DOCSLIB.ORG

Jute Cultivation Scheme

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Jute Cultivation Scheme RETURN TOD CIRCULATING COPY WITIHIN TO BE RETURNED TO REPORTS DESK O°f &tJl)rISF IN ERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION Not For Public Use Public Disclosure Authorized FILE COPY Report No. 114a-BD 114 Vol. 2 THE WORLD JUTE ECONOMY (in two volumes) Public Disclosure Authorized VOLUME II PRODUCTION IN BANGLADESH Public Disclosure Authorized July 12, 1973 Public Disclosure Authorized South Asia Department This report was prepared for official use only by the Bank Group. It may not be published, quoted or cited without Bank Group authorization. The Bank Group does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the report. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTE US $ 1.00 Takas (T) 7.28(official rate) US M11.00 Takas (T) 7.9(floating rate as of January 1973) T 1.00 US $ 0.137 T '1million US$ 137,000 INITIALS AND ACRONYNS AEJI - Association of European Jute Industry BCJC - Bangladesh Central Jute Committee BCSIR - Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research BJA - Bangladesh Jute Association BJMC - Bangladesh Jute Manufacturing Corporation BJMC - Bangladesh Jute Marketing Corporation BJPS.C - Bangladesh Jute Price Stabilization Corporatimn BJRI - Bangladesh Jute Research Institute BJTC - Bangladesh Jute Trading Corporation IJCS - Intensive Jute Cultivation Scheme IJIRA - Indian Jute Industries Research Association IJMA - Indian Jute Mills Association JARI - Jute Agricultural Research Institute TEL - Technological Research Laboratores THE WORLD JUTE ECONOMY VOLUME II: PRODUCTION IN BANGLADESH Table of Contents Page No. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS i-x I. Jute Manufacturing Industry in Bangladesh 1 II. Jute Fiber Production in Bangladesh 29 III. Domestic Marketing in Bangladesh 61 Annex 1. Relative Profitability of Jute and Paddy Cultivation 2. Analysis of Jute and Aus Paddy Production Functions 3. The Price Responsiveness of Jute Producers in Bangladesh (This report was prepared by mission consisting of M. Lav (Chief), E. Grilli, J. Harrison, K.J. H6ng, and C. Ladonne (all general economists), R. Morrison (Industrial Consultant), and M. S. Sarma (Agriculturalist, FAO/IBRD). Field work was conducted in major producing and consuming countries from November 22, 1972 to January 15, 1973.) VOLUTME II: PRODUCTION IN BANGLADESE 1/ LIST OF TABLES, CHARTS AND MAPS Page No. TABLES CHAPTER I 1. Effective Exchange Rates for Jute and Jute Manufactures 4 2. Production Costs of Jute Products 7 3. Manufacturing Capacity Utilization 8 Price and Cost Analysis 4. U.S. Ma:ket Prices of Hessian and Polypropylene Cloth for Bags 11 5. U.S. Market Prices of Jute and Polypropylene Primary Backing, 1966-1972 12 6. Relationship between CIF and FOB Prices 12 7. Unit Cost Reductions Implied by a Two Percent Increase in Output 13 8. Hypothetical Cost Structure of Bangladesh Industry with Cost of Stores at Indian Levels 15 9. Unit Cost Reductions Implied by a Two Percent Increase in Output-Hypothetical Cost Structure 16 10. Revenue Changes for Price Decrease Required to Increase Demand by Two Percent-Hypothetical Cost Structure 17 11. Production of Jute Goods in Bangladesh 20 Jute Mills in Bangladesh, as of October 31, 1972 12. Chittagong Region 21 13. Khulna Region 22 14. Dacca Region 23 1/ Tables are included in the text and there is no statistical annex. -2- LIST OF TABLES, CHARTS AND MAPS Page No. 15. Number of Looms Installed and Operating, 1972 24 16. Production (tons), 1972 24 Production Costs in Bangladesh 17. Mills Classified by Size 25 18. Mills Classified by Area 26 19. Mills Classified by Age 27 20. Mills Classified by Degree of Integration 28 CHIAPTER II 21. Bangladesh Jute Acreage by Farm Size 30 22. Raw Jute Production: Bangladesh and India 32 23. Relative Share in World Production of Raw Jute and Allied Fibers 33 24. Raw Jute Trend Growth Rate and Fluctuation Indices for Selected Variables 1952-70 34 25. Area Sown Capsularis and Olitorius Jute by District and Region 1970-71 37 26. Difference Between Per Acre Returns to Jute and Aus Paddy Production 42 27. Net Returns to Jute and Rice Production: Domestic and International Prices 45 28. Jute and Rice Prices and Jute Acreage in Bangladesh 60 CHAPTER IV 29. Public Purchase and Jute Arrivals at Secondary Markets (1968/69 - 1972/73) 63 30. Public Sector Marketing Corporations 64 31. Charges at Kutcha Balers Level 65 -3- LIST OF TABIES, CHARTS AND MAPS Page No. 32. Pucca Baling Charges 66 33. Jute Finance for the 1972/73 Jute Season 68 34. Statement Showing by Category Number of Licenses Issued/Renewed for the Years from 1961-62 to 1972-73 (up to October) 70 ANNEX I 1. Jute Per Acre Cost of Production Data 5 2. Aus Paddy - Per Acre Cost of Production Data 6 3. Jute: Net Returns Per Acre at Alternative Export Prices, Exchange Rates and Costing Assumptions 7 4. Aus Paddy: Net Return Per Acre 8 5. Per Acre Net Return to Jute and Aus Paddy . Production 9 ANNEX 3 1. Jute Acreage Responses to Jute/Rice Price Ratio Lagged One Year for 9 Districts 2. Jute Production Response to Jute/Rice Price Ratio Lagged One Year for 9 Districts 6 CHARTS 1. Cropping Pattern for Major Crops Grown in Bangladesh 58 2. Jute Acreage In Millions of Acres in Year t+l Vs. Jute/Rice Price Ratio in Year t 59 MAP I. Bangladesh - Spatial Distribution of Jute Cultivation 57 VOLUME II - PRODUCTION IN BaNGLADESH SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Introduction 1. The world jute market hao been discussed in detail in Volume I. The market has been subject to cyclical trends in the past. However, strong market forces generated by a rapid expansion of synthetic substi- tutes have emerged which may well signal a secular decline on the inter- national jute market. The markets most exposed to this competition are the important hard-currency markets of Western Europe and the United States. However, the threat is not limited to those markets. Numerous developing countr4es are also producing and using synthetics substitutes for jute. Prices will need to decline by about 20 percent in real terms if jute is to maintain its share in current markets. 2. While all jute producing countries face problems, Bangladesh is in a particularly precarious position, since it will depend on jute exports for about three-fourths of all foreign exchange earnings - at least for the next 5-10 years. Some important steps have been taken to improve production and to increase efficiency, but much remains to be done. The following paragraphs summarize the findings of Volume II. Manufacturing 3. Jute manufacturing has acquired a key position in the economy of Bangladesh. It is the largest industry (providing employment for about 150,000 people) and the main foreign exchange earner. About one- half of the raw jute crop is now converted domestically to various manufactured products. This is an impressive role for an industry that is only two decades old. 4. The rapid rise in the importance of the jute manufacturing industry was the result of a development strategy primarily aimed at increasing foreign exchange receipts by increasing the proportion of jute exported as manufactured goods. Additional objectives of the develop- ment strategy were to provide profitable investment opportunities for industrialists (most of whom were non-Bengali) and to increase urban employment opportunities in a region with few sources of new employment. 5. The main component of the development strategy was a system of differential exchange rates that gave much higher returns to exports of jute manufactures than to exports of raw jute. Manufacturers were thus able to earn attractive profits even though value added in manu- facturing was typically very low and sometimes even negative. - ii - 6. The industrial structure was severly shaken by the events leading to independence. Production stopped almost completely from December 1971 to February 1972. The new Government of Bangladesh nationalized the industry, an action in part necessitated by the departure of non-Bengalis, who ow'ned 44 of the 72 mills then existing, including most of the largest ones. The industry is now controlled by the Bangladesh Jute Mills Corporation (BJMC). Mill managers, who are appointed by BMJC, control production decisions, but sales contracts (especially prices) require specific approval by the BJMC. 7. The mission investigated various factors which determine industrial efficiency among the mills. The findings, based on a sample survey, are not surprising. Important factors which tend to be associated with lower unit costs are larger size and integrated production (of carpet-backing, hessian, and sacking). Mill age did not appear to be an important factor as all mills are, in terms of the jute industry, relatively new. If the industry were to expand, these would be important considerations. However, in view of low capacity utilization (about 40 percent in 1972/73) and the general difficulties facing the industry, expansion of capacity except, perhaps, for carpet-backing, does not seem warranted. 