DOCSLIB.ORG

The Political Economy and Intellectual History of Jute in the Bengal Delta, 1850S to 1950S

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Political Economy and Intellectual History of Jute in the Bengal Delta, 1850S to 1950S The Envelope of Global Trade: The Political Economy and Intellectual History of Jute in the Bengal Delta, 1850s to 1950s The Harvard community has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters Citation Ali, Tariq Omar. 2012. The Envelope of Global Trade: The Political Economy and Intellectual History of Jute in the Bengal Delta, 1850s to 1950s. Doctoral dissertation, Harvard University. Citable link http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:10364584 Terms of Use This article was downloaded from Harvard University’s DASH repository, and is made available under the terms and conditions applicable to Other Posted Material, as set forth at http:// nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:dash.current.terms-of- use#LAA © 2012 – Tariq Omar Ali All rights reserved. Professor Sugata Bose Tariq Omar Ali The Envelope of Global Trade: The Political Economy and Intellectual History of Jute in the Bengal Delta, 1850s to 1950s Abstract During the second half of the nineteenth century, peasant smallholders in the Bengal delta – an alluvial tract formed out of the silt deposits of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna river-systems – expanded their cultivation of jute, a fibrous plant that was the world’s primary packaging material. Jute fibres were spun and woven into course cloths used to pack the world’s commodities – its grains, sugar, coffee, cotton, wool, and so forth – in their journey from farms and plantations to urban and industrial centres of consumption. The fibre connected the Bengal delta and its peasant smallholders to the vicissitudes of global commodity markets. This dissertation examines connections between the delta and international commodity markets from the 1850s to the 1950s – it is a local history of global capital. I explore how the commodity shaped the delta’s economic, political and intellectual history, how economic lives, social and cultural formations, and political processes in eastern Bengal were informed and influenced by the cultivation and trade of jute fibres. First, I look at how commodity production changed peasant households’ economic lives, particularly intensifying peasant interactions with markets. I focus on peasant households’ market-based consumption, and argue that consumption informed peasant politics during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Second, I look at how the circulation of the commodity transformed the iii physical and ecological landscape of the delta. I focus on the emergence of jute- specialized market towns along the delta’s rivers and railways, where jute was bulked, assorted and packaged before being dispatched to metropolitan Calcutta. Third, I look at how the commodity emerged as a political and intellectual concept, as imperialists, anti-colonial nationalists, post-colonial statesmen, intellectuals and poets imbued fibre with meaning – relating jute to ideas of poverty and prosperity, religious ethics and practice, economic development and modernization and territorial nationalism. iv Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1: The Politics of Peasant Consumption 21 Jute Cultivation in the Bengal Delta, 1853 to 1917 Chapter 2: The Metropolis, the Hinterland, and the Mofussil 75 The Spatial Formations of Jute, 1853 to 1918 Chapter 3: The Poetry of Jute 122 Mofussil Muslim Politics of Agrarian Immiseration, 1919 to 1936 Chapter 4: The Politics of Jute Prices 177 The State, Commodity Markets, and the Bengal Famine, 1930 to 1944 Chapter 5: Sovereignty and Fibre 234 Post-partition Pakistan and Jute, 1947 to 1954 Conclusion 286 v Acknowledgements To Sugata Bose, the perfect adviser, who represents the perfect balance of guidance and intellectual freedom. Professor Bose directed me to sources, including providing archival materials from his own research and my conversations with him helped me shape and refine my arguments. At the same time, he was very permissive, and always encouraged me to strike out on my own path, to develop my own intellectual interests and style. To Walter Johnson and Emma Rothschild who provided valuable feedback on drafts of chapters. To Sven Beckert, Alison Frank, and Maya Jasanoff who were generous with their time, and provided guidance and inspiration. To my fellow graduate students at Harvard, who provided an intellectual and social community that fostered the creative process and kept life