellites provide measure­ providing IR images and temperature soundings, and also ments and almost continuous surveillance in tropical and experimental instruments for measuring total and vertical dis­ temperate latitudes, while the near-polar-orbiting satellites tribution of ozone. The new satellite series METEOR-3 is provide measurements for higher latitudes and over polar expected to replace METEOR-2 before the mid-1990s. There regions as well as for other parts of the globe. are plans to launch one METEOR-3 satellite per year in order Il-8 THE GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM (GOS)

to maintain two or three operational satellites at any one time. Atlantic (50'W) during 1992, and later moved to 76'W, to The first satellite of this series was launched in October 1985. provide coverage of Regions Ill and IV. The METEOR-3 system will be operational at least untill995 30. The USA Geostationary Operational Environmental and then will be replaced by a new generation satellite system. Satellite (GOES) system normally consists of two satellites, 25. The second experimental polar-orbiting satellite of the GOES-West located at 135'W and GOES-East located at People's Republic of China, named FY-lB, was launched 75'W. GOES-7 was launched in February 1987 and became 3 September 1990. The principal sensor aboard this satellite is operational in March 1987. GOES-7 provides both high and a multispectral scanning radiometer with five channels (three low-resolution (WEFAX) imagery by direct transmission and visible, one near-infrared and one infrared) to provide cloud relay of information from DCPs. It also provides upper-wind images, cloud top temperatures, sea-surface temperature and observations based on cloud movement in the form of SATOB snow cover. The communication equipment aboard the satel­ bulletins distributed over the GTS. The USA has contracted lite broadcasts in real-time HRPT and APT data over the for the next generation geostationary satellite system called world. The data format of HRPT and APT are compatible GOES-I, J, K, L and M. The launch of the first spacecraft of with NOAA satellites. Satellite FY-IB ceased to transmit this series GOES-I is planned for 1994. This new series of imagery in 1991. spacecraft will provide geostationary services through the 1990s and will include a number of technical improvements Geostationary environmental observation satellites including simultaneous images and vertical soundings from geostationary altitude. 26. The geostationary operational satellites programme is nominally made up of five satellites, although only four are 31. The Russian Federation's polar-orbiting satellite pro­ currently operational over the Equator, as follows: 140'E­ gramme will be augmented in the mid-1990s with the planned operated by Japan; 74'E- operated by India; 76'E- to be launch of Geostationary Operational Meteorological Satellite operated by the Russian Federation (not yet launched); O'E­ (GOMS) and the subsequent spacecraft of this series after the operated by the European Organization for the Exploitation of design and test of the first one. The first GOMS is provision­ Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT); and 108'W- oper­ ally planned for launch in 1993 and will be located at 76'E. ated by the USA. Two other experimental GOMS possibly at 14'W and 166'E are under consideration. 27. The Japanese Geostationary Meteorological Satellite, GMS-4 took over Earth observing operations from GMS-3 in 32. Since 1972 the operating agencies of the geostationary the summer of 1989, to provide both high and low-resolution environmental observation satellites have met as a body called visible and infrared imagery as well as data collection and dis­ the Co-ordination Group for Meteorological Satellites semination services of data from Data Collection Platforms (CGMS). Largely due to the co-ordination efforts of the (DCPs). Japan has started the development of GMS-5 to be CGMS, the satellite system characteristics are very similar. launched in 1994. Each system consists of satellites and associated ground sys­ tems. The basic missions fulfilled by these systems are routine 28. The Indian satellite INSAT-lD, launched in 1990, has imagery in the visible and infra-red portions of the spectrum been located at 74'E and is the operational satellite providing for day and night viewing, the data dissemination mission for real-time imagery data to India. Due to national policies and relay of weather facsimile (WEFAX) maps, charts and images satellite design it is not permitted for other countries to receive and the .data collection mission for receipt and relay of IN SAT data. The INS AT system is equipped with a Very High environmental data from fixed and moving data-collection Resolution Radiometer (VHRR) and is providing cloud cover platforms. imageries in the visible and infrared bands, cloud motion vec­ tors over some areas of the Indian Ocean, sea-surface temperatures (on an experimental basis), and estimates of Satellite-data ground receiving stations quantitative precipitation and monthly estimates of outgoing 33. The ground segment of the space-based sub-system of long-wave radiation over 2.5' squares. During the 1990s the GOS has two main functions: INSAT-II series satellites will replace the currently operational INSAT-I satellites. (a) To provide for the reception of signals from satellites containing qualitative and quantitative information, 29. The geostationary satellite METEOSAT-4 belonging to including observations from data-collection platforms EUMETSAT continued to provide a full service of high and and other similar systems (for example the Argas low-resolution visible and infrared imagery, as well as infor­ System); mation on upper-winds based on cloud movement, that are distributed over the GTS as SATOB bulletins. METEOSAT-5 (b) To process, format, display and distribute the informa­ was launched in early 1991 and MOP-3 (METEOSAT-6) is tion received, either by direct broadcast via the satellites scheduled to be launched in 1993. The METEOSAT themselves, or over the GTS in pictorial or alpha­ Operational Programme is currently foreseen to extend until at numeric form to meet the global, regional and national least 1995. W1th the failure of GOES-6, GOES-7 acts as the requirements of the WWW. geostationary satellite for Region Ill and Region IV at 108'W. As part of a co-operative agreement between NOAA and 34. Global satellite data are required for the analysis and EUMETSAT, METEOSAT-3 was placed over the mid- forecasting of large and planetary-scale atmospheric processes THE GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM (GOS) Il-9

and the quantitative information meets (so far as is technically cessing and presenting quantitative and qualitative satellite and logistically possible) the need for input to numerical data, have led to the establishment of almost 700 satellite data­ models dealing with atmospheric processes in these scales. receiving stations operated by WMO Members throughout the This kind of information is normally acquired and distributed world. Examples of the wide range of stations are: by the major receiving and processing ground stations of the satellite operators themselves. Satellite derived data on cloud • Comparatively simple APT-type stations (many con­ winds, sea-surface temperature and atmospheric temperature verted from earlier versions); profiles are transmitted over the GTS. Stations which are equipped to receive 35. In order to meet regional requirements, ground-segment • and process ana­ logue information from polar-orbiting receiving facilities need to be established which are capable of and geostationary satellites and to distribute this information over receiving the full-resolution images from the appropriate geo­ special networks; stationary environmental observation satellite(s) as well as high-resolution images and sounding data from satellites in Stations of the most elaborate polar orbit. They may also receive and process data-collection • type equipped to receive directly from satellites high-resolution qualitative signals from DCPs which have been relayed by both types of data in digital form to be processed satellite. Regional arrangements are also required to distribute extensively for input to numerical models and for visual presentation high-resolution sounding data from polar-orbiting satellites on tele­ vision-type screens as film sequences in pseudo-colour, and wind information based on cloud movements from geo­ and in many other ways. This high-resolution data stationary satellites sufficiently widely to ensure their use in is most valuable to operational regional models for analysis and forecasting. forecasters of global and mesoscale phenomena. 36. At the national level, satellite data requirements vary Table 5 gives, by Region, the number of satellite greatly from country to country. It is desirable that each NMC ground­ receiving stations operated by Members together should receive frequent high- and low-resolution satellite with an indication of their receiving information in order to maintain surveillance over mesoscale capabilities. It can be seen that the total number of APT receivers and small-scale atmospheric processes in their respective has decreased in every regional association since 1990. For RA I, the decrease in three areas. At the very least, provision should be made for APT APT was offset with three HRPT. and WEFAX reception (as appropriate). RA !I indicated a decrease in the total number for every type of receiver. RA Ill has seen 37. The widely varying geographical location of countries little change since 1990. RA IV's decrease in APT was more and their meteorological regimes, together with the rapid tech­ than offset by an increase in HRPT. The large increase in nological advances which are being made both in the satellites RA VI could be attributed to either more rigorous reporting or themselves and in the equipment available for receiving, pro- the installation of new systems.

Table 5

REGION

I /I Ill IV V VI APT Receivers (92) 47 36 21 29 14 76 Receivers (90) 50 59 22 37 18 79 Trend (92-90) (3) (23) (I) (8) (4) (3)

HRPT Receivers (92) 7 16 5 17 8 19 Receivers (90) 4 19 5 6 7 23 Trend (92-90) 3 (3) 0 11 I (4) WEFAX Receivers (92) 39 61 21 28 19 !59 Receivers (90) 38 63 23 25 15 !09 Trend (92-90) I (2) (2) 3 4 50 HR Receivers (92) 10 20 6 13 8 18 Receivers (90) 6 22 5 9 10 20 Trend (92-90) 4 (2) I 4 (2) (2) 11-10 THE GLOBAL OBSERVING SYSTEM (GOS)

CONCLUSIONS stations. At present the RBSN calls for 100 radiosonde stations of which 66 are reported to be operational although 38. Although it varies from Region to Region the overall only an average of 52 reports are received daily. However level of implementation of the surface and upper-air observing these are not evenly distributed over the continent. Each of the programmes has fallen slightly about 89 to 88 per cent and regional associations have been reminded of the need to 81 to 79 per cent respectively which is much the same as it review their networks in this light and future reports on the was in 1982. These levels of implementation are, however, status of implementation of the GOS will be related to the new compared with requirements of existing regional basic requirements of the LTP and WWW Programme Plan. synoptic networks which have evolved over a number of years 42. In many areas the implementation of rawindsondes has rather than having been designed with certain specific spacing reached its maximum sustainable density and other means are in mind and which may have to be modified somewhat if needed to supply additional data in a cost-effective manner. the agreed WWW Programme Plan for 1992-2001 is to be The existing situation arises largely from difficulties which fulfilled. developing countries have in maintaining equipment and 39. The Programme calls for: buying expendables, but it appears that in some cases observations taken with great effort are not available to the (a) Synoptic observations from surface synoptic land global system because of local communication problems. stations, both manned and automated, reporting up to Additionally the accuracy of satellite data is not yet sufficient eight times per day (four times per day in the tropics), and support facilities are lacking in certain parts of the world. using increasingly automated data collection, with a desirable horizontal resolution of better than 250 km 43. It is planned to receive upper-air data over the oceans (300 km in sparsely populated areas); from some 40-50 ships equipped with ASAP. Progress in this area was good with 15 ships equipped in 1990 but recently (b) Upper-air data from a land-based synoptic network of three operating countries have reduced, or indicated their radiosonde stations complemented by pilot balloon and intention to reduce, their operations. Excellent progress -has radiowind observation stations in the tropics, reporting been made in the implementation of automated aircraft report­ two to four times daily (one to two times in the tropics) ing systems, where an ever-increasing number of systems are with a desirable horizontal resolution of better than 250 coming into operation and huge increases in the amount of km (500-1 000 km in sparsely populated areas). data available are being realized. 40. In Africa, for example, with a total area of 35 000 000 44. As regards mobile sea stations the number of Voluntary km', about 600 surface stations would be required to ineet the Observing Ships has been slowly decreasing. In terms of ship 250km spacing criteria (rather less if the spacing is 300 km in reports, the numbers are well below the target of four per day desert areas). The total number of operating stations in with an average spacing of250 km'in the northern hemi­ Region I is 930; there are 720 stations in the Regional Basic sphere. This would represent approximately 16 reports in Synoptic Network of which 626 have been established. Thus 24 hours from each 5' square, whereas the actual numbers the problem is mainly one of redesigning the RBSN, and ·· •available (away from coastal areas) were five or six in the redistributing operating stations rather -than· increasin-g the North Atlantic (between 20'N and 60'N) and about three in numbers, although in some individual countries several new the North Pacific. stations will be required. A review and redesign of the recom­ 45. The original target of 250 drifting buoy stations and a mended surface networks is under way in all Regions and ntinimtpn of 75 anchored buoys reporting four times per day nearing completion in one or two. outside the main shipping routes is now well exceeded. Over 41. For upper-air stations, again taking Region I as an 600 drifting buoys and, it is estimated, nearly 200 anchored example, the minimum 'requirement W()uld be for about 60 buoys and 80 fixed platforms are now in service. 11-11

ANNEX I

REGIONAL BASIC SYNOPTIC NETWORKS

Status of implementation

Surface stations

REGION I (AFRICA) REGION 11 (ASIA)

Number Implemented Number Implemented Hour of observations 1992 of observations 1992 UTC requested requested inRBSN Number % inRBSN Number % (1) (2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4) 00 720 429 59.6 1 174 1134 96.6 03 720 509 70.7 1174 1 133 96.5 06 720 626 86.9 1174 1 160 98.8 09 720 605 84.0 1 174 1 141 97.2 12 720 625 86.8 1 174 1 148 97.8 15 720 594 82.5 1 174 1197 93.4 18 720 559 77.6 1174 1 112 94.7 21 720 409 56.8 1174 1082 92.1 Daily totals 5760 4356 75.6 9392 9107 96.9 Comparison 1990 (5 632) (4 306) (76.5) (9 392) (9 033) (96.2)

REGION Ill (SOUTH AMERICA) REGION IV (NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA)

Number Implemented Number Implemented Hour of observations 1992 of observations 1992 UTC requested requested inRBSN Number % inRBSN Number % (1) (2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4) 00 338 287 84.9 583 528 90.6 03 338 158 46.7 583 478 82.0 06 338 159 47.0 583 462 79.2 09 338 191 56.5 583 435 74.6 12 338 304 89.9 583 528 90.6 15 338 238 70.4 583 511 87.7 18 338 305 90.2 583 531 91.1 21 338 237 70.1 583 512 87.8 Daily totals 2704 1879 69.5 4664 3985 85.4

Comparison 1990 (2 704) (1 957) (72.4) (4 664) (4 087) (87.6) II-12 ANNEX!

REGIONAL BASIC SYNOPTIC NETWORKS: Status of implementation- Surface stations (cant' d)

REGION V (SOUTH-WEST PACIFIC) REGION VI (EUROPE)

Number Implemented Number Implemented Hour of observations I992 of observations 1992 UTC requested requested %. inRBSN Number inRBSN Number % (I) (2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4) 00 362 343 94.7 843 811 96.2 03 362 299 82.6 843 808 95.8 06 362 340 93.9 843 825 97.8 09 362 276 76.2 843 824 97.7 12 362 298 82.3 843 826 98.0 15 362 201 55.5 843 823 97.6 18 362 290 80.1 843 825 97.9 21 362 290 80.1 843 811 96.2 Daily totals 2896 2337 80.7 6744 6553 97.2

Comparison 1990 (2 896) (2 273) (73.8) (6,744) (6 659) (98.7)

THE ANTARCTIC GLOBAL

Number Implemented Number Implemented Hour of observations 1992 of observations 1992 UTC requested requested inRBSN Number % inRBSN Number % (I) (2) (3) (4) (2) (3) (4) 00 35 31 88.6 4055 3 563 87.9 03 35 24 68.6 4055 3 409 84.0 06 35 30 85.7 4055 3 602 88.8 09 35 25 71.4 4 05~ 3 497 86.2 12 35 31 88.6 4055 3 760 92.7 15 35 25 71.4 4055 3 489 86.0 18 35 30 85.7 4055 3 652 90.1 21 35 25 71.4 4 055 3 366 83.0 Daily totals 280 221 78.9 32440 28338 87.4

Comparison 1990 (280) (218) (77.9) (32,312) (28,529) (88.3) Il-13

ANNEX I!