8. Difficulties in the jute manufacturing industry can be grouped. in three categories: production constraints, the foreign exchange rate system, and lack of world market information. Production Constraints 9. Production levels during FY 1973 are likely to return to about 70-75 percent of pre-war levels, or about 40 percent of the industry's rated capacity. Significant increases in output are unlikely in the near future and it is to be expected that some time will be needed to develop efficient management and operating practices in this relatively complex industry. The management problem would be a key constraint even if it were limited to the process of familiarizing newly appointed managers with efficient production processes. The problem is, however, exacerbated by nurmerous labor disputes. All mills have at least one labor union, and few of the union leaders represent workers in more than one mill.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Jute -The Golden Fibre of Bangladesh a Framework to Resolve
    European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol 4, No.14, 2012 Jute -The Golden Fibre of Bangladesh A Framework to Resolve the Current Critical Situations Sadia Afroj School of Business and Management, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In Bangladesh n ine million farmers, laborers, workers and 45 million dependents, earn less than a dollar a day per family to grow jute in rotation with rice . They grow almost three million tons on 1.6 million hectares of land. Jute provides a necessary break between rice crops and four times its weight in bio -mass to enrich the soil. It also provides a vital cash flow for people who live at the very margins of subsistence. It has been important to jute based farming syst ems in parts of Bangladesh for over a century and this fundamental has not changed. Key word: Jute, current problems, framework, resolve 1. Introduction of Jute The jute plant grows six to ten feet in height and stem of the jute plant is covered with th ick bark and it contains the fibre . In two or three months, the plants grow up and then they are cut, tied up in bundles and kept under water for fermentation for several days. Thus the stems rot and the fibres from the bark, become loose. Then the cultiva tors pull of the fibre s from the bark and wash the fibre s very carefully, dry them in the sun and put them in bundles for sale.
    [Show full text]
  • World Bank Documents
    FILECOPY The DocumentWorld ofBank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Public Disclosure Authorized Report No. P-2203-BD REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION OF THE Public Disclosure Authorized PRESIDENT OF THE INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION TO THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS ON A PROPOSED CREDIT TO THE Public Disclosure Authorized PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH FOR A JUTE PROJECT January 17, 1978 Public Disclosure Authorized This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwisebe disclosedwithout World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS The BangladeshTaka is officiallyvalued at 26.70 to the Pound Sterling. The Pound floats relative to the US Dollar and consequently,the Taka US Dollar rate is subject to change. The rate below has been used through- out this report, except where stated to the contrary. US$1 Tk 15.0 Tk 1 US$0.067 Tk 1 million = US$67,000 WEIGHTSAND MEASURES 1 acre (ac) 5 0.405 hectares (ha) 1 mile (mi) 1.609 kilometers (km) 1 square mile 640 ac (259 ha) (sq mi) I maund (md) = 82.27 lb. (37.3 kg) 1 metric ton (MT) - 26.8 md 1 katcha bale jute = 4 md I pucca bale jute = 5 md FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY PRINCIPAL ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS USED ADA - Assistant Director of Agriculture ADB - Asian Development Bank BADC - Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation BJRI Bangladesh Jute Research Institute BKB - Bangladesh Agriculture Development Bank (Bangladesh Krishi Bank) DAJ - Directorate of Agriculture (Jute) DEM - Directorate of Agriculture (Extension and Management) HYV - High Yielding Varieties IJCS - Intensive Jute Cultivation Scheme IRDP - Integrated Rural Development Program ISO - Input Supply Officer JEA - Jute Extension Assistant JEO - Jute Extension Officer JFA - Jute Farmers' Association KSS - Village Cooperative Society (Krishi Samabaya Samity) SMS - Subject Matter Specialist TCCA - Thana Central Cooperative Association T&V - Training and Visit (extension system) GLOSSARY Block - Smallest unit in the Intensive Jute Cultivation Scheme - 200 or 400 acres jute.