interesting and fun. Especially to Mikhail Akulov, Kuba Kabala, Stefan Link, Hassan Malik, Johan Mathew, Julie Stephens, Gitanjali Surendran, Michael Tworek, and Jeremy Yellen – I would not have enjoyed writing this dissertation as much without them. Also, to Rohit De and Pallavi Raghavan, with whom I spent much time in archives and libraries in Dhaka, Delhi, and London. To Antara Datta, Subir Datta, Supriya Datta, and Ishwarda who hosted me in Kolkata, with great generousity. I have many fond memories of wonderful food and conversation in their Ballygunge home. To Ania Loomba, Suvir Kaul and Tariq Thachil who allowed me to stay in their New Delhi apartment. To S.A. Hafiz, Burt Caesar, Salman Azim, and Fanar Haddad who provided wonderful hospitality and company in London and – briefly – Dundee. To my brother, Zain Ali, who moved to Cambridge during my finishing year and provided brilliant company and distraction when needed. To my grandfather, S.A. Azim, a truly remarkable man whose wide-ranging intellectual curiousity, abilities, and discipline has always been an inspiration. Above all, to my parents, Firdous Azim and Bashirul Haq. I have no words to express my gratitude to them. They have supported me in every way imaginable; without their encouragement, nothing would have been possible. I dedicate this dissertation to them as a token of gratitude for the unstinting and unconditional love and support that I have always received from them. vi Abbreviations NAI National Archives India NAB National Archives Bangladesh DUA Dundee University Archives IOR India Office Library and Records BLC Bengal Legislative Council BLA Bengal Legislative Assembly EBLA East Bengal Legislative Assembly EPA East Pakistan Assembly SSR Survey and Settlement Report BPBEC Bengal Provincial Banking Enquiry Commission RCA Royal Commission on Agriculture FIC The Famine Inquiry Commission MAS Modern Asian Studies IESHR Indian Economic and Social History Review IJMA Indian Jute Mills Association BNCC Bengal National Chamber of Commerce BCC Bengal Chamber of Commerce KPP Krishak Praja Party vii List of Tables Table 1.1 25 Acreage of jute in major jute-districts of the Bengal delta, 1872 to 1910 Table 2.1 82 Arrivals of Jute into Calcutta, 1876 to 1890 Table 3.1 128 Average landholdings in Jute-growing districts, 1929-30 Table 3.2 131 Index of prices in Bengal, 1917-1939 Table 3.3 151 Circulation of Local Newspapers in Eastern Bengal Table 4.1 179 Peasant Families’ Sales of Land, April 1943 to April 1944 viii Introduction From the mid-nineteenth to the mid-twentieth century, jute fabrics – gunnies, hessians, burlap – were the premier packaging material in world trade. Jute sacks were used to pack the world’s grains, cotton, sugar, coffee, guano, cement, and even bacon, as these commodities made their journey from farms and mines to centres of consumption. While the fabric circulated globally, the production of fibre was concentrated in a small corner of the world – the Bengal delta, an alluvial tract formed out of the silt deposits of the Ganges, Brahmaputra and Meghna river- systems. Peasant smallholders in the delta cultivated jute on small lots of land, using a combination of household and hired labour and stored and borrowed capital. Peasant produce journeyed westwards from the peasant homestead, along the delta’s waterways and railways, through river-ports and railway towns, to Calcutta. From Calcutta, part of the crop went north, to the jute mills along the banks of the Hooghly and the rest was exported overseas, to jute mills in Britain, continental Europe and North America. The mills spun and wove the fibres into fabrics that were dispatched to the world’s farms, plantations, and mines. From there, wrapped around a multitude of primary products, jute sacks traveled the globe. The sack connected the delta’s jute tracts to circuits of global capital, to the rhythms and vicissitudes of global commodity markets. My dissertation focuses on the transformations wrought by the cultivation and circulation of fibre on the Bengal delta. I examine how fibre shaped the delta’s economic, political and intellectual history from the 1850s to the 1950s, exploring how economic lives, social and cultural formations, and political processes in eastern Bengal were informed and 1 influenced by the region’s connections to global circuits of capital forged by jute. The emergence of jute cultivation in the Bengal delta should not be seen as a moment in the region’s transitions to capitalism, a one-off event with a less capitalist before and a more capitalist after.1 The relationship between commodity-producing region and global commodity