REGIONAL BASIC SYNOPTIC NETWORKS

Status of implementation

Upper-air stations

Number of Implemented Comparison Hours observations 1992 Type 1990 UTC requested % inRBSN Number %

RA! Radiosonde 00 100 34 34.0 (37) 12 100 63 63.0 (62) Radiowind 00 140 45 32.1 (34) 12 140 82 58.6 (59)

RAil Radiosonde 00 324 302 93.2 (94) 12 324 289 89.1 (90) Radio wind 00 339 304 89.7 (90) 12 339 296 87.3 (88)

RAIII Radiosonde 00 59 12 20.3 (29) 12 59 43 72.8 (71) Radio wind 00 60 12 20.0 (28) 12 60 45 75.0 (77)

RAIV Radiosonde 00 153 134 87.6 (91) 12 153 145 94.8 (97) Radio wind 00 154 134 87.7 (90) 12 154 145 94.1 (97)

RAY Radiosonde 00 lOO 85 85.0 (84) 12 100 46 46.0 (45) Radiowind 00 137 114 83.2 (81) 12 137 89 65.0 (65)

RA VI Radiosonde 00 142 129 90.8 (91) 12 142 132 92.0 (92) Radiowind 00 143 130 90.9 (92) 12 143 133 93.0 (94)

ANTARCTIC Radiosonde 00 18 12 66.7 (67) 12 18 8 44.4 (56) Radiowind 00 17 13 76.5 (77) 12 17 10 58.8 (59)

GLOBAL Radiosonde 00 896 708 79.0 (81) 12 896 726 81.0 (82) Radiowind 00 990 752 76.0 (77) 12 990 800 80.1 (82)

CHAPTER Ill

THE GLOBAL DATA-PROCESSING SYSTEM (GDPS)

CONTENTS

Page

GENERAL ...... IJI-3

STATE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GDPS ...... III-3 World Meteorological Centres ...... III-4 Regional/Specialized Meteorological Centres (RSMCs) with geographical specialization ...... III-4 Regional/Specialized Meteorological Centres (RSMCs) with activity specialization ...... III-4 National Meteorological Centres and centres with similar functions ...... III-4

TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS AT GDPS CENTRES ...... III-4 World Meteorological Centres and Regional/Specialized Centres ...... TII-4 National Meteorological Centres and centres with similar functions ...... III-4

CONCLUSIONS ...... TTI-4

REFERENCES ...... III-5

ANNEXES: ·Annex I Daily output of products (analyses and forecasts) ofRSMCs with geographical specialization ...... III-7 Annex I! Daily output of products (analyses and forecasts) of RSMC European Centre for Medium- range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) which are transmitted on the GTS ...... III-8 Annex Ill Automated GDPS functions ...... lll-9 Annex IV Reception of products and stored data and products including reception format and reception means ...... lll-1 0 Annex V GDPS non-real-time services including provision of climate-related diagnoses and long-range outlooks ...... lll-14 Annex VI Type of media for retrieval or exchange of observations or products from archives ...... lll-17

THE GLOBAL DATA-PROCESSING SYSTEM (GDPS)

GENERAL Bras ilia Miami Tokyo Buenos Aires Montreal Tunis/Casablanca 1. The Global Data-processing System (GDPS) is the part Cairo Moscow Wellington of the WWW concerned with making available to all Dakar Nairobi Members of WMO the processed information in pictorial, Darwin New Delhi coded and plain language form, which they require for real­ The RSMCs with activity specialization: time and non-real-time applications. The real-time functions • RSMC New Delhi- Tropical Cyclone of the GDPS involve the pre-processing of data, the prepara­ tropical Centre tion of three-dimensional analyses of the structure of the cyclone RSMC Miami- Hurricane Centre atmosphere, and the forecasting of the future state of the atmo­ forecasting sphere including the derivation of specific meteorological RSMC Tokyo- Typhoon Centre parameters such as wind, temperature, and so on. The non­ RSMC European Centre for Medium-range Weather real-time functions of the GDPS are concerned with the Forecasts (RSMC ECMWF)- medium-range weather collection, quality control, storage, retrieval, classification and forecasting. cataloguing of observational data and selected derived data, analyses and forecasts for use in research and other applica­ 6. In general, WMCs provide products which can be used tions. In all these respects (particularly in the case of real-time for general forecasting of planetary or large-scale meteorolo­ functions), the GDPS is very closely related to the other two gical systems. RSMCs with geographical specialization elements of WWW- the Global Observing System (GOS) provide regional products which can be used by NMCs for the and the Global Telecommunication System (GTS). The GOS forecasting of small-, meso- and large-scale meteorological provides the basic observational information which the GDPS systems. RSMCs with activity specialization provide special needs in order to carry out its functions. The GTS is required, products for certain activities, such as: medium-range fore­ firstly, to convey that information to the GDPS centres for casting, tropical cyclone forecasting and warnings of other processing and, secondly, to distribute the output products of dangerous weather phenomena and so on. Products of RSMCs those centres to the users. should be presented in such a way that they can be used by Members at a national level as input to data-processing or 2. Similar to the GOS and GTS, the structure of the GDPS interpretation procedures which are performed to provide is organized on three levels- global, regional and national­ assistance or services to users. NMCs and centres with similar served by a system of World Meteorological Centres functions should be equipped to receive WMC, RSMC and (WMCs), Regional/Specialized Meteorological Centres other products for further processing, especially in respect to (RSMCs) with geographical and activity specialization and meso- and small-scale meteorological systems. NMCs should National Meteorological Centres (NMCs) respectively. also develop a capability of interpreting NWP products for 3. CBS-X (reference I) recommended that the procedures provision of service to users. NMCs should have an indepen­ for broadening the functions of existing RSMCs and designa­ dent Capability, if needed, to develop their own manual or tion of new RSMCs be included in the Manual on the GDPS NWP products to meet national requirements. These responsi­ in Part I as a new Attachment 1.2. bilities and functions, however, are not mutually exclusive. in some instances, WMCs, RSMCs and NMCs (or similar cen­ 4. CBS-X (reference I) received the presentation of cap­ tres) are eo-located and the functions of one centre are abilities offive GDPS Centres and recommended that EC-XLV included in the other. Similarly, the data-processing activity of approve the designation of Saint Denis, Reunion as an RSMC an NMC, or similar centre, may also be concerned with large­ on tropical cyclones, and Toulouse, Bracknell, Washington, and scale analysis and forecasting. Montreal as RSMCs on the provision of transport model prod­ ucts for environmental emergency response. STATE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GDPS 5. The WMCs and RSMCs with geographical specializa­ 7. This section, based on the latest information available tion and those with activity specialization currently designated from Members, indicates the current state of implementation are; of the GDPS as far as WMCs and RSMCs are concerned, with o WMCs: a note also on NMCs. Much of the material presented here is based on information supplied by Members for inclusion in Melbourne Moscow Washington publication WMO-No. 9, Volume B, Chapter 1: "Description 0 RSMCs with geographical specialization: of the output products of WMCs, RSMCs and NMCs and Algiers Jeddah Novosibirsk other centres and information on their availability" (refer­ Antananarivo Khabarovsk Offenbach ence 2). Members are requested annually by the Secretariat to Beijing Lagos Rome check and bring up to date all information included in this Bracknell Melbourne Tashkent publication. The tables given in this part of the report are III-4 THE GLOBAL DATA-PROCESSING SYSTEM (GDPS)

based on the latest available information supplemented by any NMCs and centres with similar functions make available new information received by December 1992 in response to products for transmission to other countries or territories in the enquiry made by the Secretariat in May 1992. accordance with bi' or multi~ lateral agreements.

World Meteorological Centres TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENTS AT GDPS CENTRES 8. The three WMCs continued to improve the quality of 14. This section is based on information provided by their output products. WMC Melbourne, WMC Moscow and Members up to December 1992, in response to a questionnaire WMC Washington continued to develop new forecast pro­ from the Secretary-General, and its purpose is to illustrate the grammes to meet the needs of users for their output products. extent to which GDPS centres are introducing new and Details of the daily output of products (analyses and forecasts) improved techniques in accordance with the WWW plan. of WMCs are given in WMO-No. 9, Volume B and in the annual WWW Technical Progress Reports on the GDPS World Meteorological Centres and Regional/Specialized (references 2 and 3). Centres 9. The provision of forecasts for the tropical belt is a par­ 15. Annexes Ill to VI indicate the extent to which some ticularly important aspect of the work of WMCs and recent new developments are being introduced, or the extension of developments - notably the increased resolution of models the use of some of the current methods for analyses, and and availability of upper-air information, based on observa­ the method used for the storage of data at the major GDPS tions of cloud movements from geostationary satellites, as centres. The tables are largely self-explanatory and will form a well as ASDAR and AMDAR reports- have greatly assisted useful basis for comparison in future years. the preparation of analyses and forecasts for these regions. National Meteorological Centres and centres with similar Regional/Specialized Meteorological Centres (RSMCs) functions with geographical specialization 16. Annexes Ill to VI also list the extent to which NMCs 10. A general view of the operation of the RSMCs with have introduced new developments. It is obvious that many geographical specialization is provided in Annex I, which lists NMCs are much less involved than WMCs and RSMCs in the the total number of products (both analyses and forecasts) use of new and advanced techniques. For example, not all issued daily by the 25 RSMCs with geographical specializa­ NMCs or centres with similar functions would be expected to tion established throughout the world. The figures in all cases have numerical forecasting models of the atmosphere, or refer to products and not to individual parameters. The corre­ global and regional climate diagnosis activities, and it is for sponding figures for 1990 (given in the Fifteenth Status each WMO Member to decide the extent to which the NMC in Report, see reference 4) are quoted in brackets for purposes of the country concerned wishes to receive and use the output comparison. products of WMCs and RSMCs. Nevertheless, the same information has been analysed for NMCs and similar centres Regional/Specialized Meteorological Centres (RSMCs) as for the major processing centres. This information will also with activity specialization form a basis for useful comparisons in the future. 11. As adopted by the ninth session of CBS and approved by EC-XL, within the framework of GDPS, there are four CONCLUSIONS RSMCs with activity specialization; the titles and the loca­ 17. The WWW Programme 1992-2001 (reference 5) pro­ tions of these centres are listed in paragraphJ. Among them, vides for the operation of three WMCs and 25 RSMCs with RSMCs New Delhi, Miami and Tokyo for tropical cyclone geographical specialization and a number of RSMCs. with forecasting are eo-located with the same RSMCs with geo­ activity specialization, in addition to NMCs providing mainly gr,aphical specialization. national services. The following conclusions are mainly drawn from the comparison of the actual implementation of GDPS 12. RSMC European Centre for Medium-range Weather centres with the implementation objectives of GDPS as con­ Forecasts (RSMC ECMWF), with an activity specialization tained in the relevant part of the TLTP (1992-2001). centre for medium-range weather forecasting provides special products for medium-range weather forecasts 48 to 168 hours 18. The main GDPS global objective is to make available to (seven days) over the northern and southern hemispheres, and Members short- and medium-range forecast products. The 72 hours (three days) over the tropical belt. Details of the three WMCs continued to prepare and distribute a wide range products transmitted on the GTS from RSMC ECMWF are of products for short- and medium-range forecasts. With the listed in Annex Il. designation of ECMWF as an RSMC, there is a large increase of products for medium-range forecasts made available to National Meteorological Centres and centres with similar Members. Also, some RSMCs have adjusted their products functions both in analyses and forecasts to meet the requirements from Members and end users. Products for medium-range weather 13. NMCs and centres with similar functions throughout the forecasts have extended to 168 hours in extra-tropical areas world are mainly concerned with the preparation of analyses and 72 hours for the tropics. and forecasts for internal use within their own territory, often using the products of WMCs and RSMCs as background or 19. An important development affecting the operation of the guidance material for this purpose. However, more than 20 GDPS is the increasing resolution of models and availability, THE GLOBAL DATA-PROCESSING SYSTEM (GDPS) III-5 for analyses and forecasting purposes, of both qualitative and GDPS centres were already using the GRIB format for inter­ quantitative information from meteorological satellites and national exchange or reception of products, as well as aircraft. This includes vertical temperature profiles, and for internal purposes of which 13 are in RA VI, three in winds, derived from cloud movements, as well as AMDAR RA V and two each in RA IV and RA 11, and none in RA I and ASAP observations. and RA Ill.

20. The annexes to this part of the Status Report illustrate to 24. A limited number of centres are actively engaged in cli­ what extent the GDPS centres which have responded to WMO mate diagnosis activities at global, regional and/or national Secretariat inquiries have automated their GDPS functions level. Similarly, apart from the major GDPS centres and the and are meeting requirements for anlayses and forecast prod­ Drought Monitoring Centre in Nairobi, only a limited number ucts. For each centre the product reception format, means of of centres are actively engaged in long-range prediction and reception of data and products and their storage, type of media seasonal outlook. for retrieval and exchange of observational data and products 25. However, the levels of from archive, and provision of outlook services are indicated. implementation of GDPS centres vary widely, from the large centres which use advanced NWP 21. The most used product reception format is still for data models with the support of supercomputer systems to the in GRID; 52 centres received such products and 20 centres small centres which use ordinary extrapolation methods and received products in GRIB (Gridded Binary) format. In lack facilities to receive products from large centres. As stated Region I, eight centres which responded receive products by in the WWW Programme 1992-2001 "The interpretation of radio-facsimile as the sole means of reception. While there is short-, medium-, and long-range forecast products into a stated aim to move to GRIB format, this continuing require­ weather parameters and local forecasts for end users will nor­ ment for character data undoubtedly arises from some or all of mally be the responsibility of national Meteorological the following reasons: Services". For this purpose "small- to medium-size computer resources will be required". Some NMCs, especially in devel­ (a) Communication lines cannot accommodate the trans­ oping countries, are far from this objective. Urgent assistance mission of bit-oriented codes; is needed for some NMCs, both in the development of the (b) The centres do not have available the computers neces­ ability to receive and use GDPS products, and the ability to sary to decode the bit-oriented codes; produce their own forecasts.

