2021 RIPA Quick Facts

R A C I A L A N D I D E N T I T Y P R O F I L I N G A D V I S O R Y B O A R D RI PA 2 0 2 1 R E P O R T Q U I C K F A C T S

Between January 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019 the 15 largest law enforcement agencies in California collected data on nearly 4 million vehicle and pedestrian stops. RIPA defines a stop as a detention or search. California Highway Patrol (CHP) San Diego County Sheriff’s Department (SDSD) Oakland Police Department (OPD) Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department (LASD) San Diego Police Department (SDPD) Orange County Sheriff’s Department (OCSD) Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) San Francisco Police Department (SFPD) Sacramento County Sheriff’s Department (SCSD) Riverside County Sheriff’s Department (RCSD) Fresno Police Department (FPD) Sacramento Police Department (SPD) San Bernardino County Sheriff’s Department (SBSD) Long Beach Police Department (LBPD) San Jose Police Department (SJPD)

The full report contains several different types of analyses that were designed to measure disparities in stop outcomes. They include descriptive breakdowns of various stop elements (e.g., reason for stop), a comparison to residential population data, an analysis of search discovery rates, an analysis of stop frequencies by sunlight conditions, and an analysis examining use of force rates. Please see the full report to review all analyses in detail.

Demographics of Stopped Individuals The data presented below is based on the perception of stopped individuals by officers.

Hispanic White

Percent of Black Middle Eastern/ Stopped 38.9% Asian South Asian Pacific Native Individuals 33.1% Multiracial Islander American 5.7% 4.7% 15.9% 0.9% 0.5% FT0.2%

Officers Officers perceived perceived 7,595 4.1% of stopped 28.6% 26,382 (0.7%) individuals were perceived Perceived (0.2%) of stopped to have limited or Female stopped individuals 71.2% individuals to no English fluency to be transgender Perceived or gender Male be LGBT nonconforming

Perceived Disability Perceived Age Officers perceived 46,035 (1.1%) of stopped individuals to have a disability. The graphic below is a breakdown of individuals officers 32.3% perceived to have a disability.

3.3% 21.9% Mental Health Cond. 0.1% 16.3% Developmental 15.5% 0.2% Hyperactivity 9.1% 13.4% Other 63.3% <0.1% 3.7% 7.7% DRAMultiple Disability 1.1%

5.6 Deafness % Speech Impairment 1 - 9 65+ 10 - 14 15 - 17 18 - 24 25 - 34 35 - 44 45 - 54 55 - 64 4.9% Blind 1.8%

DRAFT REPORT – PENDING EDITING AND REVIEW This draft is a product of various subcommittees of the Racial and Identity Profiling Advisory Board. It has been provided merely for the Racial and Identity Profiling Advisory Board's consideration and its content does not necessarily reflect the views of any individual RIPA Board member, the full RIPA Board, or the California Department of Justice. R A C I A L A N D I D E N T I T Y P R O F I L I N G A D V I S O R Y B O A R D RI PA 2 0 2 1 R E P O R T Q U I C K F A C T S

Actions Taken During Stop by Officers Across all stops, the most common actions taken by officers were:

Searches Curbside or Patrol Car Detentions Handcuffing Ordered Vehicle Exits 3.9% 11.3%

8.4% 10.2%

Officers stopped more than double the number of White individuals than they did Black individuals, but searched, detained on the curb or in a patrol car, handcuffed, and removed from vehicles more Black individuals than they did white individuals. T 25.0% Actions Taken by Race/Ethnicity 20.5% 20.0% 17.8%

14.1% 15.5% 12.2% 10.4% 8.9% 10.0% 8.2% 8.2% 7.7% 6.6% 5.1% 4.9% 4.9% 4.5% 5.0% F 2.1% 1.7% 0.0% Searched Detained Handcuffed Ordered Vehicle Exit Black Hispanic Other White

Individuals whom officers perceived to have a disability were searched, detained on the curb or in a patrol car, and handcuffed at a higher rate than those perceived to not have a disability.

Actions Taken by Disability 50.0% 45.1% 45.0% 43.4% 40.0% 39.4% RA

35.0% 30.0% 25.0% 20.0% 15.5% 11.0% 9.8% 10.0% 7.9% 3.9% 5.0% D 3.4% 0.0% Searched Detained Handcuffed Ordered Vehicle Exit

Disability No Disability

Overall Search and Discovery Rates

Search Rates Discovery Rates Black individuals were searched 2.5 times the rate Search discovery rates refer to the proportion of searched individuals that officers of White individuals. Officers searched discover to be in possession of contraband or evidence. Officers discovered approximately 8% of White individuals. Officers contraband or evidence on 22.2% of White individuals who were searched. searched a higher proportion of Black, Hispanic, Despite having a higher proportion of individuals searched officers and Multiracial individuals in comparison to discovered contraband or evidence at a lower rate in searches of Black, individuals from other racial/ethnic groups. Hispanic, and Multiracial individuals in comparison to White individuals.

