Internet for All: a Framework for Accelerating Internet Access and Adoption 3 Foreword
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Iclab: a Global, Longitudinal Internet Censorship Measurement Platform
ICLab: A Global, Longitudinal Internet Censorship Measurement Platform Arian Akhavan Niaki∗y Shinyoung Cho∗yz Zachary Weinberg∗x Nguyen Phong Hoangz Abbas Razaghpanahz Nicolas Christinx Phillipa Gilly yUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst zStony Brook University xCarnegie Mellon University {arian, shicho, phillipa}@cs.umass.edu {shicho, nghoang, arazaghpanah}@cs.stonybrook.edu {zackw, nicolasc}@cmu.edu Abstract—Researchers have studied Internet censorship for remains elusive. We highlight three key challenges that must nearly as long as attempts to censor contents have taken place. be addressed to make progress in this space: Most studies have however been limited to a short period of time and/or a few countries; the few exceptions have traded off detail Challenge 1: Access to Vantage Points. With few ex- for breadth of coverage. Collecting enough data for a compre- ceptions,1 measuring Internet censorship requires access to hensive, global, longitudinal perspective remains challenging. “vantage point” hosts within the region of interest. In this work, we present ICLab, an Internet measurement The simplest way to obtain vantage points is to recruit platform specialized for censorship research. It achieves a new balance between breadth of coverage and detail of measurements, volunteers [37], [43], [73], [80]. Volunteers can run software by using commercial VPNs as vantage points distributed around that performs arbitrary network measurements from each the world. ICLab has been operated continuously since late vantage point, but recruiting more than a few volunteers per 2016. It can currently detect DNS manipulation and TCP packet country and retaining them for long periods is difficult. Further, injection, and overt “block pages” however they are delivered. -
An Analysis of Contributions to Wikipedia from Tor
Are anonymity-seekers just like everybody else? An analysis of contributions to Wikipedia from Tor Chau Tran Kaylea Champion Andrea Forte Department of Computer Science & Engineering Department of Communication College of Computing & Informatics New York University University of Washington Drexel University New York, USA Seatle, USA Philadelphia, USA [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] Benjamin Mako Hill Rachel Greenstadt Department of Communication Department of Computer Science & Engineering University of Washington New York University Seatle, USA New York, USA [email protected] [email protected] Abstract—User-generated content sites routinely block contri- butions from users of privacy-enhancing proxies like Tor because of a perception that proxies are a source of vandalism, spam, and abuse. Although these blocks might be effective, collateral damage in the form of unrealized valuable contributions from anonymity seekers is invisible. One of the largest and most important user-generated content sites, Wikipedia, has attempted to block contributions from Tor users since as early as 2005. We demonstrate that these blocks have been imperfect and that thousands of attempts to edit on Wikipedia through Tor have been successful. We draw upon several data sources and analytical techniques to measure and describe the history of Tor editing on Wikipedia over time and to compare contributions from Tor users to those from other groups of Wikipedia users. Fig. 1. Screenshot of the page a user is shown when they attempt to edit the Our analysis suggests that although Tor users who slip through Wikipedia article on “Privacy” while using Tor. Wikipedia’s ban contribute content that is more likely to be reverted and to revert others, their contributions are otherwise similar in quality to those from other unregistered participants and to the initial contributions of registered users. -
End of News:Internet Censorship in Turkey
https://www.freewebturkey.com/end-of-news End of news: Internet censorship in Turkey This report was published as part of the Free Web Turkey project carried out by the Media and Law Studies Association between November 2019 and October 2020. http://www.freewebturkey.com | http://www.mlsaturkey.com About MLSA and Free Web Turkey The Media and Law Studies Association (MLSA) was founded in 2017 and its main field of activity is of- fering legal protection to journalists and people tried in freedom of expression cases. As the MLSA, we aim to provide guidance to websites, media organizations and all content producers facing censorship in digital media on methods of coping with censorship, offering them legal consultancy, tools to avoid censorship and a set of internet services that would ease their efforts within the scope of the Free Web Turkey project, which we have been conducting in the field of internet freedom for a year. Besides, we bring together groups working in the field of digital freedoms and freedom of expression to organize panels, roundtable discussions, publish articles, and conduct training programs for content producers to raise awareness against censorship. Another goal of our project is to organize the network of communication and solidarity between institutions, which is one of the most essential components in combating digital censorship. To this end, we try to keep an up-to- date list of blocked URLs and create a database so that we can run a joint and more powerful campaign against censorship. While doing all these, we aim to protect the freedom of expression in the law, the Constitution and international conventions, and to exercise this right effectively. -
Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right
Maik Fielitz, Nick Thurston (eds.) Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right Political Science | Volume 71 Maik Fielitz, Nick Thurston (eds.) Post-Digital Cultures of the Far Right Online Actions and Offline Consequences in Europe and the US With kind support of Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Na- tionalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-No- Derivatives 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) which means that the text may be used for non-commer- cial purposes, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ To create an adaptation, translation, or derivative of the original work and for com- mercial use, further permission is required and can be obtained by contacting [email protected] Creative Commons license terms for re-use do not apply to any content (such as graphs, figures, photos, excerpts, etc.) not original to the Open Access publication and further permission may be required from the rights holder. The obligation to research and clear permission lies solely with the party re-using the material. © 2019 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld Cover layout: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Typeset by Alexander Masch, Bielefeld Printed by Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar Print-ISBN 978-3-8376-4670-2 PDF-ISBN 978-3-8394-4670-6 https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839446706 Contents Introduction | 7 Stephen Albrecht, Maik Fielitz and Nick Thurston ANALYZING Understanding the Alt-Right. -
Product Data Sheet
Product Data Sheet Section I – Product and Company Information Product: Lithium ion and Lithium ion polymer batteries Manufacturer: Models: See Microsoft Product Battery Information Table, Section 14 Microsoft Corporation Effective Date: November 28, 2017 One Microsoft Way Version: 2017A - Phones Redmond, WA 98052-6399 Tel 425 882 8080 Section II – Composition Information Not chemically dangerous during normal use in accordance with Microsoft recommendations as stated in the user manuals or other similar documentation. Exposure to hazardous chemicals is not expected with normal handling and use. In particular, the cell or battery should not be opened or burned. Section III – Hazards Identification Emergency Overview: Do not open or disassemble cells or batteries or expose them to fire or open flame. Do not puncture or deform. Cells and batteries present a hazard only if mishandled in a way that causes damage to the cell or battery or compromises their integrity. Primary Routes of Exposure: Risk of exposure to hazardous materials will only occur if the cell or battery is physically, thermally or electrically abused to the extent that the integrity of the cell or battery is compromised. In this case, exposure to the electrolyte can occur through ingestion, inhalation, eye contact and skin contact. Potential Health Effects: If the battery or cell has been damaged or ruptured, the electrolyte solution, which is corrosive, could be released and cause burns to the eyes, skin or respiratory tract. Ingestion of the electrolyte can cause serious burns of the gastrointestinal tract. Section IV – First Aid Measures If you get electrolyte in your eyes, flush with water for 15 minutes without rubbing and immediately contact a physician. -
Perceptions, and Experiences of a Participant in the Process Were Documented to Show the Informal Workings of the Agency That Outsiders Rarely See
1^^^^^^^^^^"-'""ͣ-ͣ'* " ͣ ^^'='^'^1^^^m^^^^^^^^^fp^^Sf^-'^W^7W': ͣ ABSTRACT MICHELE A. DUBOW. Development of General Provisions for New National Air Toxics Standards under the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. (Under the direction of DR. MORRIS A. SHIFFMAN) While Congress writes laws that determine national priorities for handling environmental problems, federal agencies write environmental regulations that bridge the gap between Congressional intent and actual implementation of statutes. In developing and codifying regulations, federal bureaucrats make policy decisions and negotiate to resolve conflicts within and outside their agencies. These conflicts usually remain hidden from the public and are not documented. Nevertheless, the content of regulations may be influenced by human and political factors as much as by competent scientific and technical research and policy judgements. Therefore, regulation writers must remain flexible to respond to events as they arise, especially ones that result in deviations from institutionalized systems for regulatory development. The process of developing a single regulation was traced to give insight into the regulatory development process at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Observations, perceptions, and experiences of a participant in the process were documented to show the informal workings of the Agency that outsiders rarely see. Two lessons drawn from this exercise are that the regulatory development process does not follow a "cookbook" formula and having a strategy to advance a regulation can help to ensure its successful development. TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables......................................... vii List of Figures....................................... vlli List of Appendices..................................... x List of Acronyms and Abbreviations..................... xl Acknowledgements....................................... xiii Preface................................................ xv CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION • - 1.0 Passage of the New Clean Air Act....... -
1 a Practical Guide to Analysing Online Support Forums Richard M