(c) The centres have not been able to develop or maintain a REFERENCES GRIB decoder in their present computing system. I. WMO-No. 784: Commission for Basic Systems­ Whatever the reasons, it is clear that the ability of the GDPS Abridged final report of the tenth session (Geneva, to meet Members' requirements will to some extent depend on 2-13 November 1992) the solution of these issues. 2. WMO-No. 9: Weather Reporting, Volume B -Data 22. It can therefore be concluded that to facilitate the flow Processing of NWP products from GDPS centres to RSMCs and NMCs, 3. WMO/TD Nos. 491 (1991) and the implementation of the X.25 protocol and the installation of 495 (1992): WWW Technical Progress Reports ground receiving equipment for satellite data distribution sys­ on the Global Data­ processing System tems (MDD receivers) is very urgent. Assistance with software and training in the centres introducing binary codes 4. WMO-No. 753: World Weather Watch, Fifteenth Status is essential. Report on Implementation 23. The use of the GRIB format for the transmission of pro­ 5. WMO-No. 761: The World Weather Watch Programme cessed data in the form of grid point values expressed in I992-200I- Third WMO Long-term Plan, Part JI, binary form is gradually expanding. It was noted that 20 Volume I

IJI-7

ANNEX I

DAILY OUTPUT OF PRODUCTS (ANALYSES AND FORECASTS) OF RSMCs WITH GEOGRAPHICAL SPECIALIZATION

(Figures in brackets refer to 1990)

Type ofproduct Centre Total Analyses Forecasts

Algiers 76 (76) 94 (94) 170 (170) Antananarivo 36 (36) 4 (4) 40 (40) Beijing 26 (33) 40 (27) 66 (60) Bracknell llO (llO) 562 (562) 672 (672) Brasilia 17 (17) 2 (2) 19 (19) Buenos Aires ll (ll) 5 (5) 16 (16) Cairo 26 (26) 18 (18) 44 (44) Dakar 16 (16) 12 (12) 28 (28) Darwin 10 (10) (-) 10 (10) Jeddab 59 (59) 48 (48) 107 (107) Khabarovsk 41 (41) 49 (49) 90 (90) Lagos (-) (-) (-) Melbourne 26 (26) 42 (42) 68 (68) Miami 10 (10) 0 (0) 10 (10) Montreal 38 (24) 457 (95) 495 (119) Moscow 57 (57) 74 (74) 131 (131) Nairobi 17 (17) 18 (18) 35 (35) New Delhi 23 (16) 40 (16) 63 (32) Novosibirsk 36 (36) 57 (57) 93 (93) Offenbach 32 (32) 87 (87) l19 (119) Rome 30 (30) 13 (13) 43 (43) Tashkent 46 (46) 48 (48) 94 (94) Tokyo 30 (35) 58 (64) 88 (99) Tunis/Casablanca 44 (44) 24 (24) 68 (68) Wellington 19 (19) 36 (36) 55 (55)

Total 836 (827) 1788 (1 395) 2624 (2 222) III-8

ANNEX 11

DAILY OUTPUT OF PRODUCTS (ANALYSES AND FORECASTS) OF RSMC EUROPEAN CENTRE FOR MEDIUM-RANGE WEATHER FORECASTS (ECMWF) WHICH ARE TRANSMITTED ON THE GTS

Reference Parameters time Area covered Type ofproducts (UTC)

Surface pressure 1200 Northern hemisphere Analysis, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168-hour predictions

850 hPa temperature 1200 Northern hemisphere Analysis, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168-hour predictions

500 hPa height 1200 Northern hemisphere Analysis, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168-hour predictions

850 hPa wind 1200 Tropical belt Analysis, 24, 48, 72-hour predictions

200 hPa wind 1200 Tropical belt Analysis, 24, 48, 72-hour predictions

Surface pressure 1200 Southern hemisphere Analysis, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168-hour predictions

850 hPa temperature 1200 Southern hemisphere Analysis, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120-hour predictions

500 hPa height 1200 Southern hemisphere Analysis, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168-hour predictions III-9

ANNEX Ill

AUTOMATED GDPS FUNCTIONS

(Figures in brackets refer to 1990)

Type of automation WMCs RSMCs NMCs

Use of computers for numerical weather prediction 3 (3) 15 (12) 20 (11)

Notes: 1. This table is based on information received from three WMCs and 22 RSMCs as well as several NMCs 2. Detailed information is available in the 1992 WWW Technical Progress Report on the GDPS ~ ~ 0 ANNEX IV

WMOfWWW/DPS DATABASE RESULTS OF THE 1992 SURVEY- 82 ANSWERS

RECEPTION OF PRODUCTS AND STORED DATA AND PRODUCTS, INCLUDING RECEPTION FORMAT AND RECEPTION MEANS

Product- Product- Reception format Reception means Centre Data archived Products archived GRID GR/8 Fax Point Satellite Radio or to point typeMDD radiofax

REGION! Abidjan 0 0 I 0 0 I Nat. SYJLobs., surf., upper air 00, 12 Charts analysed 00, 03, 06, 09, 12, 15, 18, 21 Algiers I 0 I I I 0 Cairo 0 0 I 0 0 I All GTS 00, 06 12, 18 UTC global analysis Chileka I 0 0 I 0 0 Conakry 0 0 I 0 0 I None Cotonou 0 0 I 0 0 I National Regional analysis charts Dakar I 0 I I I I National data Regional analysis (paper charts) Douala 0 0 I I 0 I Kampala 0 0 0 0 0 0 National observations Kha_rtoum 0 0 I 0 0 I National observations Kigali I 0 I 0 0 I National observations Regional analysis 00, 06, 12, 18 Libreville 0 0 I 0 0 I Lome 0 0 I I 0 I Moroni I 0 I 0 0 I Niamey 0 0 0 0 I 0 Charts received 00, 06, 12, 18 Seychelles I 0 0 0 0 I Nat. synoptic observations 00, 06, 12 UTC regional analysis Tunis I 0 I I 0 I National data Regional analysis (paper charts)

Subtotal 7 0 13 6 3 13

REGION I! AbuDhabi I 0 I I I I Regional synoptic data All MDD products on paper Baluain I 0 I I 0 I Nat. synoptic observations

' '

z z

z z

-

-

- -

:> :> ~ ~

< <

-

I I

I I

I I

12 12

UTC UTC

18 18

00, 00,

h h

12, 12,

144) 144)

12 12

UTC UTC

06, 06,

to to

nticrofihns nticrofihns

18 18

00, 00,

(12 (12

every every

on on

8 8

12, 12,

for. for.

anal. anal.

forecasts forecasts

day day

06, 06,

analysis analysis

nticrofihns nticrofihns

18) 18)

fon:casts fon:casts

to to

archived archived

00, 00,

on on

and and

5W-105W 5W-105W

12 12

up up

and and

bPa bPa

06 06

national national

for for

(00 (00

analysis analysis

anaJ.ysis anaJ.ysis

hentisphere hentisphere

and and

analysis analysis

500 500

ProduCts ProduCts

anal. anal.

analysis analysis

an. an.

Ana1.23.5S-47N, Ana1.23.5S-47N,

Analysis Analysis

None None

None None Glob. Glob.

Noite Noite

Glohal Glohal Regional Regional

Northern Northern

None None

Regional Regional

Regional Regional

Global Global

Regional Regional

h) h)

h) h)

archiVed archiVed

24 24

national national

archived archived

observations observations

observations observations

observations observations

all all

cut-off cut-off

Data Data

and and

(cut-off24 (cut-off24

(cut-off (cut-off

synoptic synoptic observations observations

synoptic synoptic observations observations

observations observations

observations observations

observations observations

observations observations

observations observations

observations observations

observations observations

data data

hours hours

GTS GTS

observations observations

obs. obs.

obs. obs.

48 48

observations observations

GTS GTS

National National

National National

National National

National National

National National

National National

GTS GTS

Nil Nil

National National National National

National National

Glohal Glohal

Global Global None None Regional/national Regional/national

National National

National National National National

Global Global

Global Global

None None

or or

I I

I I

I I

I I

1 1

I I

I I

I I

I I 0 0

I I

0 0 0 0

0 0

I I

0 0

I I

0 0 0 0

I I

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

11 11

Radio Radio

radiofax radiofax

means means

I I

I I

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

I I

0 0

0 0

2 2

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Satellite Satellite

typeMDD typeMDD

Product-

Reception Reception

I I

1 1 I I

I I

I I 1 1

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

4 4 I I

I I

I I 0 0

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

0 0

0 0

0 0

point point

15 15

Point Point

to to

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I 1 1

I I

2 2

I I

I I

0 0

I I 0 0

I I

0 0

I I

I I

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Fax Fax

10 10

------~---·------

format format

I I

0 0

0 0

I I

0 0

0 0

I I

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0 2 2

0 0

0 0

0 0

,._ ,._ 0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

GR/8 GR/8

______

-

Product-

I I

I I

I I

1 1

,__ ,__

I I

0 0

I I 0 0

I I

I I 0 0

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I

I I 2 2

I I

I I 0 0

I I 0 0

I I

0 0

0 0

Reception Reception

16 16

GRID GRID

-----

---

(cont'd) (cont'd)

ID ID

II II

City City

Aires Aires

Spain Spain

Kong Kong

of of

Jose Jose

ha ha

Cenm; Cenm;

San San

REGIONN REGIONN

Port Port

Montreal Montreal Subtotal Subtotal

Mexico Mexico Quito Quito

Santiago Santiago

Belize Belize

Buenos Buenos

Seoul Seoul

Subtotal Subtotal

Lima Lima

REGION REGION

maanbaatar maanbaatar

Tokyo Tokyo

Tehran Tehran

NewDeJhi NewDeJhi

Pyongyang Pyongyang

Male Male

Colombo Colombo

Kuwait Kuwait

Jeddah Jeddah

Hong Hong

Hanoi Hanoi

Do Do

Dhaka Dhaka

Beijing Beijing

Bangkok Bangkok

REGION REGION ------·------·-- '

~ ~ ~ N

-

~ ~ tu z z )>

<

I

UTC

00

days

12

at

90

00,

hPa

for

at

5

months

500

mod.

15

day

up

forecast

for

hemis.

ETA

(lrchiVed

Bracknell

and

f~rec.asts

12

forecasts

from

forecasts

forecast

northern

00

+

PrOdU:ctS

analysis

fofdast

on

and

at

analysis,

aoal.,

chart

forecast

grid

h

Glo~al

None

All None ECMWF NODe

Global

Met. AnalySis, 24 Analysis

Analysis

None

12

6,

ohs.

3,

GTS

months

nearby

area

6

glob.

and.

national

kept

archived

all

monsoon

and

obs~ations

Data

J?-On-nat.

GTS

GTS

observations

observations

observ.ltions observ'ationS observations

observations

data

observations

observations,

obsexvations observations

regional

ohs.

data

in

data

GTS

Ohs.

National

National

Nooe

Glob. Regional

National National National Regional

National National

GTS

National

National National

National

or

I

I I

0

0 0 0 0

0 I

I

3

0 0 0

I

0 0 I

I 0 0 0

2

0

0

Radio

radiofax

means

0 0

0 0 0

2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0

0

0

0 0 0

0 0

0 0

Satellite

typeMDD

PY(Jduct-

Reception

I

point I

I I

I

0 I

I I I

0

I I I I I I

5

0

I I 1

I

8

0

Point

to

I

I I

I 0

I I I

0

6

0 0 0

0 0 0

I I I

I 0 I I

I

3

0 0

Fax

I

I

I

I 0 0

I

I I I 0

0

0

0 0

0

2

I I I

I 0

I

3

1.

0 0 0

0

GR/8

Product-

I

I I

I Receptionformat I I

0

0

I I

I

I 0 I

3

0

0

I 5 I

I I 0 I

0

0

0

GRID

d)

(cant'

IV

V

VI

Lumpur

Domingo

Vila

Centre

Bilt

REGION

Santa REGION Brunei Honiara Subtotal Kuala

Washington

Singapore

Nandi

Manila Melbourne

Port

Tahiti

REGION Ankara Athez:iS

Subtotal Belgrade BetDagan Bracknell Brussels

Wellington Copenhagen

Bucarest Budapest

Damascus De Dublin Helsinki

~ ~

til til

z z

z z

> >

~ ~

-

< <

"' "'

h h

36 36

12 12

to to

up up

and and

h h

00 00

12 12

H+48 H+48

forecasts forecasts

every every

to to

forecasts, forecasts,

archived archived

and and

12 12

analysis analysis

and and

H+ H+

forecasts forecasts

global global

analysis analysis

forecasts forecasts

Products Products

and and

12 12

analysis analysis

grid grid

forecaSts forecaSts

and and

00 00

LAM LAM

Analysis, Analysis,

Analysis Analysis

Global Global Some Some

months months

18 18

ohs. ohs.

radr radr

for for

rad. rad.

data data

input input

nearby nearby

poll. poll.

GTS GTS

and and

GTS GTS

observations observations

archived archived

hyd. hyd.

days days

met. met.

Data Data

30 30

global global

and and

obs: obs:

observations observations

observations observations

and and

observations observations

observations observations

observations, observations,

observations observations

National National

National National

National National

National National

National National

National National

National National

National National

GlobalGTS GlobalGTS

National National

or or

1 1

I I

I I

1 1

1 1

1 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

12 12

42 42

radiofax radiofax

Radio Radio

means means

I I

I I

1 1

1 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

4 4

0 0

11 11

Satellite Satellite

typeMDD typeMDD

Product-

Reception Reception

I I

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

point point

0 0

0 0

Point Point

61 61

23 23

to to

1 1

1 1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Fax Fax

51 51

fonnat fonnat

I I

I I

1 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

GRIB GRIB

20 20

Product-

1 1

1 1

1 1

1 1

I I

1 1 1

1 1

1 1 1 1

1 1

0 0

0 0

0 0

0 0

Reception Reception

GRID GRID

19 19 13 17

52 52

(cont'd) (cont'd)

VI VI

Centre Centre

Lisbon Lisbon

REGION REGION

Total Total

Subtotal Subtotal

Offenbach Offenbach Sofia Sofia

Moscow Moscow

Minsk Minsk

Malta Malta

Madrid Madrid

Zurich Zurich

Vllnius Vllnius

Toulouse Toulouse

Nicosia Nicosia

Rome Rome Prague Prague ~

:;;:

-

RR

outlooks

param,

parameters

seasonal

extern.

empirical

methods,

OUTLOOKS

statistics

90-day

and

op.

analogue,

None

None None

None

Analogy None

Based

Stat.,

LONG-RANGE

AND

analogue

RR

-

T,

mod.,

research

regr.

parameters

"analog,

outlooks

DIAGNOSES

under

wave,

statistics

3rJ-.day

methods,

empirical

long.:.

and

ANSWERS

statistical,

methods

outlooks

82

and

clim.,

model,

of

V

None

None None

Analogue None

None Statistical

Analogy None

T42 Climatology

Use

DATABASE

CLIMATE-RELATED

SURVEY-

OF

1992

ANNEX

LEV.

THE

ST.

mean

frequencies

OF

WMOIWWWfDPS

PROVISION

GEOP. annual

.•

means,

RH,

V,

lmom

RESULTS

U,

'f{R;

anomalies,

SLP,

INCLUDING

+

situation

meaits,

.

