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PLEASE READ THE COMMENTS: COMMENTING CULTURES ACROSS PLATFORMS

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Abaa, B. 2014. Caegg Hae Seec Faceb Faf: Te Re f Ue Pacce Regag Hae Seec Faceb. The Fibreculture Journal 23. ​ ​ Ebee, T. 2019. T a f fa?: Dffeeag dfca f f eda cc e ce. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics ​ in Society (Oe f) ​ He, H., Dg, D., Pe, J., Gac, M., K, M., & Bae, O. 2012. Meda Accab Ge Oe A aaa d eegg acce ad a, (14).

K Y Mee. .d. Ke M. knowyourmeme.com. ​ Meee, J. 2014. I Beg e Iee: Aa Iage , Ab N ad e Pc f Aae Meda Pdc. M/C Journal, 17(2), 16. ​ ​ ​ ​

M-Heade, A., H, B. M., Gae-Re, J., & Bd, D. 2011. Ce ca ge ced: H aac ab fa a e eg c. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, 34213430. ​ M, D., & Saa, S. 2019. Vag YTbe ce ace: e a a eed eea. New Media and Society, 21(1), 191213. ​ ​ ​ ​ Pee, D. 2016. Sae a: Sag, ef, ad e eeda dc f Web 2.0 DeaA. First Monday, 21(6), 124. ​ ​ ​ ​ Pfeffe, J., Zbac, T., & Cae, K. M. 2014. Udeadg e fe: Negae d-f- dac ca eda e. Journal of Marketing ​ Communications 20(1-2): 117-128. ​

P, W. 2016. This is Why We Cant Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship ​ Between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture, Cabdge; Ld: MIT Pe. ​

Qad, T. (2018). Da aca. Media and Communication, 6(4), 36-48. ​ ​ ​ ​

Reage, J.M. 2015. Reading the Comments: Likers, Haters and Manipulators at the ​ Bottom of the Web, Cabdge; Ld: MIT Pe. ​

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Ye, G. 2018. W Pee Ta, e Me #1 Cee f ST Ce Sec? ricemedia.co, 21 Mac. ​ ​ Zegee, M., Naab, T. K., & J, P. (2019). Le gee? Idefg e deea f cece cece ac aga c ce. New Media and ​ Society, 1-21. ​ @AdCe. .d. D Read Te Ce. .com. ​

KARMA, THROWAWAYS, AND POST HISTORIES: COMMENTING CULTURES ON

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B, M. 2019. Dg Debeae Decac? Edece ad Dga Affdace e Sea Sbedd, Convergence, . 25, . 3, . 357373. ​ ​ DaKe. 2019. Lg Tg See P H, /UaO, Reddit, eed 21 Feba 2020, ​ ://.edd.c//a/ce/da/g_g_e e_____a/. ​ dea. 2019. D Read Te Ce!, Chrome Web Store, 2 Jaa, ​ ​ ://ce.gge.c/ebe/dea/d-ead-e-ce/bdfgeb gebe?=e. ​ Fee, E & Rbe, S. 2019. Refg Dffeece: Eag e Nega f Iea De a (P-)Leba Sbedd, Sexualities, . 22, . 78, . ​ ​ 12681287.

F11111. 2019. B e Paece, /QYB, Reddit, eed 21 Feba ​ ​ 2020, ://.edd.c//b/ce/dd3/b_e_aece__ ae__ae___cec/. ​ GagMaac989. 2019. OP I Sag, /QYB, Reddit, eed 21 ​ ​ Feba 2020, ://.edd.c//b/ce/c/__ag_a_e_a_ __a_f_/. ​ Gede E Vca. 2019. D Read e Ce: Eacg Oe Safe f We Wg e Meda, Media and Arts Alliance, 18 Decebe, ​ ​ eed 21 Feba 2020,

://.eaa.g/dad/d-ead-e-ce-eacg-e-afe-f- e-g--e-eda/. ​ Gde, M. 2018. Ce ecedace?: A Caae Aa f Dce Pacce Ieeed e Gg ad Seeg f Adce a Meca Sbedd B Sa ad Eg, Current Issues in Pragmatic Variation, . 15, ​ ​ . 1, . 181207.