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Future Potential of Jute in Bangladesh
    agriculture Article Exploring the Future Potential of Jute in Bangladesh Sanzidur Rahman 1,* ID , Mohammad Mizanul Haque Kazal 2,† ID , Ismat Ara Begum 3,† and Mohammad Jahangir Alam 4,† ID 1 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK 2 Department of Development and Poverty Studies, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; [email protected] 3 Department of Agricultural Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; [email protected] 4 Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-1752-585911; Fax: +44-1752-584710 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 17 September 2017; Accepted: 24 November 2017; Published: 25 November 2017 Abstract: The study assesses the future potential of the jute sector in Bangladesh by examining its growth performance, international competitiveness, profitability, and production efficiency using national time-series data of over the period 1973–2013 and farm survey data from 289 farmers from two major jute growing areas of Bangladesh. Results revealed that the jute sector has experienced substantial growth in area, production, productivity, prices, and exports. However, productivity has stagnated during the latter 10-year period (2004–2013), while it grew at a rate of 1.3% per annum (p.a.) during the first 31-year period (1973–2003). Only traditional jute production is globally competitive, although financial profitability of white jute is relatively higher (benefit cost ratio = 1.24 and 1.17, respectively). Land, labor, and irrigation are the main productivity drivers for jute.
    [Show full text]
  • EFFECT of SELECTED INSECTICIDE on WHITEFLY (Bemisia Tabaci) INFESTING BRINJAL PLANTS
    © 2015 Asian Economic and Social Society. All rights reserved ISSN(P): 2304-1455/ ISSN(E): 2224-4433 Volume 5(8), 175-186 Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development http://www.aessweb.com/journals/5005 DOI: 10.18488/journal.1005/2015.5.8/1005.8.175.186 STATUS AND CONSTRAINTS OF JUTE CULTIVATION IN BANGLADESH: AN EXPERIENCE FROM SELECTED UPAZILAS UNDER CHANDPUR DISTRICT Mohammad Muzahidul Islam PhD Candidate; College of Humanities and Development Studies (COHD), China Agricultural University, Beijing, China & Assistant Professor; Department of Management Studies, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh Jian Xiaoying Professor; College of Humanities and Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China Md. Ektear Uddin Associate Professor; Agricultural Extension and Rural Development, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh Faruk Bhuiyan Assistant Professor; Department of Business Administration, International Islamic University Chittagong, Bangladesh Abstract1 This study aimed at exploring the obstacles of jute cultivation under Chandpur Districts in Bangladesh by the principle component analysis (PCA). The required data were collected through structured interview schedule from 803 jute farmers sampled conveniently. Though jute diversified industry has been seen as potential since the last decade in Bangladesh, raw jute production is not satisfactory due to several obstacles. The study has identified three categories of constraints that hinder sustainable jute production. These are lack of capital and inputs, knowledge and natural resources, and market information. Basically farmers cultivate jute for earning profit but they are not conscious about forward market. Lack of jute diversification knowledge is the unique findings of this study. The findings may help policy makers and stakeholders for taking effective decision in addressing the barriers to jute cultivation in Bangladesh.