SST

analysis,

diagnoses­

30-day

RR,

parameters

frequencies

future)

analysiS

T,

charts

type

SERVICES,

by

meteorological

near

scale,

Nairobi

in

of

summaries,

statistical

anomalies,

Climate-related

DMC

anomalies,

CUCOM

at

empirical

analyses

CLICOM CLICOM

simple

CLICOM

CLICOM only

but

means,

(CLICOM

weather'

means,

venture

NON-REAL-TIME

None None National, National,

National

National

None Joint National, National National, National,

None National, National+ Global,

National

Regional

GDPS

IT

Centre

Chileka Conakry Cotonou REGION! Abidjan Algiers Khartoum Seychelles Cairo Libreville Lame Niamey Moroni Dakar Douala Kampala Tunis Kiga!i AbuDhabi

Bangkok

Colombo

REGION.

Bahrain

Beijing

Dhaka

~ ~

< <

~ ~ ~ ~

"' "'

-

model model

India India

RR RR

RR RR

on on

T, T,

outlooks outlooks

reg. reg.

parameters parameters

annual annual

SOI SOI

mult. mult.

analog analog

USA USA

rainfall rainfall

on on

seasonal seasonal

days, days,

days days

d;,tys d;,tys

days days

on on

P P

methods, methods,

30 30

30 30

30 30

30 30

study, study,

based based

T, T,

analysis analysis

for for

90-day 90-day

for for

for for

for for

regression, regression,

stat.+analog, stat.+analog,

as as

as as

as as as as

ENSO ENSO

Statistical Statistical

Same Same

None None

None None

None None

None None

Multi. Multi.

None None

None None

None None

None None

Comments Comments

None None

None None

Stat. Stat.

Same Same

None None

Emplstat. Emplstat.

Same Same

Same Same

Emp., Emp.,

hemis. hemis.

T T

means means

surf. surf.

ENSO ENSO

RR RR

northern northern

RR RR

of of

for for

India India

T, T,

on on

SST, SST,

-

SST, SST,

P P

on on

reg. reg.

T, T,

study study

with with

M. M.

index, index,

analog, analog,

parameters parameters

+ +

outlooks outlooks

SOl SOl

rainfall rainfall

geop., geop.,

zonal zonal

hPa hPa

on on

for for

statistical, statistical,

climatological climatological

statistical statistical

30-day 30-day

cprrelation cprrelation

bPa, bPa,

500 500

methods, methods,

discrimin.) discrimin.)

based based

and and

analysis analysis

and and

methods methods

regression, regression,

500 500

stat., stat.,

of of

+ +

(linear (linear

daysNWP daysNWP

Statistical Statistical

15 15

Stat. Stat.

Statistical Statistical

None None

None None

Emp. Emp.

None None

None None

Regressional Regressional None None

None None

Comments Comments

NWP/emp./stat. NWP/emp./stat.

None None

None None

Synoptic Synoptic

Analogue Analogue

None None

Climatological, Climatological,

Multiple Multiple

Study Study

None None

etc. etc.

type type

P, P,

cir. cir.

MSL MSL

gen. gen.

temperature temperature

Geop., Geop.,

freq. freq.

temp. temp.

surface surface

SST, SST,

Wrnd, Wrnd,

geop., geop.,

and and

RR RR

hPa, hPa,

a a

hPa, hPa,

T, T,

hP hP

200 200

100 100

to to

Pot., Pot.,

500 500

hPa, hPa,

up up

Vel. Vel.

diagnoses­

lev. lev.

500 500

statistics statistics average,

frequencies frequencies

products, products,

parameters parameters

OLR, OLR,

stand. stand.

press., press.,

anomalies anomalies

anomalies anomalies

monthly monthly

SST, SST,

on on

scale, scale,

request) request)

regioilal regioilal

on on

and and

summaries, summaries,

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Toulouse Lagged aver. NWP T42, T, Geop., W,Horn. Gl~b. Vilnius Zurich Based on ECMWF outputs None None

Abbreviations: MSL- Mean sea level; OLR- Outgoing long-wave radiation; RH- Relative humidity; RR- Precipitation; SLP""""'Sea-level pressure; SST- Sea-surface temperature; T- Temperature; V- Zonal wind component; V- Meridional wind component; W -Vertical Velocity; P - Pressore

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Prague Toulouse CHAPTER IV

THE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM (GTS)

CONTENTS

Page

GENERAL ...... IV-3

STATE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GTS ...... IV-3 Main Telecommunication Network (MTN) ...... IV-3 Regional meteorological telecommunication networks (RMTNs) IV-3 National meteorological telecommunication networks (NMTNs) IV-4 Collection of ships' weather reports ...... IV-4 Satellite-based data collection/dissemination systems ...... IV-4

CONCLUSIONS ...... IV-5

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... IV-5

ANNEXES: Annex I Implementation of the Global Telecommunication System ...... IV-7 Annex 11 Status of implementation of MTN circuits and plans ...... IV -14 Annex Ill Implementation of point-to-point GTS circuits ...... IV-17 Annex IV Present state of the operation of radio broadcasts by WMCs/RTHs ...... IV-18 Annex V List of automated centres ...... IV -19 Annex VI Results of surveys on the telecommunication means used for the collection of reports from stations included in the RBSNs at national collecting centres ...... IV-20 Annex VII: Collection of ships' weather reports ...... IV-21

THE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM (GTS)

GENERAL and replaced by more efficient techniques, in particular satel­ lite-based distribution systems. I. The WWW Plan for 1992-1995, adopted by Resolu­ tion 2 (Cg-XI), specifies the purpose and principles of the STATE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GTS Global Telecommunication System (GTS) as well as the Main Telecommunication Network (MTN) objectives and implementation of the GTS plan in order to 6. The Main Telecommunication Network (MTN) consists raise its level of effectiveness and the homogeneity of its oper­ of 23 point-to-point circuits linking together three WMCs and ation. The purpose of the GTS is primarily to provide 15 designated RTHs which are as follows: communication services for the rapid and reliable collection, exchange and distribution of the required observational data WMCs: Melbourne, Moscow and Washington; (particularly GOS data), as well as processed information RTHs: Algiers, Beijing, Bracknell, Brasilia, Buenos from WMCs, RSMCs and other centres operating within the Aires, Cairo, Dakar, Jeddah, Nairobi, New GDPS, with a view to meeting Members' operational and Delhi, Offenbach, Prague, Sofia, Tokyo, and research needs in real or quasi-real time. Toulouse. 2. The GTS also gives telecommunication support for the All MTN circuits are in operation. The latest information con­ implementation of other WMO programmes, joint pro­ cerning the present operational status of individual circuits grammes with other international organizations and and plans for further upgrading is given in Annex I!. environmental progranunes as decided by the WMO Congress or the Executive Council. 7. Nineteen MTN circuits are telephone-type circuits oper­ ating at a data-signalling rate of 9600 bit/s or higher using 3. To meet these requirements, the WWW Plan calls for multiplexing facilities. The X.25 procedures which permit the the establishment and operation of an integrated system of exchange of data in binary form (for example CRIB or BUFR point-to-point circuits, data collection and data distribution code form) are implemented on thirteen circuits of the MTN. systems, and meteorological telecommunication centres oper­ ated by WMO Members and mainly organized on a 8. All MTN centres are automated. three-level basis, namely: Regional meteorological telecommunication networks (a) The Main Telecommunication Network (MTN); (RMTNs) (b) The regional meteorological telecommunication net­ 9. The regional meteorological telecommunication net­ works (RMTNs); works in the six Regions consist of an integrated system of circuits, satellite-based systems and radio broadcasts in accor­ (c) The national meteorological telecommunication net­ dance with the regional telecommunication plans established works (NMTNs). by the regional associations. The present plans of the networks 4. Within this framework, the major telecommunication comprise 246 main regional and regional circuits, and 22 functions are carried out by the following types of centre: inter-regional circuits. (The definitions of the various types of circuit are given in the Manual on the GTS.) In addition to the (a) World Meteorological Centres (WMCs); telecommunication centres on the Main Telecommunication (b) Regional Telecommunication Hubs (RTHs); Network (all of which have regional functions), the regional meteorological telecommunication networks also require the (c) Regional/Specialized Meteorological Centres (RSMCs) establishment and operation for telecommunication purposes not associated with RTHs; of 15 RTHs, six RSMCs not associated with RTHs, and 148 (d) National Meteorological Centres (NMCs), or centres NMCs or centres with similar functions. with similar functions. I 0. The present status of the implementation of the main 5. The Main Telecommunication Network and regional regional, regional and inter-regional point-to-point circuits meteorological telecommunication networks are illustrated called for in the GTS plan is included in Annex Ill. Out of the diagrammatically in Annex I as presently planned and imple­ 268 main regional, regional and inter-regional circuits called mented. They are based on the operation of three WMCs, 30 for in the GTS plan, 220 circuits have been established; the RTHs, six RSMCs not associated with RTHs and 148 NMCs percentage of implementation is therefore 82 per cent. or centres with similar functions. In addition, a number of 11. These 220 main regional, regional and inter-regional RTHs/RSMCs provide radio-teleprinter and radio-facsimile circuits have been established as follows: broadcasts of observational data and processed information. In many parts of the world, these provide the main sources of (a) Seventy-seven (35 per cent of the 220 established cir­ information, in particular facsimile information, for many cen­ cuits) are leased telephone-type circuits. Thirty-seven tres. In some areas, such broadcasts have been discontinued are now operating at 9600 bit/s using multiplexing IV-4 THE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM (GTS)

facilities and 40 others are operating at data-signalling Collection of reports through INMARSAT Coast Earth rates higher than 1200 bit/s. The X.25 procedures which Stations (CESs) permit the exchange of data in binary form (e.g. CRIB or BUFR code form) are implemented on 20 of these 16. Three INMARSAT Coast Earth Stations covering the circuits; Atlantic Ocean region, three covering the Indian Ocean region and four others covering the Pacific Ocean region are accept­ (b) One hundred and fourteen (52 per cent of the 220 estab­ ing weather reports from ships equipped with earth lished circuits) are leased telegraphic circuits operating stations (SESs) without charge to the ships. The number at a low data-signalling rate (generally 50 or 75 bauds, of Voluntary Observing Ships equipped with SES increased in some cases 100 or 200 bauds); from 360 in 1984, to I 161 in 1988 and to 2 947 in 1992; 40 (c) 1\venty-nine (13 per cent of the 220 established circuits) per cent of the Voluntary Observing Ships are thus equipped are HF circuits operating at a low data-signalling rate with SES. (50 or 75 bands). Most of these HF circuits are located in Region I. Satellite-based data collection/dissemination systems 12. A summary of the information concerning the present 17. Special satellite-based data collection and dissemination implementation of WMC/RTH radio broadcasts is given in systems with global and multi-regional coverage are playing Annex IV. 1\venty RTT broadcasts and 26 radio-facsimile an increasing role within the World Weather Watch at the broadcasts are operating to disseminate observational data and global, regional and national levels of the GTS. This is parti­ processed information. The use of satellite-based distribution cularly true in those geographical areas where conventional systems, such as the METEOSAT data distribution system telecommunications cannot provide the cost-effective services (MDD), is developing as a complementary means to the point­ required by Members. to-point circuits. 18. These systems are based on both public satellite-based 13. With a view to meeting the needs of ever-increasing communication services, such as INMARSAT mentioned volumes of traffic, calling for greater speeds in the relay of above, and data-collection missions of environmental obser­ data, a number of RTHs and RSMCs, and NMCs or centres vation geostationary and polar-orbiting satellites. All with similar functions, have automated their telecommunica­ environmental observation geostationary satellites have the tion functions or have plans to do so. The present status of the capability to collect messages from Data Collection Platforms implementation of automation of centres in each Region is (DCPs), which may be installed anywhere within the commun­ summarized in Annex V. This shows that 30 RTHs (including ication range of the satellite; they may be fixed or mobile and three WMCs and fifteen RTHs located on the MTN) and 59 are generally self-timed and transmit data at pre-determined NMCs or RSMCs (not associated with RTHs) are automated. times (e.g. soon after the standard times of observation for syn­ optic observations). The DCP messages are collected at the main earth stations of satellite operators and made available, as National meteorological telecommunication networks required, on the GTS. Users may also set up their own ground (NMTNs) stations for the acquisition of DCP messages from the satellite, 14. The national meteorological telecommunication net­ either directly or through a satellite-based retransmission sys­ work in each country is established to meet the needs of that tem. In addition to the data-collection service provided within country for the collection and distribution of meteorological the area covered by each meteorological geostationary satellite, data. A survey, concerning the national telecommunication the International Data Collection System (IDCS), operated means used to collect observational reports from stations through the satellites GOES (USA), GMS (Japan) and included in the regional basic synoptic network (RBSN), was METEOSAT (EUMETSAT), provides a global coverage carried out in 1990 and 1992. A summary of the results is (except for polar and very high latitude locations) for the col­ included in Annex VI. The WMO Secretariat received infor­ lection of data from DCPs on ships, aircraft or balloons which mation concerning 81 per cent of the stations included in the may move from the radio view of one geostationary satellite to RBSN. From this survey, it can be noted that leased point-to­ another. The IDCS is particularly used by the AMDAR pro­ point circuits are used for 29 per cent of the stations, public gramme for the collection of meteorological observations from switched network for 40 per cent, DCPs for five per cent and aircraft, and by the ASAP programme, for the collection of HF circuits for 23 per cent. upper-air observations from ships. The Operational WWW Systems Evaluation in Africa (OWSE-Africa) has been orga­ Collection of ships' weather reports nized to obtain precise information about the impact on the operation of the WWW of operating DCPs and associated Collection of reports through coast stations reception systems for mitigating deficiencies in the regional telecommunication network with regard to national data collec­ 15. Through conventional HF radio communications, 327 tion and transmission from NMCs to RTHs. coast stations are accepting ships' weather reports without charge to ships, according to the information available from 19. The polar orbiting meteorological TIROS-type satellites WMO Publication No. 9, Volume D. Annex VII shows the have a data-collection system to receive, store and relay data distribution of coast stations in each WMO Region. from fixed or mobile platforms. This capability is used by the Service Argas for the collection of data from platforms, and THE GLOBAL TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEM (GTS) IV-5 determination of their location by Doppler methods. The (c) Terminal facilities and appropriate communication links observations, received in particular from drifting buoys,.are atNMCs; collected and processed in two centres (one in France, one in (d) Enhanced capability for distribution of products; for USA), and inserted into the GTS by RTH Toulouse and.WMC example via satellite-based point-to-multipoint distribu­ Washington, respectively. Local terminals can also be installed tion systems; by users to speed up the reception of information from a more limited area. (e) Improved use of satellite-based data collection systems. 20. In addition to the provision of cloud imagery and 23. Members' constant efforts have resulted in good sounding data directly to earth stations, dealt with in Chap­ progress in the further implementation and upgrading of GTS ter 11- Global Observing System- some environmental circuits, and in the automation of centres of the GTS (RTHs observation geostationary satellites have the capability of dis­ and NMCs). The capacity of the MTN has been increased sig­ tributing meteorological information. Selected processed nificantly through the further introduction of CCITT V.29 information from major forecasting centres is distributed in modems (9600 bit/s) and higher speeds as well as X.25 com­ chart form on the WEFAX channel (GOES, METEOSAT). munication procedures, and all RTHs on the MTN are The METEOSAT operational programme includes a service automated. Nevertheless, three MTN circuits are still operat­ for distribution of data and information in alphanumeric and ing at low speed. coded digital facsimile form, called Meteorological Data 24. The efficiency and reliability of Regional Meteoro­ Distribution (MDD) which became operational in 1992. The logical Telecommunication Networks (RMTNs) have also MDD mission is expected to contribute greatly to overcoming improved through the steady replacement of radio-HF circuits the existing deficiencies in Africa with respect to availability by satellite/cable circuits and the upgrading of the capacity of of data and products in NMCs; the MDD mission is ihe object the circuits. Since 1990, six radio-HF circuits have been of an evaluation within OWSE-AF. replaced by cable/satellite circuits and X.25 procedures have 21. Some countries (e.g. Brazil, Canada, France, USA) have been implemented on eight circuits. However, 53 per cent the implemented national satellite-based point-to-multipoint com­ circuits called for in the RMTN plans are still operating at low munication systems for the distribution of meteorological data speed (50-200 bauds) and 18 per cent have not yet been and products on a national basis, using services provided implemented; much remains to be done to meet the require­ by public (commercial) telecommunication satellites. ments of Members for basic and processed information. Furthermore, the possibility of establishing international satel­ 25. It is expected that the introduction of satellite-based data lite-based telecommunication systems, for distribution of collection and data distribution systems in the GTS as a meteorological information and, in some cases, two-way complementary means to the point-to-point circuits, will con­ transmissions, on a regional/multi-regional basis, is under con­ tribute to a significant upgrading of the GTS operations. sideration in some Regions. BIBLIOGRAPHY CONCLUSIONS I. WMO-No. 9: Weather Reporting. Volume C - 22. The WWW Programme for 1992-1995 calls for the fol­ Transmissions lowing implementation objectives for the GTS: 2. WMO-No. 386: Manual on the Global Telecom­ munication System (a) Upgraded MTN capacity to transport the global data set and processed information required, within agreed time 3. WMO-No. 761: The World Weather Watch Programme limits; 1992-2001 -Third WMO Long-term Plan, Part 11, Volume 1 (b) Upgraded relay and selection capabilities of RTHs to collect, exchange and distribute selective data and pro­ 4. WMO-No. 753: The World Weather Watch- Fifteenth cessed information; Status Report on Implementation