Lag-Caf, C. 2018. We Are the Nerds: The Birth and Tumultuous Life of Reddit, ​ the s Culture Laboratory, Pa, Ld. ​ Reage, JM. 2015. Reading the Comments: Likers, Haters, and Manipulators at the ​ Bottom of the Web, MIT Pe, Cabdge. ​ Vae, J. 2015. N A Ce Ae Ceaed Ea: Te Cae f Edg Oe Ce, The Guardian, 10 Seebe, eed 21 Feba 20202, ​ ​ ://.egada.c/cefee/2015/e/10/ed-e-ce. ​

TROLLS, HATERS AND CONSPIRACY THEORISTS: FACEBOOK COMMENTING CULTURES DURING THE AUSTRALIAN SUMMER OF BUSHFIRE

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F A ​ Faceb a af a a bece ce acaed ee c ceg ce. I e f e ea-ae c c e ca e c c acaed a ce (Reage 2015: 9, Be-Dad & Se 2019), e af a bee acaed #Pagae ad #QA

cac ee ag e, ce afg ad bg be ce. Faceb eceda ag a a bee aged cec fa g, cac e ad ae g e f ae ad d. T a deaed dg Aaa e f bfe, e defg Faceb ag cac e ad cae cage dea ed g-g ad aa age ad afed f ee (Ra & W 2020). Neee e ae eded egad e ce f beac ceg ce ad bca acce a aa ce-dce decac, ad e ae ed e ce ae egaded a ca de ae a ace ad eae adece ebe. T de a e baaced acc ae e a f caa ad egac ed eae e ce ec f 6 Faceb age, 2 f e ad egac e gaa, 2 f Aaa aa ad fa-g age, ad 2 f e ffca age f ceae ca c ee dg Aaa ece e f bfe.

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Abd, C. 2018. Iee Ceeb: Udeadg Fae Oe, Bge, U.K: Eead Pbg. bd, d. 2010. Sca e e a eed bc: Affdece, dac, ad ca. I V. Paac (Ed.), Networked self: Identity, community, and culture on ​ sites (. 3958). Ne Y, NY: Redge ​ Be-Dad, A., & Sffe, O. 2019. Ue ce ac af ad ac gee. Information, Communication & Society, 22(12), 18101829. ​ ​ Gee, T. 2019. Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation and the ​ Hidden Decisions that Shape . Ne Hae; Ld: Yae Ue Pe. ​ He, S., & Bae, P. 2014. Egagg e ca e e: Ce e e ad Faceb. Journalism Practice, 18(5), 563572. ​ ​ Kaada, A. 2012. Egagee, bdg, ad de ac e af: Aaa Faceb, YTbe, ad MSace. MedieKultur: Journal of Media and ​ Communication Research, 28(52), 2848. ​ P, W. 2016. This is Why We Cant Have Nice Things: Mapping the Relationship ​ Between Online Trolling and Mainstream Culture, Cabdge; Ld: MIT Pe. ​

P, W. & Me, R. 2017. The Ambivalent Internet: Mischief, Oddity and ​ Antagonism Online. Cabdge, MA: P. ​ Reage, J.M. 2015. Reading the Comments: Likers, Haters and Manipulators at the ​ Bottom of the Web, Cabdge; Ld: MIT Pe. ​ Ra, H. ad W, C. 2020. A Aaa Bed, Cae Cage Dea G A B O Faceb, BuFeed News, 23 Ja 2020, Veed Ag 14: ​ ​ ://.bfeed.c/aaa/faceb-aaa-bfe-cae-cage-de e-faceb

We, S.C. & Had, P.N. 2019. Computational Propaganda: Political Parties, ​ Politicians and Political Manipulation on Social Media; NY: Ofd Ue Pe. ​

FEELS BAR AND MASCULINE VULNERABILITY: COMMENTING CULTURES ON 9GAG

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Ag e dee gee f ee ce, ea e f 9GAG d ccaa ae cfe, ee adce, ae ecfca eag ac ea (Fge 1 & 2). T a aga e bacd f ea 9GAG ce beg e-ace (Veca & Had 2016), aed b e gge ea e (Aggaa 2013) ad ae fee ae (Ka 2018), ad ag gedeed cca a eed beage (De 2017, Sa 2018).