    [Show full text]
  • Summary and Conclusion
    C H A P T E R - 8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION Jute is a principal cash crop of North Bengal, the name commonly· attributed to the region which includes five districts of West Bengal, viz, Maida, West Dinaj pur, Gooch- Behar, Jalpa igur i and Dar j eel ing. With effect from 01.04.92 the district of West Dinajpur has been -reconstituted into two districts, i.e. North Dinajpur and South Dinajpur. There are two species of jute, viz. cor chorus capsularies and cor chorus olitorius. The commercial names are white jute and Tossa jute respectively. Jute, the golden fibre plays a very imp.'Jttant role in the economy of India, especially in the rural economy of jute grm1ing states. Jute· manufactures account for. nea-rly 7io of our total foreign exchange earnings. Over 2 lakhs of industrial workers are employed directly in the jute industry. ~nd about 20 lakh people earn their livelihood from secondary sectors of the industry. About 40 lakh farmer families of various states are engaged in the production of jute fibre. The demand for raw jute is derived demand, i.e, raw jute is demanded only for production of jute goods. In India jute mills came to be established in the 1850's. The first jute-spinning mill was established at Rishra in 1955 by George Acland. By 1873 only 5 jute mills . had come into existence with a meagre 1250 looms. In the jute trade European businessmen were involved at alinost every stage from the buyi~g of jute from the peasant up to the shipping of .
    [Show full text]
  • Project Profile Mymensingh Jute Mill
    MJML Mymensingh Jute Mills Ltd. (Manufacturer of 100% Export Oriented Jute Goods) MJML Dhaka Office : Corporate Office : Factory : FR Tower (18th Floor) 4 No. K.B Ismail Road Shambhugonj 32 Kemal Ataturk Avenue Kachari Ghat Mymensingh. Banani, Dhaka-1213 Mymensingh Bangladesh. Phone: 091-62134 Tel : 880-2-9820619 Fax: 091-64049 Fax : 880-2-9820614 E-mail : [email protected] JUTE INDUSTRY IN BANGLADESH Jute manufacturing sector is one of the oldest traditional manufacturing sectors of Bangladesh, which emerged in 1950s. During the 1960s and 1970s major share of the manufacturing sector in national income and manufacturing employment was accounted for by this sector. Exports of jute and jute goods were the two most important sources of foreign exchange and its contribution in export during the 1970’s was observed nearly “89%” of total. However, the industry faced a huge challenge in 1980s due to the introduction of Polypropylene and Govt.’s encouragement on these sectors. The popularity of polypore increased gradually for its low cost and easy production process. The strong practice of Polypropylene and the implemented policies by govt. regarding the industry were the reasons for the downfall of this industry in early 1990s. The effects of Polypropylene on the environment and the nature of non-degradability created a danger alarm globally. The negative impacts result Jute as a strong substitute in possible all aspects. REASONS FOR JUTE BEING A SUBSTITUE Jute is one of the cheapest natural fibers and the most frequently used after Polypropylene. The product made from jute has a high bio degradability and known as one of the most Environment-friendly source of goods.
    [Show full text]
  • Jute Supply Response in Bangladesh
    SCP-13 Jute SupplyResponse in Bangladesh Public Disclosure Authorized FILECO PY Takamasa Akiyama WORLD BANK STAFFCOMMODITY WORKING PAPERS Number 13 Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized i..i7i -) -7 E WORLD BANK STAFFCOMMODITY WORKING PAPERS Number 13 Jute Supply Response in Bangladesh Takamasa Akiyama The World Bank Washington, D.C., U.S.A. Copyright (© 1985 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing September 1985 This is a document published informally by the World Bank. In order that the information contained in it can be presented with the least possible delay, the typescript has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to fornal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors. The publication is supplied at a token charge to defray part of the cost of manufacture and distribution. The World Bank does not accept responsibility for the views expressed herein, which are those of the author(s) and should not be attributed to the World Bank or to its affiliated organizations. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the results of research supported by the Bank; they do not necessarily represent official policy of the Bank. The designations employed, the presentation of material, and any maps used in this document are solely for the convenience of the reader and do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank or its affiliates concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city, area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or national affiliation.