markets was continuous – repeated and reiterated and sometimes reshaped and reoriented each time Bengal’s cultivators sowed their lands with jute and bought fibres to sale into global markets. I examine the relationship between commodity-producing region and global commodity markets during the hundred years spanning the Crimean War (1853-56) and the Korean War (1950-53). The Crimean War interrupted Britain’s supplies of Russian flax and hemp leading textile mills in Dundee, Scotland, to switch en masse to jute. Though initially concentrated in Dundee, jute mills were established in continental Europe, the USA and in western Bengal during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. By 1910, about half of the world’s jute manufacturing capacity was located along the banks of the Hooghly, to the north of Calcutta.2 Bengal’s peasant smallholders responded to the sharp rise in global manufacturing 1 Dipesh Chakrabarty’s critique of transitions to capitalism ,and the consignment of nations and societies to the “waiting room of history,” awaiting this transition, is apt.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1 Department of History, University of Pittsburgh Capitalism and Empire
    Department of History, University of Pittsburgh Capitalism and Empire Core Seminar, HIST 2714 Spring Semester 2007 Richard Oestreicher and Patrick Manning Theme of the course Most people probably assume that capitalism is like the elephant: hard to describe if you haven’t seen it before, but once you have seen it, you know exactly what it is. In this course on the history of capitalism and empire, and we proceed from the opposite assumption: that it is not self-evident what the term “capitalism” entails, nor is it self- evident what questions a history of capitalism must answer. We will look at capitalist development and the relationship between capitalist development and empire across a vast sweep of time and space. We will start our discussions around the following questions, but other questions may arise as we learn more. When does capitalism begin? Is capitalism simply a synonym for any form of market activity or is it a more specific way of organizing human production and exchange? Are there “laws” of capitalist development, stages of capitalist development or does capitalism develop differently in different parts of the world? What role did force, violence, conquest, slavery and imperialism play in capitalist development? Does industrialization represent a sharp departure from previous capitalist modes of production? Does contemporary capitalism differ from earlier forms? Empire, while subordinate to capitalism in the organization of the course and in the number of readings, can be addressed from two perspectives. First, it can be seen as a large-scale organization of power that provides support to capitalist development, especially during the last five hundred years.
    [Show full text]
  • In Late Colonial India: 1942-1944
    Rohit De ([email protected]) LEGS Seminar, March 2009 Draft. Please do not cite, quote, or circulate without permission. EMASCULATING THE EXECUTIVE: THE FEDERAL COURT AND CIVIL LIBERTIES IN LATE COLONIAL INDIA: 1942-1944 Rohit De1 On the 7th of September, 1944 the Chief Secretary of Bengal wrote an agitated letter to Leo Amery, the Secretary of State for India, complaining that recent decisions of the Federal Court were bringing the governance of the province to a standstill. “In war condition, such emasculation of the executive is intolerable”, he thundered2. It is the nature and the reasons for this “emasculation” that the paper hopes to uncover. This paper focuses on a series of confrontations between the colonial state and the colonial judiciary during the years 1942 to 1944 when the newly established Federal Court struck down a number of emergency wartime legislations. The courts decisions were unexpected and took both the colonial officials and the Indian public by surprise, particularly because the courts in Britain had upheld the legality of identical legislation during the same period. I hope use this episode to revisit the discussion on the rule of law in colonial India as well as literature on judicial behavior. Despite the prominence of this confrontation in the public consciousness of the 1940’s, its role has been downplayed in both historical and legal accounts. As I hope to show this is a result of a disciplinary divide in the historical engagement with law and legal institutions. Legal scholarship has defined the field of legal history as largely an account of constitutional and administrative developments paralleling political developments3.