11.3% 21.4%

of stopped individuals were subject of searched individuals were found to be to a person or property search in possession of contraband or evidence

Search Rate Discovery Rate 12.3%

Greater than 4.9% White Rate 4.1% 1.7% 2.5% 2.1% 1.0% 0.3% 0.0% -0.6% -1.4% -2.8% -2.1% Less than -3.9% -5.1% White Rate Asian Black Hispanic Middle Eastern/ Multiracial Native Pacific Islander South Asian American

Search And Discovery Rates by Race/Ethnicity and Gender Overall, transgender/gender nonconforming individuals were searched 4.5 times the rate at which officers searched (cisgender) females and 2.2 times the rate at which officers searched (cisgender) males. Despite large differences in search rates, discovery rates for transgender/gender nonconforming individuals were similar to the discovery rates of cisgender individuals.

30% 40% Percent of Black 30% 20% Stops of 20% Hispanic Racial/Ethnic 10% Group 10% Other 0% 0% SEARCH RATE SEARCH DISCOVERY RATE White Female Male Transgender/ Female Male Transgender/ Gender Gender DRAFTNonconforming Nonconforming Within each gender group, Black and Hispanic cisgender males and cisgender females had higher search rates but lower discovery rates in comparison to White cisgender males and White cisgender females. Black and Hispanic transgender/gender nonconforming individuals had higher search and discovery rates than White transgender/gender nonconforming individuals.

Search and Discovery Rates by Race/Ethnicity and Age Overall, younger individuals were searched at a higher rate than older individuals with the highest search rate being for individuals between the ages of 25 to 29 (14.0%), and the lowest search rate being for individuals 65 years of age or older (3.6%). By race/ethnicity, White individuals between the ages of 30 – 34 were searched most frequently for White individuals, while Black and Hispanic individuals younger than 25 were searched most often for their respective racial/ethnic groups. Black individuals had higher search rates than White individuals in every age group. Officers searched a higher proportion of Hispanic individuals whom they stopped than White individuals for all age ranges younger than 50 years old.

30%

25%

20%

15%

Search Rate 10%

0% <25 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65+

White Black Hispanic Other

Discovery rates for Black individuals started out lower and increased with age, while discovery rates for Hispanic individuals were less variable across age groups. White individuals had the widest range in discovery rates across age groups.

30%

25%

20%

15% 10% Discovery Rate

0% <25 25 - 29 30 - 34 35 - 39 40 - 44 45 - 49 50 - 54 55 - 59 60 - 64 65+

White Black Hispanic Other

Search and Discovery Rates for Consent Only Searches by Race/Ethnicity A consent only search is a search where an officer indicates that the only basis they had for performing a search was that the person consented to the search. Black, Hispanic, Multiracial, and Native American individuals had higher consent only search rates compared to White individuals (who were subjected to a consent only search in 1.2% of their stops). Despite Black individuals having 2 times the consent only search rate and Hispanic individuals having 1.6 times the consent search rate of White individuals, Black and Hispanic individuals had lower discovery rates than White individuals (13.3%).

Search Rates for Consent Searches Discovery Rates for Consent Searches

Greater than 3.2% White Rate 2.2% 1.2% 0.7% 0.4% 0.1% 0.1% 0.0% DR FTA -0.1% -0.8% -0.8% -2.0% -1.6% Less than -2.8% White Rate -4.3% Asian Black Hispanic Middle Eastern/ Multiracial Native Pacific Islander South Asian American

Search and Discovery Rates for Supervision Searches by Race/Ethnicity

In California, there are multiple forms of state and local supervision including parole, probation, post release community supervision, and mandatory supervision (hereinafter collectively referred to as “supervision”). If a person is under supervision, they may be searched by officers only if it is an explicit term of the person's supervision conditions. Further, sometimes conditions of supervision allow for search of specific items – such as a cellphone – while others do not. Under the law, an officer must know that the individual is under supervision and that they have a specific search condition prior to conducting a supervision related search.

Black, Hispanic, Multiracial, and Native American individuals had higher proportions of individuals searched in comparison to White individuals where the only basis officers provided for the search was that the stopped individual had a search condition of supervision in comparison to White individuals. Despite these higher search rates, all racial/ethnic groups had lower discovery rates for these searches than White individuals.

Search Rates for Supervision Searches Discovery Rates for Supervision Searches Greater than White Rate 2.2% 0.2% 0.7% 0.0% 0.2% T 0.0% -0.8% -1.0% Less than -2.3% -3.2% -4.0% -4.1% White Rate -4.9% -8.3% -8.1% Asian Black Hispanic Middle Eastern/ Multiracial Native Pacific Islander South Asian AmericanF

Use of Force Black and Hispanic individuals were more likely to have force used against them compared toA White individuals, while Asian and other individuals were less likely. Specifically, the odds of having force used during a stop were 1.45 times and 1.18 times greater for Black and Hispanic individuals, respectively. The odds of force being used during stops of Asian or other individuals were 0.83 and 0.93 times lower, respectively, compared to White individuals. Odds of Having Force Used Compared to White Individuals

Black Black Hispanic R Hispanic Asian Asian Other Other

-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 DLower Odds Greater Odds Visit the RIPA Board website at https://oag.ca.gov/ab953 for more information about the Racial and Identity Profiling Act. RIPA Board email: [email protected] | To view the full 2021 RIPA Board Report, visit https://oag.ca.gov/ab953/board/reports.