    [Show full text]
  • I REPORT CF the STUDY GROUP on JUTE S. WICNAL COMMISSION
    1 ‘i ' v/ £03 I REPORT CF THE STUDY GROUP ON JUTE s. WICNAL COMMISSION CE LABOUR 1 t. i PART I. JUTE INDUSTRY AND ITS'SPECIAL FEATURES 1.1 Jute is India’s oldest manufacturing industry, founded in 1855 at Rishra, 15 miles upstream from Calcutta, by a George Acland. Five nQTnpaniefi had come up by 1873, running 1,250 looms* In another 12 yearp the number of companies went up to 11 controlling 6,700 looms ._A total of 38 mine with a complement of 30,685 looms were operatihg by 1909. The loom strength of the industry increased to 50,354 in 1927* In 1949^there were 65 jute companies managing 93 mills with 65,762 loams* Today India*s loom strength is 75,275 out of a total world loomage of 132,496. 1^2 The overwhelming concentration of mills in West Bengal was facilitated tv a combination of natural factors. Both banks of the Hooghly upsbream and downstream from Calcutta offered ideal location for a jute industry. Over-nine-teiiths-rrf ihe'-world.-production of raw jute to » • obtained from the Ganga/Brahmaputra delta with its abundant- rainfalX^and-'' ~ a hot and humid climate. Calcutta offered excellent port facilities* Inland water transport was cheap. The proximity of Calcutta to the Bengal/ < Bihar coal-belt assured -sufficient supplv of power to the jute mil Ip, who also found^a ready reserve of textile workers in the Lower Bengal districts, many of which had been thriving centres of hand—spinning and weaving of jute for nearlv a century before the founding of the Indian Jute Mil 1 Industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Jute Cultivation in the Lower Amazon, 1940E1990: an Ethnographic Account from Santare´M, Para´, Brazil Antoinette M.G.A
    Journal of Historical Geography 32 (2006) 818e838 www.elsevier.com/locate/jhg Jute cultivation in the Lower Amazon, 1940e1990: an ethnographic account from Santare´m, Para´, Brazil Antoinette M.G.A. WinklerPrins Department of Geography, Michigan State University, 207 Geography Building, East Lansing, MI 48824-1117, USA Abstract The Amazon region has long been a place of economic booms and busts. Much attention in the histor- ical literature on Amazonia has focused on the largest and most famous regional economic boom, the Rub- ber Boom, a period of sustained economic prosperity for some from 1860 to 1920. Other ‘booms’ have occurred in the region as well and this paper describes and discusses one of those others. The paper dem- onstrates how an export economy in a global periphery (coffee in Brazil) affected economic development in a periphery of that same country and makes a methodological contribution by demonstrating how ethno- graphic research can contribute to an understanding of a historical period when the paper trail is weak. Jute, a fiber crop, dominated agricultural production along the Amazon River floodplain in the reach between Manaus and Santare´m, Brazil, from the late 1930s until the early 1990s. The crop was introduced to the region by Japanese immigrants in order to supply the demand for jute sacking in the south of Brazil where such sacks were used to package commodities, especially coffee. Local smallholder cultivators grew and processed jute, production being mediated initially through Japanese middlemen, later by Brazilians. Poor fiber quality, several external shocks, including the removal of tariffs on imported jute, and especially changes in commodity packaging such as bulk handling and the use of synthetic sacks instead of jute sacks for the transport of coffee beans, the Amazonian jute market collapsed in the early 1990s.