    [Show full text]
  • Jute -The Golden Fibre of Bangladesh a Framework to Resolve
    European Journal of Business and Management www.iiste.org ISSN 2222-1905 (Paper) ISSN 2222-2839 (Online) Vol 4, No.14, 2012 Jute -The Golden Fibre of Bangladesh A Framework to Resolve the Current Critical Situations Sadia Afroj School of Business and Management, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh E-mail: [email protected] Abstract In Bangladesh n ine million farmers, laborers, workers and 45 million dependents, earn less than a dollar a day per family to grow jute in rotation with rice . They grow almost three million tons on 1.6 million hectares of land. Jute provides a necessary break between rice crops and four times its weight in bio -mass to enrich the soil. It also provides a vital cash flow for people who live at the very margins of subsistence. It has been important to jute based farming syst ems in parts of Bangladesh for over a century and this fundamental has not changed. Key word: Jute, current problems, framework, resolve 1. Introduction of Jute The jute plant grows six to ten feet in height and stem of the jute plant is covered with th ick bark and it contains the fibre . In two or three months, the plants grow up and then they are cut, tied up in bundles and kept under water for fermentation for several days. Thus the stems rot and the fibres from the bark, become loose. Then the cultiva tors pull of the fibre s from the bark and wash the fibre s very carefully, dry them in the sun and put them in bundles for sale.
    [Show full text]
  • Uhm Phd 9519439 R.Pdf
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality or the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely. event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Road. Ann Arbor. MI48106·1346 USA 313!761-47oo 800:521-0600 Order Number 9519439 Discourses ofcultural identity in divided Bengal Dhar, Subrata Shankar, Ph.D. University of Hawaii, 1994 U·M·I 300N. ZeebRd. AnnArbor,MI48106 DISCOURSES OF CULTURAL IDENTITY IN DIVIDED BENGAL A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DIVISION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAII IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE DECEMBER 1994 By Subrata S.
    [Show full text]
  • Title: Women of Agency: the Penned Thoughts of Bengali Muslim
    Title: Women of Agency: The Penned Thoughts of Bengali Muslim Women Writers of 9th 20th the Late 1 and Early Century Submitted by: Irteza Binte-Farid In Fulfillment of the Feminist Studies Honors Program Date: June 3, 2013 introduction: With the prolusion of postcolornal literature and theory arising since the 1 9$Os. unearthing subaltern voices has become an admirable task that many respected scholars have undertaken. Especially in regards to South Asia, there has been a series of meticulouslyresearched and nuanced arguments about the role of the subaltern in contributing to the major annals of history that had previously been unrecorded, greatly enriching the study of the history of colonialism and imperialism in South Asia. 20th The case of Bengali Muslim women in India in the late l91 and early century has also proven to be a topic that has produced a great deal of recent literature. With a history of scholarly 19th texts, unearthing the voices of Hindu Bengali middle-class women of late and early 2O’ century, scholars felt that there was a lack of representation of the voices of Muslim Bengali middle-class women of the same time period. In order to counter the overwhelming invisibility of Muslim Bengali women in academic scholarship, scholars, such as Sonia Nishat Amin, tackled the difficult task of presenting the view of Muslim Bengali women. Not only do these new works fill the void of representing an entire community. they also break the persistent representation of Muslim women as ‘backward,’ within normative historical accounts by giving voice to their own views about education, religion, and society) However, any attempt to make ‘invisible’ histories ‘visible’ falls into a few difficulties.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5 Selection and Implementation of Pilot Projects
