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Fakultet/Sektion Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Faculty of Social Sciences Department of Social Research Tekijä – Författare – Author Emmi Aleksiina Holm Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Dreaming of Naija: Filmmaking and Everyday Hustle in Lagos, Nigeria Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Social and Cultural Anthropology Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Master’s Thesis May 2014 101 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract This is a study of the Nigerian video-film industry called Nollywood. The twenty-year-old film industry is estimated to be the second largest film industry in the world in terms of production. Nollywood productions are based on shooting with video cameras, quick releases, small budgets and informal distribution networks. The contents of Nollywood films are mostly a mixture of “from rags to riches”-kind of stories, occultism and melodrama. Through the study of film production I approached my other subject-matters: modernity, globality, popular culture and the different standards of living in Lagos. The data was gathered in Lagos, the natal home of Nollywood, during a three-month fieldwork. The methods used in the field were participant observation, interviews and free-flowing discussions. The data consists of field notes, diaries, photographs, films and daily blog/gossip writings in the Nigerian media. The main informants were film practitioners in various fields of film production and distribution, and a group of young and wealthy Lagosians to whom I refer with the term “friends” throughout the study. The main topic for my research is film production in the Lagosian context. However, the film production is very much related to the broader cultural and societal way of being in Nigeria: the anxieties and the aspirations of the Nigerian people are mediated in Nollywood films. Nollywood is a product of the global and the local. In this case ‘global’ means the technicalities of filmmaking and the global ‘messages’, a stream of global information, of the globalized world. Nollywood is an apt example of a local media’s wellbeing in the globalized world of today. Nollywood also functions as a mediative power in the Nigerian society. On the one hand Nollywood makes the global more intelligible locally and on the other hand it reflects and represents the local cultural and societal entities. The film industry and the surrounding Nigerian society are not separate entities. It is important to study cultural producers in order to understand how the media takes part in constituting a society. Similar to its surrounding society, Nollywood is going through a fundamental change. Nigeria is on the road of becoming Africa’s biggest economy while Nollywood is promoting itself in the global film scene: filmmakers now look to better quality films and cinema distribution. The storylines of Nollywood remodel the collective sphere of Nigerian aspirations and hope: the films and the real-life stories of the celebrities show Nigerians a possibility of improving one’s life. Nollywood tries to make sense of what it means to be Nigerian today by intertwining traditional and modern, global and local forces together, creating its own style of storytelling and a way of being in the global world. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Nollywood Nigeria Modernity Hope Prosperity Globality Film production Ethnography Tiedekunta/Osasto – Fakultet/Sektion – Faculty Laitos – Institution – Department Valtiotieteellinen tiedekunta Sosiaalitieteiden laitos Tekijä – Författare – Author Emmi Aleksiina Holm Työn nimi – Arbetets titel – Title Dreaming of Naija: Filmmaking and Everyday Hustle in Lagos, Nigeria Oppiaine – Läroämne – Subject Sosiaali- ja kulttuuriantropologia Työn laji – Arbetets art – Level Aika – Datum – Month and year Sivumäärä – Sidoantal – Number of pages Pro gradu -tutkielma Toukokuu 2014 101 Tiivistelmä – Referat – Abstract Tämä tutkimus käsittelee Nigerian videoelokuvateollisuutta, Nollywoodia. Nuoresta, noin 20-vuoden iästään huolimatta Nollywoodin arvioidaan olevan maailman toiseksi suurin elokuvateollisuus. Nollywood -elokuvien perinteinen tuotantomalli perustuu pienille budjeteille, videokameroilla kuvaamiseen, nopeuteen ja epämuodollisiin jakeluverkostoihin. Elokuvat itsessään kertovat usein tarinoita köyhyyden voittamisesta ja paremman elämän tavoittelusta melodramaattisen tarinankerronnan puitteissa. Myös noituus ja okkultismi ovat tarinankerronnallisesti tärkeässä asemassa. Elokuvatuotannon tutkimuksen kautta tutustuin myös muihin tutkielmassani esiintyviin aihepiireihin: moderniuteen, globaaliin sekä rikastumiseen. Tutkielma perustuu kolmen kuukauden kenttätyön aikana kerättyyn