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Repository@Nottingham A practical guide to analysing online support forums Richard M. Smedley PhD a, Neil S. Coulson PhD a a Division of Rehabilitation and Ageing, Queen’s Medical Centre, Nottingham, NG7 2UH Address for correspondence: Professor Neil S. Coulson Division of Rehabilitation & Ageing, School of Medicine Queen's Medical Centre Nottingham NG7 2UH UK +44 115 846 6642 1 Abstract As the number of online support forums continues to grow and the amount of user-generated content increases, analysing forum messages can provide researchers and others working in health-related fields with important new insights into the needs, opinions and experiences of individuals who use them. There has been a lack of guidance regarding how to make the best use of user-generated content within forums as a data source in research studies, so this paper explains the practical, ethical and methodological issues associated with this type of research. It describes the benefits of forum research, the organisational structure of forums, how forums are selected for research, approaches to sampling, preparing data for analysis, and methods of analysis that can be used. The decisions that researchers need to make during each stage of the research process are explained, describing the options available and the ethical dilemmas that need to be considered to successfully develop, carry out and complete a research project. Keywords: Online support communities; Forum; Sampling typology; Research methods; Ethics. About the authors: Richard M. Smedley has recently completed a PhD in Health Psychology in the School of Medicine at the University of Nottingham. -
AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016 Progress Towards Agricultural Transformation in Africa AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016 TABLE of CONTENTS
AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016 Progress towards Agricultural Transformation in Africa AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016 TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword ii Preface iii Acknowledgements v Acronyms vi Chapter 1 2 The role of agricultural transformation within Africa’s economic development process Chapter 2 24 Strengthening the continental agricultural agenda and accountability framework - The Road from Maputo To Malabo Chapter 3 48 Driving Economic Transformation Chapter 4 76 Sustainable Intensification for Resilience Chapter 5 108 Agricultural Productivity through Intensification and Local Institutions Chapter 6 128 Getting More for Farmers from Post-Harvest to Market Chapter 7 150 New Ways Of Financing African Agriculture Chapter 8 172 Modernization of Agriculture through Digital Technology Chapter 9 202 The Roles of Agricultural Research Systems, Advisory Services and Capacity Development and Knowledge Transfer Chapter 10 234 Achieving Food Security and Nutrition Chapter 11 252 Putting it all together - Recommendations and Conclusions Agricultural Data 260 AFRICA AGRICULTURE STATUS REPORT 2016 i FOREWORD Over the last decade, millions of small family farms that are needed to make the transformation of this in Africa have experience big changes. These farms sector a reality. While acknowledging the progress are the continent’s main source of food, employment, that many countries have made toward this end, and income. Many African governments have put ag- especially the ones that were quick to embrace the riculture back to the top of the development agen- African Union’s Comprehensive African Agriculture da, and from a growing revenue base, they have Development Program, the report minces no words increased the proportion of their national budgets about how much farther these countries and others going to this vital sector. -
Evidence from Wikipedia
Journal Title XX(X):1–16 Censorship’s Effect on ©The Author(s) 2016 Reprints and permission: Incidental Exposure to sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav DOI: 10.1177/ToBeAssigned Information: Evidence from www.sagepub.com/ Wikipedia * Jennifer Pan1 and Margaret E. Roberts2 Abstract The fast growing body of research on internet censorship has examined the effects of censoring selective pieces of political information and the unintended consequences of censorship of entertainment. However, we know very little about the broader consequences of coarse censorship, or censorship that affects a large array of information like an entire website or search engine. In this study, we use China’s complete block of Chinese language Wikipedia (zh.wikipedia.org) on May 19, 2015 to disaggregate the effects of coarse censorship on proactive consumption of information – information users seek out – and on incidental consumption of information – information users are not actively seeking but consume when they happen to come across it. We quantify the effects of censorship of Wikipedia not only on proactive information consumption, but also on opportunities for exploration and incidental consumption of information. We find that users from mainland China were much more likely to consume information on Wikipedia about politics and history incidentally rather than proactively, suggesting that the effects of censorship on incidental information access may be politically significant. Keywords: censorship, Wikipedia, China, information consumption Introduction out proactively but also has dramatic effects on incidental consumption of information – in this case, Wikipedia—a wiki-based website where users information that Wikipedia users accessed through collaboratively modify content and structure—is the homepage. -
Why Are the Largest Social Networking Services Sometimes Unable to Sustain Themselves?