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MainRil!lionaiCircuits MainRil!lionaiCircuits

lnterregionalCircuits lnterregionalCircuits

RegionaiCirctJi!s RegionaiCirctJi!s

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cl.rdades cl.rdades

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BRACKNELL BRACKNELL

specia specia

lirnites. lirnites.

------

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r r

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ANNEX 11

STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF MTN CIRCUITS AND PLANS

I. The status of implementation of MTN circuits and plans are given in following tables under columns (a) to (h). For each circuit identified by its two ends in column (a), the tables include two lines: the present status is given in the first line and the plan(s) in the second line.

2. The type of GTS circuit is given in column (b): - A: For circuits of the Main Telecommunication Network (MTN). 3. The constitution of the circuit is given in column (c): Cab: For cable circuits; HF: For HF circuits; Sat: For satellite circuits.

4. For circuits on which several channels are multiplexed, the total speed of the circuit is given in column (d).

5. For the circuit or for each channel of the multiplexed circuits, the following information is provided in four columns under (e) to (g):

(i) Speed transmission;

(ii) Type of data exchanged: A: For alphanumerical data; A+B: For alphanumerical and binary data; - CDF: For coded digital facsimile (code T4); CDFA: For coded digital facsimile (code A); D: For alphanumerical and/or binary data; NCDF: For non-coded digital facsimile; R: For radar data;

(iii) Procedures: LAPB: For only operation of the physical and link layer of X.25 procedures; X.25: For operation of the three layers of X.25 procedures (physical, link and packet layers); WMOH: For WMO error-control procedures based on the hardware system; WMOS: For WMO error-control procedures based on the software system; (iv) In case of use of X.25 procedures, number and type of virtual circuits.

6. Remarks are given in column (h). ANNEX!! IV-15

STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF MTN CIRCUITS AND PLANS (cant' d)

' ' ' ' (a) ' ' ' (e) ' :I b) :(c) :(d) ' (j) (g) (h) Circuit ' ' ' Channel A/Canal A :channelB/CanalB Channel C/Canal C RemariW ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Remarques ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Algiers- 'A' :cab :9600 4800 CDF :2400 A X.25 2400 On channel A, ' ' ' ' ' ' ' use of Code A ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' forCDF ' ' ' ' Toulouse ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Beijing- A 1 Sat :9600 4800 NCDF :2400 D X.25 I VC 2400 ' ' ' Offenbach ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Beijing- A :Sat' :9600' 4800 NCDF :4800' A LAPB Tokyo ' '' ' ' ' ' Bracknell- A ':cab :9600' 4800 NCDF ']2400 A+B X.25 2400 Moscow '' ' '' ' Bracknell- A 64000' 4800 CDF X.25 ''4800 D X.25 2400 R NCDF exchanged on two additional channels at 4800 bit/s Toulouse

Bracknell- A ~4000 9600 A+B X.25 2PVC ,4800 CDF X.25 Washington ' ' ' ' ' ' Brasilia- A ]' Sat :9600' 4800 A X.25 1 Pvc:4800' Washington ' A+B 2Pvc: CDF X.25 ' ' ' ' ' ' Buenos Aires A Sat 'j9600 4800 A X.25 I PVC :4800' Washington ' A+B 2Pvc: CDF X.25 ' ' ' ' Cairo- ' ' A Cab ' 100 A ' Moscow ' ' X.25 ' ' ' ' Cairo- A HF ' 75 A ' Operational ' ' ' ' difficulties ' ' Nairobi ' ' X.25 ' ' ' ' ' ' Cairo- ' ' A Sat ' 100 A ' ' ' New Delhi ' ' X.25 ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' Dakar- A j Sat :9600 4800 CDF :2400 D X.25 2400 On channel A, ' ' ' use of codes A ' ' ' ' ' ' and T4 for CDF ' ' ' Toulouse ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' IV-16 ANNEXII

STATUS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF MTN CIRCUITS AND PLANS (cont'd)

(a) (e) (f) (g) (h) Circuit Channel NCanal A Channel B/Canal B Channel C/Canal C Remarks/ Remarques

Jeddah- 2400 D X.25 1 PVC 2400 Offenbach

Melbourne- 4800 A+B X.25 2 PVC Tokyo

Moscow- 2400 A LAPB Use ofX.25 ' ' procedures New Delhi : 9600 4800 D 4800NCDF ' Moscow- Cab: 9600 2400 NCDF 2400 A LAPB 2400 Prague ' X.25 ' ' ' Moscow- Cab:' 9600 4800 NCDF 2400 A WMOS 2400

Sofia ' X.25 ' ' ' Nairobi- Sat:' 9600 2400 NCDF 2400 A LAPB 2400

Offenbach . ' X.25 ' ' New Delhi- Sat:' 9600 4800 NCDF X.25 4800 D X.25 Tokyo ' Offenbach- Cab:' 9600 4800 NCDF 2400 A LAPB 2400 Prague ' X.25 I VC ' ' Offenbach- :64000 4800 CDFA 2400NCDF 9600 D X.25 Radar data ex .. changed on add . . ' ' X.25 channel at 4800 bit/s Toulouse

Prague­ 2400 NCDF 2400 A WMOH 2400 NCDF Sofia: X.25

Tokyo­ 4800 NCDF X.25 1 4800 A+B X.25 2 PVC Washington· IV-17

ANNEX Ill

IMPLEMENTATION OF POINT-TO-POINT GTS CIRCUITS

(January 1993)

Telecommunication means G Circuits Implemented T called for in circuits Satellite/cable/microwave HF Radio s the GTS plan Telephone Telegraphic type

MTN 23 23 20 2 1 Region I 83 59 2 32 25 Region I! 48 38 11 23 4 Region Ill 16 12 1 11 0 Region IV 36 34 22 12 0 Region V 14 13 4 9 0 Region VI 49 45 29 16 0 Inter-regional circuits 22 19 8 11 0

Total 291 243 97 116 30 IV-18

ANNEX IV

PRESENT STATE OF THE OPERATION OF RADIO BROADCASTS BY WMCsfRTHs

(January 1993)

Radio-teleprinter Radiojacsimile WMO Regional Association broadcasts broadcasts

Centres Number of Centres Number of broadcasts broadcasts

I- Africa Algiers I Cairo I Brazzaville I Dakar I Cairo I Nairobi I Dakar I Kano I Nairobi I

I!-Asia Bangkok I Bangkok I Beijing I Beijing I Jeddab I Jeddab 2 Khabarovsk I Khabarovsk 1 New Delhi 2 New Delhi I Novosibirsk I Novosibirsk 2 Tashkent I Tashkent 2 Tehran I Tehran I Tokyo I Tokyo 2

Ill - South America Buenos Aires I

IV- North and Central America

V - South-West Pacific Melbourne I Wellington I

VI-Europe Bracknell I Bracknell 2 Moscow 2 Moscow 2 Rome I Offenbach I Prague I Rome I IV-19

ANNEX V

LIST OF AUTOMATED CENTRES

(January 1993)

WMO Regional Association WMCs/RTHs RSMCs/NMCs

!-Africa Algiers Antananarivollvato Libreville Brazzaville Abidjan Lome Cairo Addis Ababa N'Djamena Casablanca Bamako Nouakchott Dakar Banjul Ouagadougou Nairobi Cotonou Saint Denis Niamey Douala Tunis

II- Asia Bangkok Tashkent Bahrain Karachi Beijing Tokyo Colombo Male/Hulule Jeddah Dhaka Pyongyang Khabarovsk Do ha Seoul New Delhi Hanoi Tehran Novosibirsk Hong Kong Ulaanbaatar

III- South America Brasilia Maracay Montevideo Buenos Aires Santiago

IV- North and Central America Washington Guadeloupe Miami Mattinique San Jose Mexico City Montreal!Toronto

V- South-West Pacific Melbourne Brunei Noumea Wellington Jakatta Singapore Kuala Lumpur Tahiti FAAA Nadi

VI-Europe Bracknell Ankara Dublin Moscow Athens ECMWF Norrkiiping Belgrade Helsinki Offenbach BetDagan Lisbon Paris Brussels Madrid Prague Bucarest Oslo Rome Budapest Reykjavik Sofia Copenhagen Warsaw Vienna De Bill Zurich 0 .C.

<

(40%)

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(21%)

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140

105

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75

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Public 1993)

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ANNEX

was

(January

RBSNs

THE

information

IN

(percentage**)

(20%)

(30%)

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(19%)

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(cable,

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Number

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TELECOMMUNICATION

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217

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%)

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was

OF

of

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(90%)

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number

number

(percentage*)

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total total

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RESULTS

information

of

116

RBSNsforwhich 346

296

755

509 226 the

the

I

3248

Number

of

of

Percentage Percentage

V1

RAI RA RAil RAIII TOTAL RAIV RAY

**

*

'

I IV-21

ANNEX VII

COLLECTION OF SHIPS' WEATHER REPORTS

(January 1993)

1. Distribution of coast stations

Region Number of coast stations I 53 I! 43 Ill 25 IV 59 V 37 VI 105 Antarctic 5 Total 327

2. Distribution of INMARSAT Coast Earth Stations accepting ships' reports without charge to ships

(a) Atlantic Ocean region:

Goonhilly (United Kingdom) P1eumeur-Bodou (France) Southbury (USA)

(b) Indian Ocean region:

Jeddah (Saudi Arabia) Perth (Australia) Thermopy1ae (Greece)

(c) Pacific Ocean region:

lbaraki (Japan) Perth (Australia) Santa Paula (USA) Singapore (Singapore)

Note: Infonnation on the areas from which ships' weather reports are accepted is given in WMO Publication No. 9, Volume D.

3. Number of Voluntary Observing Ships (VOS) equipped with SES 1984-1992

Year Total number of VOS Number of VOS with SES

1984 7 690 360 (5%) 1988 7202 I 161 (16%) 1992 7 362 2947 (40%)

CHAPTER V

WWW DATA MANAGEMENT, INCLUDING MONITORING THE OPERATION OF THE WWW

CONTENTS

Page

GENERAL ...... V-3

STATE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WWWfDM ...... V-3 Status of meteorological database facilities ...... V-3 Status of qualitative and quantitative data monitoring ...... V-3 Status of implementation of the data representation forms ...... V-4

CONCLUSIONS ...... V-4

MONITORING THE OPERATION OF THE WORLD WEATHER WATCH ...... V-4 General ...... V-4 Internationally co-ordinated non-real-time monitoring ...... V-5 Specific monitoring on the exchange of Antarctic meteorological data ...... V -6 Discrepancies in the availability of data reported by MNT centres ...... V -6 Deficiencies in the operation of the WWW ...... V--6

CONCLUSIONS ...... V--6

BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... V-6

ANNEXES: Annex I Summary of the results of the annual global monitoring of the operation of the WWW- availability of observational data on the MTN ...... V-7 Annex !I Average numbers of reports received daily at MTN centres from stations comprising the RBSNs during the annual global monitoring ...... V-8 Annex Ill Distribution of stations and reports of the RBSNs ...... V-9 Annex IV Number of stations included in the RBSNs from which no SYNOP or TEMP (Part A) reports were received at MTN centres ...... V-15

Annex V Timeliness of reception of SYNOP and TEMP (Part A) reports at MTN centres ...... V-16 Annex VI Availability of Antarctic data on the MTN ...... V-18