    Chapter 5 Selection and Implementation of Pilot Projects Chapter 5 Selection and Implementation of Pilot Projects 5.1 Pilot Project for Jute Products Sub-sector Chapter 5 Selection and Implementation of Pilot Projects As discussed in Chapter 4, jute products and computer software were selected as the most potential sub-sectors. The current Study conducted the Pilot Projects for those two sub-sectors from October 2007 to August 2008 (from the Third Field Survey to the Sixth Field Survey). This chapter describes planning policy and basic design of the Pilot Projects, as well as conclusion, recommendations and lessons obtained by implementing the Pilot Projects. Note that details of the Pilot Projects are reported in the “Pilot Project Completion Report,” a supplementary volume of the current Final Report. 5.1 Pilot Project for Jute Products Sub-sector This section summarizes planning policy and basic design of the Pilot Project in jute products sub-sector, as well as conclusion, recommendation and lessons obtained by implementing it. 5.1.1 presents the selection process of the Pilot Project, followed by 5.1.2 that discusses basic design of it. Then, 5.1.3 summarizes conclusion, recommendations and lessons obtained through implementation and evaluation exercise of the Pilot Project in jute products sub-sector. 5.1.1 Pilot Project Selection Process First of all, a long list of candidate Pilot Projects was prepared and screened by applying two selection criteria. Then, the JICA Study Team presented a final plan at the workshop on June 24, 2007 where the industry stakeholders gathered. The participants accepted the final plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Constraints and Opportunities of Raw Jute Production: a Household Level Analysis in Bangladesh
    Progressive Agriculture 25: 38-46, 2014 ISSN: 1017 - 8139 Constraints and opportunities of raw jute production: a household level analysis in Bangladesh S Sheheli*, B Roy Department of Agricultural Extension Education, Faculty of Agriculture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh-2202, Bangladesh Abstract The study was conducted to investigate the existing status and practices of jute cultivation. A total of 100 farmers were interviewed by using a structured interview schedule from two villages (Damor and Nathpara) of Kishoregonj sadar upazila of Kishoregonj district at their houses and/or farm sites during April to June 2014. The study confirmed that most farmers have improved their socio-economic conditions through jute cultivation. The impact analysis of jute cultivation on livelihood of jute farmers shows that overall 61% jute farmers have increased overall livelihood from jute cultivation during the last four years (2011-2014). Deshi variety of jute has been widely grown across the region due to its wider adaptability and quality fiber. Jute area has been increased and some rice field has been replaced by jute due to its high demand in country. In addition, farmers are motivated to cultivate jute. But study revealed that productivity ranged from 750 kg to 1022 kg per hectare that are lower than other jute growing areas of Bangladesh. Average cost of production of fiber was estimated at Tk 15/kg. The study indicates that the maximum production cost has involved in fiber extraction (20%) and weeding (20%). The study also revealed that lack of quality seed, high cost of jute production, lack of training facilities, inadequate credit facilities, high disease infestation, high price of inputs, unstable jute price, shortage of labor at peak period, lack of retting water and weed problem were the main constraints in jute production and processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Historical Note: Depiction of Human Anatomy in Indian Archaeology
    Indian Journal of History of Science, 44.2 (2009) 313-322 HISTORICAL NOTE DEPICTION OF HUMAN ANATOMY IN INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY — A SELECT REPORT* Contains exploratory data of a few select depictions of human anatomy in Indian archaeology, dated between c.650-925 AD and paleograph dated to c.829-36 AD. These give the name of a clinical centre having a feminine name, a surgeon, a medicine specialist and a possible patron/ superintendent. Introduction The Atharvaveda enumerates treatment for leprosy1 and also deals with – – – human skeleton, etc.2. Carakasam. hita Sƒari rasthana2,3,4 by the begining of Christian era deals with anatomy which is termed by modern researchers as A–treya-Caraka system of Indian medicine or A–yurveda. It states, that, the human . body consists of 360 bones inclusive of 32 danta (teeth), 60 anguli (phalanges), 20 sƒalaka (long bones), majhana (marrow) contained in nalakas (hollowed – – – bones), 2 pasni (heels), 45 prs..tha-gatha (45 back joint-bones), 4 sƒira-kapala (pan shaped cranial bones), nails and sub-components of the cervical vertebrae all numbered under sub-headings. So is the human body which is divided into . – s.ad. anga (6 parts). It is known that Atreya was a vaidya (medicine specialist), while Susƒruta was a ves.aja (surgeon), who has described a range of surgical instruments5 along with principles of surgery6. Laparotomy has been dealt by – Caraka7. Ayurveda also has the most comprehensive ancient text of Drvyagun.a Vijn‚ya–na (Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics). Orissa, preserves an edition of the c.8th AD manuscript ‘Cikitsa– Man‚jari–’ (Tenets of Therapeutics) in palm leaf form8.