sustainability Article Why Are the Largest Social Networking Services Sometimes Unable to Sustain Themselves? Yong Joon Hyoung 1,* , Arum Park 2 and Kyoung Jun Lee 1,2 1 Department of Social Network Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; [email protected] 2 School of Management, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 11 November 2019; Accepted: 13 December 2019; Published: 9 January 2020 Abstract: The sustainability of SNSs (social networking services) is a major issue for both business strategists and those who are simply academically curious. The “network effect” is one of the most important theories used to explain the competitive advantage and sustainability of the largest SNSs in the face of the emergence of multiple competitive followers. However, as numerous cases can be observed when a follower manages to overcome the previously largest SNS, we propose the following research question: Why are the largest social networking services sometimes unable to sustain themselves? This question can also be paraphrased as follows: When (under what conditions) do the largest SNSs collapse? Although the network effect generally enables larger networks to survive and thrive, exceptional cases have been observed, such as NateOn Messenger catching up with MSN Messenger in Korea (Case 1), KakaoTalk catching up with NateOn in Korea (Case 2), Facebook catching up with Myspace in the USA (Case 3), and Facebook catching up with Cyworld in Korea (Case 4). To explain these cases, hypothesis-building and practice-oriented methods were chosen. While developing our hypothesis, we coined the concept of a “larger population social network” (LPSN) and proposed an “LPSN effect hypothesis” as follows: The largest SNS in one area can collapse when a new SNS grows in another larger population’s social network. -
How the Great Firewall of China Is Blocking Tor
How the Great Firewall of China is Blocking Tor Philipp Winter and Stefan Lindskog Karlstad University fphilwint, stefl[email protected] Abstract Tor blocking infrastructure is designed and (3) we dis- cuss and propose circumvention techniques. Internet censorship in China is not just limited to the We also point out that censorship is a fast moving tar- web: the Great Firewall of China prevents thousands get. Our results are only valid at the time of writing1 and of potential Tor users from accessing the network. In might—and probably will—be subject to change. Nev- this paper, we investigate how the blocking mechanism ertheless, we believe that a detailed understanding of the is implemented, we conjecture how China’s Tor block- GFC’s current capabilities, a “censorship snapshot”, is ing infrastructure is designed and we propose circumven- important for future circumvention work. tion techniques. Our work bolsters the understanding of China’s censorship capabilities and thus paves the way towards more effective circumvention techniques. 2 Related Work In [28], Wilde revealed first crucial insights about the 1 Introduction block of Tor traffic. Over a period of one week in Decem- ber 2011, Wilde analysed how unpublished Tor bridges On October 4, 2011 a user reported to the Tor bug tracker are getting scanned and, as a result, blocked by the GFC. that unpublished bridges stop working after only a few Wilde’s results showed that when a Tor user in China minutes when used from within China [17]. Bridges are establishes a connection to a bridge or relay, deep packet unpublished Tor relays and their very purpose is to help inspection (DPI) boxes identify the Tor protocol. -
Turkey's Internet Policy After the Coup Attempt
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons Center for Global Communication Studies Internet Policy Observatory (CGCS) 2-28-2017 Turkey’s Internet Policy After the Coup Attempt: The Emergence of a Distributed Network of Online Suppression and Surveillance Bilge Yesil Efe Kerem Sözeri Emad Khazraee Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/internetpolicyobservatory Part of the Communication Technology and New Media Commons, International and Intercultural Communication Commons, Social Influence and oliticalP Communication Commons, and the Social Media Commons Recommended Citation Yesil, Bilge; Kerem Sözeri, Efe; and Khazraee, Emad. (2017). Turkey’s Internet Policy After the Coup Attempt: The Emergence of a Distributed Network of Online Suppression and Surveillance. Internet Policy Observatory. Retrieved from https://repository.upenn.edu/internetpolicyobservatory/22 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/internetpolicyobservatory/22 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Turkey’s Internet Policy After the Coup Attempt: The Emergence of a Distributed Network of Online Suppression and Surveillance Abstract In July 2016, Turkey was shaken by a bloody coup attempt. Although the would-be putschists failed, their insurgency led to an unprecedented reshuffling ofurk T ey’s political economic and socio-cultural landscapes. Notwithstanding the critical reverberations on the army, judiciary, law enforcement and civil society, the abortive coup set in motion a massive