WWW DATA MANAGEMENT, INCLUDING MONITORING THE OPERATION OF THE WWW

GENERAL 6. Approximately 80 per cent of the Members reported 1. According to the Third Long-term Plan, 1992-2001, the operating some type of database management system for at WWW Data Management (WWWDM) is the component least one of the following data bases: telecommunications (50 within the WWW system which provides the support func­ per cent); synoptic (60 per cent); product (40 per cent); clima­ tions needed for the orderly overall management of tology (70 per cent); and image (30 per cent). Most of the meteorological data and products of the WWW system, the computer programmes used (75 per cent) were developed most economical use of resources, and for monitoring the specially for specific applications with the remainder (25 per operation of the WWW systems with respect to data and prod­ cent) being commercially acquired. uct availability and quality, The underlying principle is the 7. Nearly one-half of the Members indicated operating improved integration of facilities, services and functions of the databases for graphical information/imagery. Approximately WWW components GOS, GTS and GDPS into an efficient 45 per cent of these databases were used for satellite data, 30 system conceived as a comprehensive entity. per cent for charts, 20 per cent for radar data, and seven per 2. The main long-term objectives are: cent for other types of data. (a) To integrate fully WWW operations and monitoring 8. Twenty national centres indicated using some form of activities, including methods to correct deficiencies in data representation for storing graphical information in the the WWW system; databases. Only one Member indicated using the FM 94 BUFR data representation form, another using the GRIB form, (b) To establish common procedures for management and another using Computer Graphics Metafile and two others handling of data and products within the WWW system using the T4 form. Eighteen Members use some other data in order to meet Members' individual requirements representation form. Canada, for example, uses binary bit efficiently; maps for storing satellite and radar data. (c) To co-ordinate and support Data Management activities 9. Since the last survey two years ago, there has been a and assist Members in making the best use of relevant significant drop from about one half to one quarter of the advances in technology. respondents who rely on synoptic data received on the GTS to 3. To these ends WWW Data Management has developed build climatological archives. This is consistent with the standards, functions and services for the optimum packaging, increased computer database management capability in exchange and handling of WWW data. These have been national centres which facilitates independent access to and implemented by Members in part, or as a whole, on the GOS, management of national climatological data. GTS or GDPS as appropriate. A summary of the status of this 10. The WMO Distributed Databases (DDBs) are still in a implementation is given below. planning stage and not yet suitable for implementation. But they have made a quantum step forward during the past year STATE OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE WWWDM as CBS agreed that the DDBs should, in addition to the 4. The status of the implementation of Data Management WWW, also support new and emerging needs for data of other functions and facilities is based on responses to a question­ programmes. The DDBs have been planned to make informa­ naire that was circulated to Member countries in May 1992. A tion available concerning the nature and location of a variety total of 75 completed questionnaires related to WWW Data of meteorological and environmental data sets and to provide Management were received with the following regional break­ access to specific purpose data sets with a view to helping down: RA I- 17; RA 11- 18; RA Ill- three; RA IV- five; centres to respond better to their WWW-related needs and to RA V- nine; and RA VI- 23. tasks that are not necessarily central to WWW operations. Trials have been foreseen for the implementation of databases containing reference catalogues, TOGA data sets, etc. Status of meteorological database facilities 5. A high percentage (90 per cent) of the Members who Status of qualitative and quantitative data monitoring reported, indicated operating computer-resident databases for 11. About 70 per cent of the respondents indicated that data at least one of the following types of data: GTS messages (55 availability is monitored continuously. There is an even split per cent); synoptic data (65 per cent); NWP products (40 per in the amount of manual versus computer-supported monitor­ cent); climatological data (75 per cent); and image data ing, with some centres doing both. Most of the centres that (35 per cent). Some of the Members (15 per cent) indicated continuously monitor data availability do it at the national operating databases for all five types of data. These figures level (80 per cent) with 45 per cent at the regional level and represent an approximate doubling of the number of only ten per cent at the global level. Nearly 70 per cent of the computer-resident databases when compared to answers to a Members indicated that they participate in the WMO global similar question two years ago. annual monitoring activity. V-4 WWW DATA MANAGEMENT, INCLUDING MONITORING THE OPERATION OF THE WWW

12. Almost 70 per cent of the Members indicated perform­ another is shown in the table below. From this table it can be ing quality control on data received on the GTS with just over seen that at those few national centres performing conversions one half of these using computer-supported procedures and a there are approximately twice as many character-codes­ few using both manual and computer-supported procedures. to-BUFR and GRID-to-CRIB conversions as any other type. About 90 per cent perform quality control on data received on Also, slightly more conversions are done on GDPS computers the national telecommunications circuits with a close to even than on telecommunications or dedicated computers. split in manual versus computer-supported procedures and several centres use both. More than one half of those perform­ CONCLUSIONS ing quality control do so in a real-time compared to a 17. Continued progress in the data management capability non-real-time mode and some do both. at WWW centres is advancing the integration ofWWW activ­ ities. Nearly all (90 per cent) of the 75 Members who Status of implementation of the data representation forms responded to a questionnaire indicated operating some type of 13. In 1992, 31 national centres responded in the affirma­ computer-resident database and approximately one half now tive to at least one of the nine questions relating to the use of operate some type of database management system. Although WMO binary representation forms in this section. This repre­ only 42 per cent indicated some usage of the efficient binary sents a significant increase from 1990 when only 14 national data representation forms for data exchange on the GTS centres indicated the use of binary codes for data exchange on and/or internal data handling, this represents a significant the GTS and/or internal data handling. increase from 17 per cent in 1990.

14. Only 12 national centres indicated receiving/transmit­ MONITORING THE OPERATION OF THE WORLD ting GTS bulletins containing data in BUFR form, 14 in CRIB WEATHER WATCH format and four indicated using Computer Graphics Metafile for exchanging graphical information. General 18. The objective of the monitoring activities is to assess 15. The WWW is now in an open-ended transition period the performance of the WWW, particularly the efficiency and from character-based code forms to binary representation effectiveness of the operation of the three main elements (the forms. As BUFR and CRIB cannot replace all the WMO char­ GOS, the GDPS and the GTS) on a national, regional and acter-based codes in the short term, because there are simply global level. The main purpose of the monitoring activities is too many character-oriented communication lines in use on to identify shortcomings so that corrective action can be taken. the GTS, conversion between character-based formats and the binary representation forms is necessary. Regional centres col­ 19. The monitoring items specified in the monitoring plan lect individual observations from an assortment of observation are as follows: sites, combine them, convert them to the BUFR format, and pass them to national or international centres for world-wide (a) Regularity of observations; distribution. At the same time these regional centres are (b) Quality of observational data and correct coding; encouraged to use their computing infra-structure to decode and display gridded fields transmitted in CRIB code and pass (c) Completeness and timeliness of collection of observa­ them along to centres not yet capable of receiving or handling tional data at the NMC concerned; CRIB. Rather than having each centre develop its own com­ (d) Adherence to WMO standard codes and telecommuni­ puter code for the manipulation of BUFR and CRIB messages, cation procedures; plans are being developed for ideally one, or at most a few centres to take on the responsibility for the development and (e) Collection of observational data at RTHs and WMCs; maintenance of such software. (j) Exchange of data and processed information on the 16. The number of national centres that indicated that they regional meteorological telecommunication networks were performing conversions from one code or form to and the Main Telecommunication Network;

Type of conversion www Telecommunication GDPS(NWP) Dedicated centres computer computer computer

Character codes to BUFR 12 4 4 4 BUFR to character codes 6 2 3 I GRID to CRIB 11 3 7 3 GRID to T4 5 4 3 CRIB to GRID 6 2 3 I CRIB to T4 4 0 3 2 Note : Some centres perform conversions on more than one computer WWW DATA MANAGEMENT, INCLUDING MONITORING THE OPERATION OF THE WWW Y.-5

(g) Evaluation of the observations and processed informa­ 25. The availability of SYNOP and TEMP (Part A) reports tion received at NMCs, RSMCs and WMCs in respect at MTN centres during the 1990, 1991 and 1992 annual global of their data needs. monitoring periods is given in Annex ll. The overall availabil­ ity of SYNOP reports reported by MTN centres has steadily plan for monitoring the operation of the WWW 20. The increased over the three last years while the availability of includes real-time and non-real-time monitoring activities. TEMP repmts is nearly similar over the two last years after an Real-time monitoring is the term used to describe monitoring increase from 1990 to 1991. It should be noted that the more which is carried out quickly enough to allow remedial action extensive use of computer-based methods for carrying out the in time to be of value in day-to-day meteorological to be taken annual global monitoting has significantly improved the mon­ is the term used to describe work. Non-real-time monitoring itoring procedures, and, as a direct consequence, the accuracy which is carried out over a specific time period monitoring of the analysis. These improvements should therefore be taken requires the preparation of summaries and various and which into account when comparing the results of 1992 with those of for monitoring the opera­ statistics. The basic responsibilities previous years. tion of the WWW rest with WMO Members. 26. Annex Ill shows the geographical distribution of: comprising the RBSNs; Internationally co-ordinated non-real-time monitoring (a) The stations (b) SYNOP and Parts A of TEMP reports expected in co-ordinated non-real-time monitor­ 21. The internationally accordance with the information given in WMO called "annual global monitoring", is carried ing, which is also Publication No. 9, Volume A; out every year to check the availability of meteorological data for global exchange. The global data set which is monitored (c) SYNOP and Parts A of TEMP reports actually received includes: at MTN centres.

(a) SYNOP, TEMP, PILOT, CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP This annex shows that the geographical distribution of the reports from stations comprising the RBSNs; reports is far from being homogeneous and that data are scarce from certain areas. (b) SHIP, DRIFTER, AI REP, AMDAR, and BATHYffESAC 27. The number of "silent stations" - stations from which reports for global exchange. no reports were received at MTN centres- is given in 22. Monitoring results were received from 82 Members in Annex IV. The expected reports from these silent stations rep­ 1992. Automated centres generally carried out the annual resent a significant patt of the total number of missing reports: from 1 to 15 October; the manually oper­ global monitoring (a) Five hundred and twenty-two stations were silent out the monitoring from 1 to 5 October. ated centres carried stations for SYNOP repmts, representing 13 per cent of centres provided their monitoring results on Twenty-eight the SYNOP reports required from RBSNs; floppy disks in compliance with the recommended procedures and formats. The availability of data on the MTN was (b) One hundred and eighty-one stations were silent analysed by comparing the availability of data at seven MTN stations for Parts A of TEMP reports, representing 20 centres which provided their monitoring results on floppy per cent of the TEMP reports required from RBSNs. disks. 28. As regards timeliness in receiving observational data, 23. A summary of the results of the 1992 annual global the availability of SYNOP and Parts A of TEMP reports monitoring relating to SYNOP reports and Parts A of TEMP within specified hours after observation times is shown in and PILOT reports is given in Annex I. The tables show the Annex V. It can be noted that: of reports required from the RBSNs, the target number (a) About seven per cent of the expected SYNOP reports in WMO­ number of reports expected to be made as indicated arrived more than one hour after the observation time; No. 9, Volume A, and the actual number of reports received at MTN centres. (b) Nearly all received TEMP reports arrived within two hours of observation time. 24. From Annex I, it can be noted that: 29. In October 1992, MTN centres have received I 094 of the required SYNOP reports from the (a) Ninety per cent CLIMAT reports and 465 CLIMAT TEMP reports. These were expected according to Volume A, while RBSNs reports correspond to about 30 per cent and 53 per cent of actually received at MTN centres; 71 per cent were CLIMAT and CLIMAT TEMP reports respectively which (b) Seventy-nine per cent of the required Parts A of TEMP should have been received from RBSN stations. were expected according to Volume A, while reports 30. MTN centres received each day during the annual per cent were actually received at MTN centres. 65 global monitoring period an average of about: The unavailability of reports expected from stations imple­ mented in accordance with the information given in Volume A (a) 3 000 SHIP reports; deficiencies in the operation of the GOS (e.g. suspen­ is due to (b) 2 300 DRIFTER reports; sion of observing programmes) and the GTS (e.g. suspension of transmission on circuits). (c) 130 BATHY /TESAC reports; V-6 WWW DATA MANAGEMENT, INCLUDING MONITORING THE OPERATION OF THE WWW

(d) 6 000 AI REP reports; (j) Failure in the operation of telecommunication circuits (particularly breaks in PTT circuits and poor radio­ (e) 560 ASDAR reports. electrical propagation on HF circuits); Specific monitoring on the exchange of Antarctic meteoro­ (g) Non-adherence to the telecommunication procedures as logical data prescribed in the Manual on the GTS. 31. Specific monitoring exercises on the exchange of Antarctic data were carried out in December 1989, in February 1991 and in February 1992. The summary of the CONCLUSIONS monitoring results given in Annex VI shows that the availabil­ 34. As specified in the Third Long-term Plan, Data ity of SYNOP and Parts A of TEMP reports on the MTN was Management is a new programme within the WWW system. constant over the last years: about 100 SYNOP reports and 18 The organization of this programme has been appropriately TEMP reports (Part A) were available daily at MTN centres. established to ensure the future development and implementa­ tion of the necessary data-management functions and services. Discrepancies in the availability of data reported by MTN Considerable progress has been achieved in technical and pro­ centres cedural matters related to data handling, WMO codes, use of 32. Although some significant progress has been made, the international standards and WWW system monitoring. analysis of monitoring results shows that there are still major 35. One of the basic implementation objectives of the discrepancies between MTN centres in the availability of World Weather Watch programme for the period 1992-2001 is reports issued from mobile stations (SHIP reports, AI REP to ensure the availability at WMCs, RSMCs and NMCs of reports, etc.). CBS felt that the main reasons for the discrepan­ 95 per cent of the required regional data within 1.5 hours and cies were the following: of global data within three hours of the observation time. (a) Non-compliance with standard and recommended prac­ 36. The results of the 1992 global monitoring show that the tices and procedures called for in the Manual on the availability of SYNOP and TEMP reports, which should be GTS; globally exchanged, was about 71 and 65 per cent of the target (b) Catalogue of meteorological bulletins not updated in a number of reports respectively. With a view to achieving the time I y manner; objective of the World Weather Watch Programme, there is a need to improve the operations of the World Weather Watch in (c) Deficiencies in routeing the meteorological information all the Regions. on the GTS: 37. The results of the monitoring show that there are dis­ (i) Incorrect routeing directories; crepancies in the availability of observational data at centres. (ii) Lack of flexibility in the routeing arrangements; WWW centres will be invited to undertake remedial action recommended by CBS. (d) Deficiencies in the operation of GTS centres and circuits; 38. An increasing participation of WWW centres in the (e) Differences in the implementation of monitoring proced­ monitoring activities is necessary to identify the causes of ures between centres and in particular non-compliance deficiencies in the WWW operations and the exact locations with the recommended monitoring procedures. at which they occurred. CBS agreed on action to reduce these discrepancies. 39. Data Management is advancing the integration of GOS, GDPS and GTS and will thus generate a more effective and Deficiencies in the operation of the WWW efficient WWW system. 33. The non-availability of observational data is due to defi­ ciencies in the operation of the GOS and the GTS. The following reasons for the deficiencies in the operation of the BIBLIOGRAPHY WWW were often mentioned by centres: I. WMO-No. 386: Manual on the Global Telecom­ (a) Non-implementation of surface and upper-air stations; munication System (b) Lack of staff; 2. WMO-No. 485: Manual on the Global Data-processing (c) Lack of consumables for upper-air observations; System (d) Electricity supply failures at observation stations; 3. WMO-No. 544: Manual on the Global Observing System (e) Failure of instruments used for upper-air observations and of telecommunication equipment (particularly HF WMO-No. 753: World Weather Watch- Fifteenth SSB transceivers); Status Report on Implementation V-7

ANNEX!

SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS OF THE ANNUAL GLOBAL MONITORING OF THE OPERATION OF THE WWW- AVAILABILITY OF OBSERVATIONAL DATA ON THE MTN

Monitoring period : 1-15 October 1992

Notes: The percentages are calculated with reference to RBSNs Times of observation for SYNOP reports: 00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC Times of observation for TEMP reports: 00 and 12 UTC Times of observation for PILOT reports: 00 and 12 UTC

SYNOP reports Regions Total I [[ Ill IV V VI

Number of reports required daily from RBSNs 2 796 4 696 I 352 2 288 1436 3 372 15 940 Number of reports made daily as indicated in 2 241 4540 I 032 1992 1222 3 264 14 291 Volume A Percentage of reports made as indicated in 80% 97% 76% 87% 85% 97% 90% Volume A Average number of reports received daily on 1243 3774 616 1645 994 3037 11309 theMTN Percentage of reports received 44% 80% 46% 72% 69% 90% 71%

Parts A of TEMP reports Regions Total I [[ Ill IV V VI

Number of reports required daily from RBSNs 198 648 118 306 200 284 1 754 Number of reports made daily as indicated in 91 588 55 273 125 259 I 391 Volume A Percentage of reports made as indicated in 46% 91% 47% 89% 63% 91% 79% Volume A Average number of reports received daily on 52 485 33 247 104 224 1145 theMTN Percentage of repmts received 26% 75% 28% 81% 52% 79% 65%

Parts A of PILOT reports Regions Total I [[ Ill IV V VI

Number of reports required daily from RBSNs 84 30 2 2 74 2 194 Number of reports made daily as indicated in 49 27 2 54 0 133 Volume A Percentage of reports made as indicated in 58% 90% 50% 100% 73% 0% 69% Volume A Average number of reports received daily on 12 9 1 0 33 0 55 theMTN Percentage of reports received 14% 30% 50% 0% 44% 0% 28% V-8

ANNEX I!

AVE:RAGE NUMBERS OF REPORTS RECEIVED DAILY AT MTN CENTRES FROM STATIONS COMPRISING THE RBSNs DURING THE ANNUAL GLOBAL MONITORING

Note : Times of 0bservation for SYNOP reports: 00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC Times of observation for TEMP reports: 00 and 12 UTC

SYNOP reports Regions Total Monitoring period 1 ll Ill N V VI

1-15 OCtober 1990 I 1177 3 523 631 1 216 888 2957 10 392

1-15 October 1991 2 901 3 747 678 142& I 059 3 070 10 883 1-15 October 19922 1243 3774 616 1645 994 3 037 11309

Parts A of TEMP reports Regions Total Monitoring period l 11 Ill N V VI

l-IS OCtober 199() I 50 478 20 239 82 226 I 095 1-15 October 1991 2 40 500 33 243 107 230 I 153 . 1-15 October1992 2 52 485 33 247 104 224 1145 r Number of reports received at. a MTN eentre fOr each Region 2' Number of reports received at several' MTN centres as a whole- ANNEX Ill

DISTRIBUTION OF STATIONS AND REPORTS OF THE RBSNs - Number of surface stations comprising the RBSNs in 1992

40E 60E BOE 100E 120E HOE 160E (1) 160li HOW 120li 100li BOW 60W 40W lOW 00 20E 2 q.~~~(~ v{r - . . v I F>·'~F-1. ~ • 5 BOil1_11-. ~;- = ~2,9~V1~~~:~-~-,~~ 1 =Jh~c<~h~~-2~- <.!13~._!:-z-1~1-IBON

1 B 2 61~6 B 4 7 s 41J~.d"f s 41.:::1lh4 2 617'fspl2!~"zo10l~ s 7 4 4 6 B s 3 4 ]_)=' 160N 60N 1/' ··r-e-.'.! ;--- • I ? ( F 1 t27tvh \11141s9!----4.1l4~-t""-l--2~tJ~J!fl393B3o242J2JJ2162s2424~ -jk.£13-1 Ill 1 t -:2 - !5Is 2o 2i 1J 1J llP"9- -- 11 64 67 64 34 2916 2s la la-B ~ 26 32 ..:. ~ 21 I I I 14 , r ") J n · ·' 40N 40N I _,_,_, ------t-=- 16 1B11 24 22 46i.f.·2i~------52 51 33 37 21 24 ) 4 ( 9 1 1 3 2 ~~ J H 2Zf?\ 2 s

lB 11 31=1=1~~ ~2_7_=,~17 21 30 29 32 11 1 2!: ~~=====2 ~~~ _:1)10:?11> 20N 20N 19 11 ll I I I r----Y'~tii :::U';.23 1 :,o 3 j 23 27 22 15 J~i\ 10v f\2ol2~ 48 ~.=:! 1! I 21 I 2 - 20 ll-21_1_1_1_ -~~l-~21!;+---15-- -~~ 2o Ji 3o l7 23 211) ~164 )0l~b 1311 2 1 4 3 4 20 ' . I ; • '-, I L •• < \,\ / lr I 00 00 41 1-21-l-11_1_1_1_1t~2213"61'--J,l-9 --1- l1J2o1JI73 _,.1-~-·\!:~rfir';;IL-....!~4:-s

91 41-21-41_1_1_1_1_1 . -8 13 -_911-4-- ~ -)D 2z 19~1-=b~ -1-- -1 1 1r""/1llftl~4 ~~,B I 19 208 208 I ,. 11--: IJ : 31 ~-31-21-JI_I_I-11-1-.( 619 21v1s- -1--- \ B 28[(14 2---- 9 1 9u~"s~ · 1 11a ' 7 I ' -·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·0 ;r 19--- -1- ~Jfil1---}--- t5f.-.-1\..~ l6 6 6 16 I -' • !----" 1111 408 408 11 l_l_l_l_l_l_l_l_lf778 ______1____ 1__ 1_l ______V6_6ff8 14

1 1 111 51 1 1 60S =:=1=[]=1=1:=1:=1~~~======c=====~===1_!6os

40E 60E BOE lOOE 120E HOE 160E 160li HOW 120W100li BOW 60W 40li lOW 00 20E < (1) Number of stations required to satisfy a resolution of 250 km in each block (lOo X 10°) at the corresponding latitude "'

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93 93

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Percentages Percentages

(1) (1) ANNEX ANNEX ANNEX ID (con!' d)

SYNOP reports received daily at MTN centres from RBSN stations during the period 1-15 October 1992 (1)

l60W l40W !lOW lOOW sow 60W IOW lOW 00 20E 40E 60E 80E lOOE 120E 140E 160E

['- ,r- ,..--~.-v ..::---,

I ?;; -:;> :>'o>\>,> l_.,~~ _f ""•' '100 ~il?_. SON •c v <:H 7 ~ - I '-- 1....-, -f 1 loO- 95--:;;- 78 Ji ~ ~~f11 P!7!'-479~- -I J'l '98loO- 871 'l8 9s _<~I~.~ 91 1011--;; -l!l-~9'"'~~~-OIL--.98lo0 ,100- -- _.iP' ~ "'"' -?b i.. V" - ~r-.__,5--t--' r- ....:_- ,...... ;,_ __:~vn ~ 66 97 69 42 73~ ,..,~~81:94 ~Vgg98.J.oo _87 Jlp99 'jJ 100 931"'!9 ~ ~ 63 49 86 95 94 87" 97 ~99 60N 1 3 77 48 ~:V~:;9 88 87 97"&J ~ 97J97 0 98~~ ~~ 99 99 93 92 ~~ 88 89 87 89~ !~(1:lOO 0

78 68 80 96 94f}~~9~ 95 77 ~ 99 87 93 98 ~_:94 91 ~~~~s97 ION -- r

~ 71 80 92 991;1s 93 0 97 100~~ ~jt.~ -c!1 43 69 45 59 99 lOO lOO 10~~100~100

1 - -o 88 -~~6' " ~ 69 6t 50 87 72 76f.l 52 ~54 8o 65 60 78 9l )il~100 100 > 20N -- ~~~~~~ L ~ ~ ~-=~ ~ - _o lOO 63[-->.5 ~ ~6~5685 :?58 ~ ~ 50 l9 26 J2~~l-Y:! l ~~62 ~86 <:. 15 47 "'~ 0 1J ---"f)s33 lij 24 - • ''4 3~ 35 25 43 10 ;pt\ 61 7~~~) ~~ 93 67 53 71 77 00

35- 44 93 ~911 28-'37'!3 JB 97 -i l3 5 6oiL~25·:,S ~- '1~c..i2~~.J9 ,49 66 -- ~~ ~ I~ y~ -- ~~R~L~ 85 85 86 95 I \"!49 37 49 r :: •68 J !5 25 p f't :: 32 73 28 93ll~76J~ 33 •73 82 205 1 1 1 63- 96 95 73 0 • r 56 lP7z 33 ~o6ol?64 t:i 64 -- '8066 89 91 )55 80 0 -- IMJ~ 0 ~~72 ~- t~~~~ d9 405 45= vot6l 30 90 78 c 85 = egg cY~~~ -- ?t"' 44 98 0 0 -1- 97 47 _j 60S

160W HOW 120W lOOW sow 60W IOW lOW 00 20E 40E 60E 80E lOOE llOE 140E 160E

-;:: (1) Percentages calculated with reference to reports required from RBSN s - ~ N -:::

z

z m X >

- - -

4

8

8 5

5

(1)

0.

2.1

2.9 1.3 3.5 4.1

- 4.51 4.

- - 5.0'

-

5.0 4.

4.

4.1

3. -

2.9

-

-

j_

j_

1-

I_

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)_

BON

20N 60N

40N

00

205

60S

!OS)_

3

_

1

;=

2 1

2

1

"' -~~

j~

,_,_

1_1 1

,

3 1 2

1·=:= 21

1

160E

16DE

~1r-_l_1 1

2

-1

fi

1

1_

,,~

~=J:·-·-

1 1_1_1,_ 2

_11

-1

-~

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2

1

2

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HOE

/~

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-1

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~~

li

~~~~~I :-vl1~Fl

~~~~~~~~~

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\

3 1

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1

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~

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12

~ ~~

-3

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2

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100E

-1

lo

2

2 6

A~.

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8

80E

1992

)lt

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-3

-6-9 ll

in ,. J--

\

60E

1

6 6 31-';;;

60E

J~

RBSNs

---'-'-----1--rL--"t-+-"!L

'"'" rs-

2

41/

10

0

the

w

""·'

-~

+-::I-~-

!OE

~~;v

5

2

40E

I

"::~

--::!ft.n ______

;

latitude

4

4 _

-l~

20E

30

7D-6-.7-3_3_4_4_5_6_7Jo

2

20E

comprising

V

~v-:-

_2

~ -2-2-5 .·~"

,=,=~=~=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·=·

s

4

1

1

-~

-l~----

y

corresponding

1

00

2

00

stations

.

~

the

=

-~~

'.:('

0

at

\~,..~.:...:~~"';';_~f-"79

\j

(RW)

2

-1

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rt:

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20W

1 1p

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1

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X

.?

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o:f1

/

.

·

(10°

~-

--

upper-air

IOW

40W 3

of

block

01r·-'I

__

~2--~-h-3-3?~----1

p

1

2

2----- 1

;

~--.-....:>

\

each

~~ ~

;--

-,

60W

1

1

60W

i

in

';.7

/~

-2

;:;J

Numbers

km

4_)~i2

4

1

1

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~

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8,J5

BOW

-~"

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,

of500

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100W

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---tr------1----1--~~------~-#1

--

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arysolution

.

5 6 9

}~~-~~-C.-~=,;--.

..

-

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satisfy

120W

120W

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.

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..

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---. -

to

·i_l--==~~--===~=

..

_p_5_5_4_5 -2

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1

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1 2

HOW

HOW

~

~uired

-. ==I-I~=~~~=====

:r

•-

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1 1

//

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160W

stations

(cont'

160W

of

-~~

ill

-

1

-2-1~0h.·\3_2_1_1~~2~~~-1--1~~cl~-9-5_5_3_2_3_3_4_5_4.j2

_,_1!~·-·-·-·-1N~t>lE_ -2

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1

!_11--1---::J:- ~=;=·

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N

N

Number

60

BON

40NI_I_I_I_.

20 20S

oo

60S

!OSI_11-I-I---.

ANNEX

(1) s

I

-::: w

-

5o

50

lOO

lOO

I

5o

;oro

100~00

11oo

331 160E

j

160E

100

lOO

ToO~·=

~'lfo

I I

ol

5o

IUU

lOO

ToOl75ol~

:e_ (\lOO

!fo-

'L~~r~.!.o-~ ~

--=

I"-,·'

140E

75ToOIV51~

IIOE

lOO

;::::.1

~~o

~

1

,Joo

.

~pol

5o

100

Jl-m

Zoo

1-1

7\

:::sii!QQ

1

!20E

120E

100 lOQ._,aO

100

~(._

I~

-~).re

1

1

75

lOO \&!~!I~

ToO

-.

'

lOOE

50

lOOE

lOO

100

_r::

5o~~

7s _

(1)