    [Show full text]
  • India's Naxalite Insurgency: History, Trajectory, and Implications for U.S
    STRATEGIC PERSPECTIVES 22 India’s Naxalite Insurgency: History, Trajectory, and Implications for U.S.-India Security Cooperation on Domestic Counterinsurgency by Thomas F. Lynch III Center for Strategic Research Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University Institute for National Strategic Studies National Defense University The Institute for National Strategic Studies (INSS) is National Defense University’s (NDU’s) dedicated research arm. INSS includes the Center for Strategic Research, Center for Complex Operations, Center for the Study of Chinese Military Affairs, and Center for Technology and National Security Policy. The military and civilian analysts and staff who comprise INSS and its subcomponents execute their mission by conducting research and analysis, publishing, and participating in conferences, policy support, and outreach. The mission of INSS is to conduct strategic studies for the Secretary of Defense, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the unified combatant commands in support of the academic programs at NDU and to perform outreach to other U.S. Government agencies and the broader national security community. Cover: Hard-line communists, belonging to the political group Naxalite, pose with bows and arrows during protest rally in eastern Indian city of Calcutta December 15, 2004. More than 5,000 Naxalites from across the country, including the Maoist Communist Centre and the Peoples War, took part in a rally to protest against the government’s economic policies (REUTERS/Jayanta Shaw) India’s Naxalite Insurgency India’s Naxalite Insurgency: History, Trajectory, and Implications for U.S.-India Security Cooperation on Domestic Counterinsurgency By Thomas F. Lynch III Institute for National Strategic Studies Strategic Perspectives, No.
    [Show full text]
  • Exploring the Future Potential of Jute in Bangladesh
    agriculture Article Exploring the Future Potential of Jute in Bangladesh Sanzidur Rahman 1,* ID , Mohammad Mizanul Haque Kazal 2,† ID , Ismat Ara Begum 3,† and Mohammad Jahangir Alam 4,† ID 1 School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK 2 Department of Development and Poverty Studies, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh; [email protected] 3 Department of Agricultural Economics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; [email protected] 4 Department of Agribusiness and Marketing, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-1752-585911; Fax: +44-1752-584710 † These authors contributed equally to this work. Received: 17 September 2017; Accepted: 24 November 2017; Published: 25 November 2017 Abstract: The study assesses the future potential of the jute sector in Bangladesh by examining its growth performance, international competitiveness, profitability, and production efficiency using national time-series data of over the period 1973–2013 and farm survey data from 289 farmers from two major jute growing areas of Bangladesh. Results revealed that the jute sector has experienced substantial growth in area, production, productivity, prices, and exports. However, productivity has stagnated during the latter 10-year period (2004–2013), while it grew at a rate of 1.3% per annum (p.a.) during the first 31-year period (1973–2003). Only traditional jute production is globally competitive, although financial profitability of white jute is relatively higher (benefit cost ratio = 1.24 and 1.17, respectively). Land, labor, and irrigation are the main productivity drivers for jute.