aineistoon. Suoritin kenttätyöni Nollywoodin synnyinkaupungissa Lagosissa. Käytetyt metodit olivat osallistuva havainnointi, haastattelu ja vapaamuotoiset keskustelut. Tärkeimmät informanttini työskentelivät pääsääntöisesti elokuvatuotannon ja levityksen parissa, mutta myös paikalliset vauraampaan kansanosaan kuuluneet ystäväni olivat tutkimukseni kannalta tärkeitä. He tutustuttivat minut kaupungin lukuisiin puoliin. Elokuvatuotanto on linkittynyt vahvasti sitä ympäröivään kulttuuriseen todellisuuteen. Elokuvat välittävät yhteiskunnan kollektiivista ahdistusta sekä toivoa. Nollywood on sekä globaalien että paikallisten voimien tuote. Elokuvateollisuus muovaa sekä globaaleista vaikutuksista paikallisesti ymmärrettäviä että kuvastaa paikallista yhteiskunnallista ja kulttuurista keskustelua. Nollywood on oivallinen esimerkki hyvinvoivasta paikallismediasta globaalissa maailmassa. Tutkielmani näyttää, että elokuvateollisuus ja sitä ympäröivä todellisuus ovat keskenään jatkuvassa vuorovaikutuksessa – ne eivät ole toisistaan erillään olevia kokonaisuuksia. Kulttuurin tuottajien tutkiminen on tärkeää, jotta median rooli yhteiskunnan rakentumisessa ymmärretään paremmin. Nigeriasta on muodostumassa Afrikan suurin talousmahti. Samanaikaisesti Nollywood hakee paikkaansa globaalissa elokuvatuotannossa. Elokuvien parempi laatu sekä elokuvateatterilevitys ovat monen elokuvatuottajan tavoitteena myös Nollywoodissa. Elokuvat osaltaan muokkaavat katsojien pyrkimyksiä sekä toivoa: elokuvien narratiivit sekä julkisuushahmojen todelliset elämäntarinat todistavat paremman ja vauraamman elämän olevan mahdollista. Nollywood pyrkii määrittelemään nykypäivän nigerialaisuutta. Moderni ja traditionaalisuus sekä globaali ja lokaali kietoutuvat yhteen elokuvissa sekä niiden tuotannossa. Nollywood on luonut täysin omanlaisensa tavan olla olemassa ja kertoa elämästä nykypäivän maailmassa. Avainsanat – Nyckelord – Keywords Nollywood Nigeria Modernius Toivo Rikastuminen Globaali Elokuvatuotanto Etnografia Dreaming of Naija Filmmaking and Everyday Hustle in Lagos, Nigeria Emmi Aleksiina Holm University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences Social and Cultural Anthropology Master’s Thesis May 2014 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2. BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................... 3 2.1 NIGERIA ................................................................................................................................................ 3 2.2 THE FIELD ............................................................................................................................................. 6 2.2.1 Methods ........................................................................................................................................ 9 2.2.2 Challenges ...................................................................................................................................10 2.3 THE DATA ...........................................................................................................................................12 CHAPTER 3. THE FILM INDUSTRY ........................................................................................... 13 3.1 GLOBAL FILM INDUSTRIES .................................................................................................................14 3.2 AFRICAN FILM INDUSTRY...................................................................................................................17 3.3 THE STAGES OF NIGERIAN FILM ........................................................................................................21 CHAPTER 4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK ............................................................................ 25 4.1 MASS MEDIA AND THE POPULAR .......................................................................................................27 4.2 MEDIATION .........................................................................................................................................32 4.3 HOPE AND THE INDIVIDUAL ...............................................................................................................35 4.4 MODERNITY ........................................................................................................................................39 CHAPTER 5. TWENTY YEARS OF NOLLYWOOD .................................................................... 42 5.1 THE PROCESS OF MAKING A NOLLYWOOD FILM ...............................................................................45 5.1.1 Preproduction..............................................................................................................................47
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