Figures 1 & 2: 9GAG about romantic .

Eea, e 9GAG eaed e 24 dffee ec ea 2017, e bcaeg f Rea becae aed a a ba fde ce ea. T egac f ea cae 9GAG a eed a ed ce-fc gee f ee a e Fee ba. Tee ce e f f a ecfc age ee ed 9GAG ad a e decag a e fee ba e (Fge 3 & 4), c e ga e (OP) e e (ae) e ae ag-a e cfe ad dce e ce ec. I ee, OP ad e e de adce ad cae, ad a e eccae cfe f e fe a ce f ag a afe ace.

Figures 3 & 4: The template feels bar soliciting interactions in the .

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Figures 5-7: Post and two comments in response to the OPs self-disclosure.

D ​, a eac e af ae ae a face ae a e de age ffe IRL ee; ccaa, ebe eea age dgg a ce f e e eeca f e ae g a ce (Fge 8 & 9) a ee fa a 9Gagge e d e f .

Figures 8 & 9: Posts wherein OPs share a slice of life or their status in society.

G , ​ee eabe dce, e cg f ea , ad e f ceg ad fed a be cfed fee ba a; ce beedg b e fee f cg ff a f e acae/eccae ed ege e egagee (Fge 10), ag e e a e ee a ce ec a gge a ae fee ba de (Fge 11).

Figures 10 &11: Post and comment about feels bar outside of designated feels bar posts.

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ead aaee f e fee ba a a a de f cgega, ad ceebae e 9GAG c a age (Fge 12 & 13).

Figures 12 & 13: Posts expressing gratitude for support received on 9GAG through comments sections.

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Figure 14: An example of a comment train.

Figures 15-16: Another example of a comment train.

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Figures 17 & 18: Memes depicting commenting culture overtaking posting culture.

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Acada, R. A. 2013. Te eeea f Aecaa e ee ee e 9gag ced ebe. Passage 1(2). ​ ​

Aggaa, P. 2013. Gede Seee .9gag.c: A Dce Aa. Te, Eg Deae, Fac f Lee, Sae Ue f Maag.

De, C. 2017. Dffee agage e ae ad feae ce ee 9GAG. Saaa Saa Te, Eg Lee Sd Pgae, Fac f Lee, Saaa Daa Ue.

Ka, H. 2018. Ica ac Fee Ae ee 9GAG.c ebe. Saaa e, Uea Baaa.

Ka, G. N. A., W. Saaaa, ad N. K. A. Sa. 2016. Te defca f ac ee ee cc a 9gag.c. JURNAL Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris ​ Undiksha 4(2). ​

Sa, E. R. P. L. 2018. H e ad gede eee fd 9GAG age cc ee. Saaa Pedda Te, Eg Lagage Edca, Fac f Teace Tag ad Edca, Saaa Daa Ue.

Veca, V., ad O. F. Had. 2016. Readg ac 9GAG. Kata Kita, 4(3). ​ ​

DOES ANYONE KNOW WHO MADE THIS?: COMMENTING CULTURES ON TIKTOK

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I add ceg egage de ce, cea, e e, g ce ca a be ef f fa eeg e ceae ce (M e a. 2011). Pe ab, gg ced, a bee fd be g a -ceca ceae ce (Pee 2016, Meee 2014). Te g ab a eced cg a dc (Haa & Sa 1998), b cg ce Ca ae c dffee a e gba We (Mge 2010). Ca a b a c e b cg ce e e a decade b ca acce ad ag ce ae dee Cee ce (Ha 2018). T dffeece aac cg ad ab ede e fac a dg e f f 2019, TT eed eg 3345 de de cg fgee (TT 2020), e YTbe eed eg e 16 (Gge 2019). I ee, e ce ce ae eeged TT ce ec.