lOO

100

Zi

~

_ _ _ _

=

94

~~

SOE

80E

\

Sl

•

100

-~

1992

~~~~~~~_:

-'--

{J -;f

sp--

5o------

92

100

~

-~~~5o~

=

May

60E

60E

~~ToO

in

100

100

'f6o,

~

r '

A

60

DV

P'

100

100

"'·'

~~

1'-\..V

IOE

IOE

~

67

20

1of: 50

--

100

~

~~-fu~----

~[\5ot1oo

Volnme

o

_____

5o

17

in

c::;:."l

-

rroo

5o

20E

0

20E

7ft

50

C'--

)!':_•'

lti~.::roo----

, ,

2s-

-o ~

I

ll

,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_

50

lo~b

indicated

=ToO/--;~~~~

1~poo

67

00

00

as

50~

~~s6~~To0~10o~To0~~~10ou~~

~oo

100

w ,50

=:: 0?iyl'=

- 5o

=l-i

loO---~--- /

50

5o

100

100

! \

foO

___

li--

20W

stations

20W

100~

100

.&---.

:)o

-~~_23~

=

3S :~

100

RBSN

-)H

--

-.

-----0-----~1------loOlo0·-

IOW

IOW

(fl

by

_t:~

~ 1

0

,Pfoo-~o---\5o~o

-r-,..-_-v

_____

daily -";Q:-:Il

ToO--

~{5- ----

I\

60W

60W

25

33 ~-Too------

lOO"

100

~~

o

made

75t=zi

RBSNs

f.J

,:Oo

,(

JOO

-,.J-1--'.v-

J

Tnl

iso~o

__

1->r

f-'

sow

sow

lOO

from

'loo

fo

---\['.so __ j1,,:o----- . J

reports

lOO

100

~

V?j~~~::::,

I"{~-

required

lOOW

JOOW

lOO

100 TEMP

~I,??

1

100

100

J~~

~ 561'<.1~~~"'~6

reports

"

to

!20W

120W

I~O

~

_____

_o ~~~~~~~·1oo

5ol=l=l=l=

1oo

=

-110o~~~~M~~

reference

~

140W

50

140W

-

~

/~~)fo'crp{OO

ol=l

with

;:>

1

1,;::

160W

d)

160W

100~

_,_,_,_,

~~ _,_,_,_,_,_ -'ToOI_I_I_

_,_,_,_,_,_,_,_,

-oiToOI_I_I_

-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-·-lt~

calculated

501=1

501-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~-~va~-----

~o--o~o-o--~o--.

100 100

(con!'

100

10ol=

I

1

I

l_l_l_l_l_l_l_l_l_l_l

Ill

SON

GON

ION

00

20N

lOS

20S

608

Percentages

ANNEX

(1) ANNEX Ill (cont'd) -;::: -... Parts A of TEMP reports received daily at MTN centres from RBSN stations during the period 1-15 October 1992 (I)

160W 140W llOW lOOW BOW 60W 40W lOW 00 lOE 40E 60E BOE lODE llOE HOE 160E - ~.:-~"l.UO ~ SON ?i 7'i ~~ r ------t~h -- rt: - -- - t;:;;;" -- - 53 lOO 0 0 9.(P97 --100 95 g; -"O 3 0 4s ••• ~00 ~~[', "'~I~~'!{_ ·~ J. F~ ( d; ~ "-' 5 h ;-. /· ~ ~ "' -...._ 30 73 lOO 100 lOO 100 lOO iJOO 100 ,, --98 97 97 100~· 53 lOO 100 66 73 90 97 97 100 7o ~ ~f99B ·~ "9 p;,76 ~ ~ ( 60N ~ ~~-~~ ·~ w . ( l/ 95 100 r~ 100 100 lOO ;po "'99 0 100 1(04 95 99 94 97 73 100 52 69 90 25 ,, 87 3 ~ ~ ~ 0' \ ;2 ~ !:..' ~ i... 1\ ~ ~ " lflO 99 100 100 100ToO] p7 ~'96 70 57 98 67 100 98 71 100 71 59 77 100 lOO'100 40N .~ (', 11""·' 100 100 lOO lOO--;?987 97 13 65..4'69 43 32 91 39 52 100 99 99 lOQ 99 + ,Ji ~100 rt~~ ;;: ~ -..,.- '" IL= -::! ~ lOO 55,.--.59 --25 36 11 0 1 48 57 0 86 61 54 97 100 joo 100 87 i ~42 -N 180 20N .'1\ "'• ...,__ ! _i ""~ YJ- ,._, 100 .../6_? 24 90 14 28 ~( 46 40 0 d ,,~7 0 ,.j0 -- 4 0 ~ 48 ~9 . 0 I fO. .. )97 Ri7 ~ .. "-\, / ~ ~ ~ Lv1----. {-~ -i 23 --42 14 23 ~ 93 0 67 93 63! ~ 7 0 ~ il 1Jl s '-j -:20 I~ ' ~ ! 00 ...L • f.-~ •• ~./ tl -·- --::;; 1;: --'- 5o! 0 0 47 '47 0 0 io '--'1. 28 37 2 0 0 .V 23 \(1.:_\l.i r• .N I...,. 4J <': ::::-.: ,0 r-."'-::,_~ -·- --.... l'jQ -!...,... lOO 50 ...\--20 26 0 27 ,30 2 26 93 ;o"5o I o r ~"'10~' ..... 205 D-.- ~--" -l- I J _. / 50 20 36 -- 40 lJJ 50 57 57 45 0 47 2 766 0 8 )so • \0 ;3 l --:c !~::;f - r29 37 70 -- ~ ~ 47 70 141 f-iB"~ lnB 40S j_~ __.__ 50 \43 ; 50 --97 lOO 50 ~ & i-l 97 ...J,....I',' \ D -- 0 93 97 60S ------· ------·

160W 140W 120W lOOW BOW 60W 40W lOW 00 20E 40E 60E BOE lODE 120E HOE 160E

(1) Percentages calculated with reference to reports required from RBSNs V-15

ANNEX IV

NUMBER OF STATIONS INCLUDED IN THE RBSNs FROM WHICH NO SYNOP OR TEMP (PART A) REPORTS WERE RECEIVED AT MTN STATIONS

Monitoring period: 1-15 October 1992

WMO regional SYNOP SYNOP TEMP TEMP association (Part A) (Part A) (1) (2) (1) (2)

Region I 205 144 55 24 Region I! 101 81 50 32 Region Ill 70 53 22 9 Region IV 81 44 19 10 Region V 27 7 20 4 Region VI 38 20 15 8

Total 522 349 181 87

(1) Stations included in the RBSNs (2) Stations included in the RBSNs from which reports were expected (according to information given in WMO-No. 9, Volume A) but were not received ~ -~ ANNEX V

TIMELINESS OF RECEPTION OF SYNOP AND TEMP (PART A) REPORTS AT MTN CENTRES

SYNOP reports

Monitoring period: 1-15 October 1992

Percentage of SYNOP reports received * WMO Number of regional stations Observation: 00 UTC Observation: 06 UTC Observation: 12 UTC Observation: 18 UTC Total association comprising the RBSNs Received within Received within Received within Received within Received within lh 2h 6h lh 2h 6h lh 2h 6h lh 2h 6h lh 2h 6h

Region I 699 22 25 31 35 46 52 42 49 52 37 40 43 34 40 44

Regionll I 174 71 77 80 72 78 81 71 79 82 71 76 78 71 78 80 Region ill 338 38 43 44 18 20 23 36 52 60 44 52 56 34 42 46

Region IV 572 72 73 73 64 65 65 71 73 74 74 75 76 70 71 72

Region V 359 65 77 80 62 71 74 53 62 64 50 53 59 58 66 69

Region VI 843 84 86 87 88 90 91 89 91 91 88 89 90 87 89 90

Global 3985 62 66 69 62 68 70 65 71 74 65 68 71 64 68 71

* Percentage of the total number of reports required from RBSNs -;::

::::;

1992

A)

October

(Part

1-15

reports

period:

TEMP

Monitoring

RBSNs

from

required

reports

of

number

total

the

d)

of

cont'

(

V

Percentage

ANNEX

* V-18

ANNEX VI

AVAILABILITY OF ANTARCTIC DATA ON THE MTN

Monitoring periods Number of stations Daily average number (o/o) of SYNOP reports received 00 06 12 18 UTC UTC UTC UTC

December 1989 31 30 31 30 102 (84 %) February 1991 32 28 31 30 100 (83 %) Febmary 1992 35 34 35 34 102 (74 %)

Monitoring periods Number of stations Daily average number (o/o) of TEMP (Part A) reports received 00 12 UTC UTC

December 1989 14 12 19 (73 %) February 1991 13 12 18 (70 %) February 1992 12 12 18 (75 %) CHAPTER VI

WWW OPERATIONAL INFORMATION SERVICE

CONTENTS

Page

GENERAL ...... VI-3

WMO Publication No. 9 ~ Weather reporting ...... VI-3 WMO-No. 9, Volume A- Stations ...... VI-3 WMO-No. 9, Volume B-Data processing ...... VI-3 WMO-No. 9, Volume C-Transmissions ...... VI-3 WMO-No. 9, VolumeD- Information for shipping ...... VI-3

Other related publications ...... Vl-3 WMO-No. 47- International list of selected, supplementary and auxiliary ships ...... VI-4 WMO-No. 386-Manual on the GTS- List of stations for global and regional exchange ...... VI-4

Magnetic tape service ...... Vl-4

Monthly letter on the operation of the World Weather Watch (WWW) and Marine Meteorological Services (MMS) ...... VI-4

METNO and WIFMA telegraphic messages ...... VI-4

Unpublished material ...... VI-4

WWW OPERATIONAL INFORMATION SERVICE

GENERAL is maintained on a computer file and a new edition is pub­ lished twice a year together with a list of changes with respect I. The purpose of the Operational Information Service to the previous edition. The station directory is also made (OIS) is to collect from and to distribute to WMO Members available on magnetic tape and/or floppy disk. and WWW Centres detailed and up-to-date information on facilities, services and products made available in the day­ WMO-No. 9, Volume B- Data processing to-day operation of the WWW. The speedy and timely dissem­ 7. This volume of Publication No. 9 gives a full descrip­ ination of this information is becoming increasingly important tion of the output products available from the World, to ensure the efficient operation of the WWW, especially in Regional/Specialized and National Meteorological Centres. relation to the progressive automation of the centres. In partic­ The directory includes information on area coverage and ular, the directories of the telecommunication and processing availability, method of production, form of presentation to the computers of WWW centres neeq to be kept constantly up to GTS, processing time, operational models used, grid systems date. and so on. Entries are currently maintained for about 2 500 2. Congress stressed the importance of the timely avail­ products. A new edition is under preparation. ability at all WWW centres of accurate and detailed WMO-No. 9, Volume C- Transmissions information on facilities, services and products made available in the operation of the WWW and therefore felt that the cur­ 8. Chapter I - Catalogue of meteorological bulletins - rent WWW Operational Information Service was an essential provides full particulars of bulletins compiled and transmitted support function of WWW operation and monitoring, and that by GTS centres. Entries for approximately 20 000 bulletins, it should be further developed as a tool for improving the I 0 000 of which refer to products in the GRID or GRIB codes, overall performance of the programme. are maintained on a computer file. A new edition of the cata­ logue is published twice a year and is also made available on 3. As decided by the Executive Council, operational infor­ magnetic tape. mation is also distributed to those Members deprived of the free receipt of publications and to non-Member countries. 9. Chapter 11- Transmission schedules- provides full infonnatiun un technical characteristics and transmission pro­ 4. Computer techniques are being extensively utilized for grammes of point-to-point circuits of the MTN, and the the integrated processing of the large amount of incoming regional telecommunication networks of the GTS. Information information and the speedy preparation of WWW operational is also given on WEFAX broadcasts by meteorological satel­ publications and supplements thereto. New equipment, includ­ lites, radio broadcasts of alphanumeric information and ing a desktop publishing system linked to the mainframe of radio-facsimile broadcasts. Entries are maintained for about the International Computing Centre (!CC) has been installed 250 transmission/broadcast schedules. Supplements to this to process graphics information and to enhance the printing chapter are published every two months: January, March, quality of operational publications. The hard copy supplement May, July, September and November. service is complemented by a weekly telegraphic notification of important changes of an operational nature and by a WMO-No. 9, VolumeD- Information for shipping monthly letter on the operation of the WWW and MMS. A 10. This directory provides information on meteorological magnetic tape and floppy disk service is also made available assistance available to marine users as well as on coastal radio to automated centres. stations, including ten INMARSAT Coast Earth Stations WMO Publication No. 9 - Weather reporting accepting weather and oceanographic reports from ships. Entries are maintained for about 460 broadcasts of interest to 5. WMO Publication No. 9 remains the basic directory of shipping, fisheries and other marine activities, 320 coastal existing WWW facilities and services. The contents and lay­ radio stations including the ten INMARSAT stations and spe­ out of various volumes comprising the publication have been cialized meteorological services in approximately 280 ports. progressively modified to reflect better the structure of the Information is also given on the systems of visual storm various components of the WWW Plan, which are designed to warning signals adopted by various maritime countries. meet the needs of Members. Supplements to Volume D are published in: February, April, WMO-No. 9, Volume A-Stations June, August, October and December. A new edition is in press. 6. This volume contains complete information on GOS land stations and Ocean Weather Stations (OWS) operated by Other related publications Members to meet global, regional and national requirements. The directory currently includes entries of 9 700 surface 11. The information in WMO Publication No. 9 is supple­ stations and 870 upper-air stations. Major efforts are devoted mented by other operational publications which describe to following up the observing programmes of these stations particular aspects of the implementation of the World Weather also in association with the monitoring surveys. The directory Watch. VI-4 WWW OPERATIONAL INFORMATION SERVICE

WMO-No. 47- International list of selected, supplementary of the Marine Meteorological Services (MMS) Programme. and auxiliary ships Information is also included on moored and drifting buoys as well as platforms reporting through the Argas Service, and on 12. This directory gives full particulars (name, call sign, ASAP programmes. routes, meteorological and oceanographic instruments on board, telecommunication facilities) of mobile ships partici­ 17. In view of the difficulties experienced in identifying pating in the WMO Voluntary Observing Ships' Scheme. non-implemented observing stations or implemented stations Entries are maintained on a computer file for about 7 500 which are closed or suspended for a certain. period or stations ships. Information on direct printing radiotelegraphy and making observations but whose reports are not reaching their satellite communications facilities on board (in particular NMCs, the CBS Advisory Working Group has requested the INMARSAT) has been added to the file. A new edition of the addition of a special table to the monthly operational letter. International List is published annually and is available on This will facilitate feedback from Members to the Secretariat magnetic tape. on any changes in the present state of implementation of observing programmes of SYNOP, TEMP and PILOT report­ WMO-No. 386- Manual on the GTS - List of Stations for ing stations. Global and Regional Exchange

13. These lists are kept up to date through integrated pro­ METNO and WIFMA telegraphic messages cessing of the information from WMO Publication No. 9, Volume A, and the listing of the basic synoptic networks. 18. The weekly METNO telegraphic notification is increas­ Revisions are published biannually and are made available on ingly being used to notify changes of operational importance magnetic tape. in the GOS and GTS. In addition to advance information on the operation of synoptic stations and transmission, the Magnetic tape service METNO message indicates changes in the global exchange lists and the composition of bulletins and contains notification 14. Data from those volumes of WMO Publication No. 9 concerning meteorological satellites. Information on the and other associated publications which are prepared by com­ temporary suspension of the operation of WWW facilities puter are also made available on 300 foot magnetic tapes (nine is also included in the METNO as well as information on tracks, EBCDIC, 80011600 BP! density) and floppy disk (5 1/, important changes in international codes and telecommunica­ and 31/,) in high and double density. The tapes are accompa­ tion procedures. nied by supporting documentation which is. regularly updated. The tapes can be retained by the subscribers or returned to the 19. On the other hand, the weekly WIFMA telegraphic Secretariat after copying. The three WMCs, eight message gives advance notice of important changes in RSMCs/RTHs and 15 NMCs are currently subscribing to the meteorological broadcasts for shipping and other marine magnetic tape service. Print files on tape or floppy disk are activities. It also provides advance information on the opera­ also made available for microform production. tion of OWS and coastal radio stations accepting weather and oceanographic reports from ships, Status reports on data col­ Monthly letter on the operation of the World Weather lection by the Argas System and information on ASAP Watch (WWW) and Marine Meteorological Services programmes are also included. (MMS)

15. In addition to the supplement service to WWW opera­ Unpublished material tional publications and to the METNO/WIFMA notifications, a monthly letter on the operation of the WWW has been 20. Information on stations, observing programmes, defi­ issued since 1982 at the request of the CBS Advisory Working ciencies and plans for the basic synoptic networks of various Group. The letter, which is distributed at the end of each WMO Regions and for the Antarctic is maintained on com­ month in English, French, Russian and Spanish, is aimed at puter file. Computer print-outs are prepared for the benefit of providing WWW Centres with a summary of operational sessions of WMO bodies. changes and notifications concerning the various elements of 21. Other files, such as requirements for GDPS products are GOS, GTS and GDPS; a special annex is devoted to codes. kept in order to provide, on an ad hoc basis, information on 16. The contents of the monthly letter have been progres­ particular aspects of the operation of the World Weather sively expanded to include operational information in support Watch.