    [Show full text]
  • History of Jute Industry
    4/1/2011 History of Jute Industry Home | About Jute | Jute Prices | Organisation | Directory | Technology | Statistics | Diversification | Jute Policy | Jute News | FAQ Home> About Jute> History of Jute (जूट) Introduction Jute (जूट) is a natural fibre with golden and silky shine and hence called The Golden Fibre. It is the cheapest vegetable fibre procured from the bast or skin of the plant's stem and the second most important vegetable fibre after cotton, in terms of usage, global consumption, production, and availability. It has high tensile strength, low extensibility, and ensures better breath ability of fabrics. Jute fibre is 100% bio-degradable and recyclable and thus environmentally friendly. It is one of the most versatile natural fibres that has been used in raw materials for packaging, textiles, non-textile, construction, and agricultural sectors. It helps to make best quality industrial yarn, fabric, net, and sacks. Jute, the golden fibre, is the raw material for one of India’s oldest industries. The first jute mill started production in Bengal in 1856. After more than 150 years, the jute industry is now challenged by competition from alternative materials, by the recession in the Golden Jute international markets and by low awareness among consumers of the versatile, eco-friendly nature of jute fabric itself. Yet this industry still provides a livelihood to more than 250,000 mill workers and more than 4 million farmers’ families. It is a golden bond with the Earth, Its use is a statement about ecological awareness as it is a fully bio-degradable and eco- friendly fibre. It comes from the earth, it helps the earth and once its life is done it merges back into the earth.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Roles in the Jute Value Chain in Bangladesh: a Case Study on the Bangladesh Agricultural Value Chains (AVC) Project
    Gender Roles in the Jute Value Chain in Bangladesh: A Case Study on the Bangladesh Agricultural Value Chains (AVC) project Deborah Rubin,1 Emily Myers2, Salma Akhter3, Berber Kramer2, Alan de Brauw2, and Mike Murphy2 November 26th, 2018 (Revised) 1 Cultural Practice, LLC 2 International Food Policy Research Institute 3 University of Dhaka 1 Contents Acknowledgements 4 Acronyms 5 Executive Summary 6 Background 7 Methodology 8 Context: Gender, Agriculture, Jute, and the Agricultural Value Chains (AVC) Project 10 Gender Relations in Bangladesh 10 Gender Relations in Agriculture 11 The Jute Value Chain in Bangladesh 12 The Bangladesh Agricultural Value Chain (AVC) Project 14 Findings: Activities at each nodes of the Jute Value Chain 16 Input Suppliers 16 Producers 17 Cultivation 17 Fertilizers 19 Post-Harvest and Homestead Processing 20 Jute Traders and Transporters 21 Trader Profile 25 Trader Profile 25 Manufacture of Jute Products 25 Findings: Participant Engagement with the Agricultural Value Chains (AVC) Project 26 Agricultural Training 26 Observations and Recommendations from Agriculture Officers 27 Findings: Empowerment and Respect 28 Empowerment and the pro-WEAI 28 Women’s Views on Respectable Women 28 Women’s Views on Respectable Men 29 Men’s View on Respectable Women 29 Men’s View on Respectable Men 30 Findings: Empowerment and Decision-making 30 Men’s Views on Empowered Women 30 Women’s Views on Empowered Women 32 2 Men’s Views on Empowered Men 32 Women’s Views on Empowered Men 33 Areas of Men’s and Women’s Decision-Making 33 Findings: Group Membership 34 Findings: Mobility 35 Findings: Education 36 Implication of Findings for USAID and the AVC project 36 Integrating women into a market systems approach 36 Supporting Group Membership.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter - Viii
    CHAPTER - VIII EPILOGUE CHAPTER - VIII EPILOGUE In the present study entitled "Industries, Trade and Trading Communities of North Bengal (West Bengal), 1833 A.D. - 1933 A.D. : A Study of Economic History." The researcher has presented an analysis of the economic evolution of North Bengal during the concerned time period. The study primarily focuses on a hundred years economic changes and development during the Colonial rule since the passing of the charter Act of 1833. The study begins with the geo-historical profile of North Bengal. This geo-historical profile has been confined to the present atlas of North Bengal i.e. the districts within Jalpaiguri Division of West Bengal State, popularly known as North Bengal which was once under the Colonial rule from 1833 to 1933. The Charter Act of 1833 was a watershed both in political and economic fields. This Charter Act not only completely abolished East India Company's monopoly in trade and commerce but also opened a new trend i.e. free trade policy. The study analyses this new trend and its impact in this region. Due to free trade policy, economic changes started through tea plantation industry, inauguration and development of railways, development of roads and riverine transportation, cultivation and trade of different commercial crops like jute, tobacco, rice, cardamom, orange, cinchona etc. with the emergence of these new trade and industries different merchants, capitalists, entered in this region and also a new group of traders emerged in the trading atlas of this region. The effects of these also have been analysed. The study finally strives to explore the issues of the forces and factors of the declining phase of the Bengalee entrepreneurs in this region.
    [Show full text]