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15-ecd e f a a g a e cea eb ade. Seea e ceed e de ag e cea f e ee deed e ga cea f e e, ad, f , ee e cd fd e f e f e g. I ae eae, e ce ec f a de a caed a a ad a ad bee eed b eea e cea a f f ce f e ecag a e fa fd e ce f e aa ee.

A ee ce TT eeea ad fa-g, e d a e ca b b f e ga ce ad cae e ce f edg ce. W a g cg efcee e, e a f YTbe, ced a beac aac ab e, e cea ad e ae cce b e ce ec ae e ga a ad a e aca ade ?? Hee, fa eeg bea e ccaed b TT ce fa e c e beed, e eac e ad ed a dc a ee e ed ce de' ecea e e . O a fdg gge a TT ce ec e agfad a e a ca eda af ad fe eeac g ee e.

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We ace e e f Iaga ceg caabe e af a eed edefe a ceg ea ca eda, b eabg (ad excluding) a bade age f ccae ee a af ​ ce a. We a cde a ea f acadec eeace, ae ca e e ce ccae ace ad ce e af ffe.

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Iaga a. Dec a, a ea, a ad a a cea d be bc be, ag e a e ae ace egage e ae. I 2015 Dec a eaed eaded ce, ad e e e fe ea d, afe e dea, cde a f e affdace f Se c a (ea) daeag eda ad cdg e a eee, c a aaed GIF.

We Iaga a bee e ccef af ag e Se fa, a a eed b, ad deed , Saca (Rebeg, 2018). S ​ eed a e e f ephemeral cca a Se daeaed afe 24 ​ ​ . We Iaga ecaed e Se fa, e dd a adde fag egagee be, a e ee e ad e cceed g ed ce e a feed; e ac f Se a edae, eg a e ace c a aga e ab aeec cdea ad e ab e edae cea ad cca (Leae e a, 2020). Te eeea f Se a bee e ag affdace e age g ace f Iaga.

Nab, 2019 e ab e ce e a Iaga feed a bece so ​ synonymous Iaga a a ec a baed af, a 2020 ​ eee ae aeg ac e gbe eg e e, c bab be eae eed, eb ae e af fede f cea ce e.

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A e ee eag abac, Iaga CEO, Ada Me, a acced f g ab adbag e af: e ce f ece dg deg a e ce (Me-We, 2018). I a Iaga Le de, Me caed a adbag a g (C, 2020), ca e af bc-facg ce e de-a f aca f f ce. F eae, Iaga a ea ggee f agca-caed Ee age (Iaga He Cee, 2020). B a e ae e, e f f adbag g ae e caac e a; f eae, a eac f #dee gge #deee ad #deeaaee a e e aae ag, decg e ea ea ece ce ead f ea af ce (McCe ad Gead, de ee).

B e ac f aaec ad ad adbag ad e f f ce c ae e bcg e f g cea ce, bag e acc ee ed c e af ae cae e aaee f acceab (Gead, 2018). Ceg caabe Iaga g eefe be faed a a ege eed b e cea ebae, ee e cea aaed.

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I 2020, Iaga a decade d, ad e e e ea e af a bece ebeac f bade f e ca eda adcae. Ia affdace ee ce ee fe ad bc ae a a ge, ba cce. W e deee f Dec eage ad eeea Se, Iaga a gea defed e ca ce ad ed e ae. W e a a b e, Iaga a c f c, cea ad ea ca cage. B e cee ad adba ad e eeg ce, a ea age, aca f c gdee ea ad ee ce f e, b e, gg e eed f geae aaec ad fe bc dce ab ce abe ce Iaga, a caace, ad a a a be eced e fe.

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