    [Show full text]
  • Iv PENGARUH IDEOLOGI GERAKAN DAKWAH TABLIGH TERHADAP
    iv PENGARUH IDEOLOGI GERAKAN DAKWAH TABLIGH TERHADAP PEMBANGUNAN MASJID SEBAGAI PUSAT DAKWAH NURUL ‘ATHIQAH BINTI BAHARUDIN Tesis ini dikemukakan sebagai memenuhi syarat penganugerahan ijazah Doktor Falsafah (Senibina) Fakulti Alam Bina Universiti Teknologi Malaysia NOVEMBER 2016 iii Di tujukan kepada suami tercinta Mohd Fariz Bin Kammil, mama Jamilah Salim, mama Fadzilah Mahmood dan papa Kammil Besah yang tidak putus memberi dorongan, membantu dan mendoakanku, Arwah abah, Baharudin Abdullah yang menjadi pembakar semangat dan dorongan yang sentiasa percaya kebolehan dan tidak sempat melihat kejayaanku… Terima Kasih atas segalanya….. Al-Fatihah iv PENGHARGAAN Segala puji dan syukur ke hadrat Allah S.W.T, dengan rahmat dan kasih sayangnya serta selawat dan salam ke atas junjungan besar Nabi Muhammad S.A.W. beserta seluruh keluarga dan sahabat. Tesis ini dapat diselesaikan dalam jangka masa yang sepatutnya dan dalam keadaan yang mestinya. Penghargaan dan penghormatan dan setinggi ucapan terima kasih di ucapkan kepada penyelia Dr Alice Sabrina Ismail atas segala tunjuk ajar, bimbingan, dorongan, semangat yang tidak putus dan meluangkan masa semaksimum mungkin dalam proses menyelesaikan tesis ini. Penghargaan juga kepada semua tenaga pengajar di Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) yang menyumbang buah fikian juga PM Dr Mohamed Rashid bin Embi selaku pemeriksa dalam. Penghargaan dan terima kasih yang tidak terhingga juga kepada suami Mohd Fariz Bin Kammil yang membantu dalam kerja-kerja pengumpulan data, memberi dorongan dan semangat yang tidak kenal erti jemu dan putus asa. Ucapan terima kasih juga kepada mama saya dan kedua ibu bapa mertua yang sudi menjaga anakku Insyirah dan membantu bersama membesarkannya sepanjang pengajian dan proses menyelesaikan tesis ini. Doa dan pertolongan mereka sangat dihargai.
    [Show full text]
  • History, Amnesia and Public Memory the Chittagong Armoury Raid, 1930-34
    History, Amnesia and Public Memory The Chittagong Armoury Raid, 1930-34 Sachidananda Mohanty In this essay, I reconstruct the main It is impossible to think of the 1905.The chief architect of this phase outline of the Chittagong Armoury Chittagong movement without the was Sri Aurobindo, then known as Raid and the uprising against the intellectual, political and martial Aurobindo Ghosh. His maternal British at Chittagong (former East leadership of Surjya Sen. During his grandfather, Rajnarayan Bose, had Bengal, now Bangladesh) between college days, he came under the in 1876 formed a secret society called 1930 and 34. I also explore the reasons influence of the national movement Sanjibani Sabha of which several that might help explain the erasure of and vowed to dedicate his life to members of the Tagore family were this significant episode from public national liberation. According to other members. In a series of articles in memory in India as well as accounts, Surjya Sen, Ambika Induprakash, a weekly from Bombay Bangladesh. I rely, in the main, on Chakraborty and others were initiated edited by KG Deshpande, Sri available historical evidence including into the movement by Hemendra Aurobindo severely criticised the Manini Chatterjee’s well documented Mukhoti, an absconder in the Barisal Congress policies for sticking to non- volume Do and Die: The Chittagong Conspiracy Case. violence. He sent a Bengali soldier of Uprising 1930 and 34 (Penguin The Chittagong group’s early the Baroda army, named Jatin Books, India, 1999). I supplement this inspiration came from the Bengal Banerjee to Bengal with the objective with information based on a recent visit revolutionaries who came into of establishing a secret group to to Bangladesh and my conversations prominence especially during the undertake revolutionary propaganda Partition of Bengal Movement in and recruitment.
    [Show full text]