DOCSLIB.ORG

The Complex Interactions Between Obesity, Metabolism and the Brain

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Complex Interactions Between Obesity, Metabolism and the Brain fnins-13-00513 May 22, 2019 Time: 17:2 # 1 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CONICET Digital REVIEW published: 24 May 2019 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00513 The Complex Interactions Between Obesity, Metabolism and the Brain Romina María Uranga1,2* and Jeffrey Neil Keller3* 1 Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de Bahía Blanca, Universidad Nacional del Sur-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Bahía Blanca, Argentina, 2 Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca, Argentina, 3 Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University System, Baton Rouge, LA, United States Obesity is increasing at unprecedented levels globally, and the overall impact of obesity on the various organ systems of the body is only beginning to be fully appreciated. Because of the myriad of direct and indirect effects of obesity causing dysfunction of multiple tissues and organs, it is likely that there will be heterogeneity in the presentation of obesity effects in any given population. Taken together, these realities make it increasingly difficult to understand the complex interplay between Edited by: obesity effects on different organs, including the brain. The focus of this review is Mario Eduardo Guido, to provide a comprehensive view of metabolic disturbances present in obesity, their Center for Research in Biological Chemistry Córdoba (CIQUIBIC), direct and indirect effects on the different organ systems of the body, and to discuss Argentina the interaction of these effects in the context of brain aging and the development of Reviewed by: neurodegenerative diseases. Russell H. Swerdlow, The University of Kansas, Keywords: obesity, overweight, metabolic dysfunction, brain, weight loss United States Qingchun Tong, The University of Texas Health OBESITY Science Center at Houston, United States Obesity is often considered to result from excessive calorie consumption (food intake) and/or *Correspondence: insufficient or inadequate calorie expenditure (metabolic and physical activity) (Figure 1). Obesity Romina María Uranga is a complex and chronic non-communicable disease that affects more than a third of the world’s [email protected]; [email protected] population (Hruby and Hu, 2015). It has been shown that obesity in middle age is able to shorten Jeffrey Neil Keller life expectancy by 4–7 years (Peeters et al., 2003). A major problem with obesity is the diverse [email protected] set of health associated complications it promotes including hypertension, diabetes, increased cardiovascular risk, and cancer (Calle et al., 2003). The most commonly utilized tool used for Specialty section: measuring obesity today is the body mass index (BMI), defined as a person’s weight in kilograms This article was submitted to divided by his or her height in meters squared. By convention, a person with a BMI of less than Neuroendocrine Science, 25.0 is considered non-obese or “normal,” a person with a BMI between 25.0 and 29.9 is defined as a section of the journal overweight, and a person with a BMI of 30 or more is considered obese. A BMI of more than 40.0 Frontiers in Neuroscience deserves particular attention since it represents morbid obesity (also known as severe or extreme Received: 09 January 2019 obesity). This index provides a reasonable estimate of body fat, and it is more accurate than skinfold Accepted: 06 May 2019 measurements. However, the use of BMI has certain limitations, because it does not distinguish Published: 24 May 2019 between lean and fat mass, nor does it indicate anything about fat distribution. In this sense, Citation: computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging are the most accurate methods to measure Uranga RM and Keller JN (2019) The Complex Interactions Between the amount of visceral fat. Unfortunately, these tests are expensive and require sophisticated Obesity, Metabolism and the Brain. equipment. Waist circumference, a more straightforward but more reliable method to measure Front. Neurosci. 13:513. abdominal adiposity, has become an increasingly important tool for classifying obesity (Hu, 2007). doi: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00513 Numerous studies have shown that many obesity-related risk factors depend mainly on fat body Frontiers in Neuroscience| www.frontiersin.org 1 May 2019| Volume 13| Article 513 fnins-13-00513 May 22, 2019 Time: 17:2 # 2 Uranga and Keller Obesity, Metabolism and the Brain distribution rather than excess weight per se. Hence, it is metabolic disease (Grauer et al., 1984; Snijder et al., 2003a,b). important to take into account how body fat is distributed in Indeed, vWAT has been demonstrated to expand majorly by an individual, for example, between subcutaneous versus visceral hypertrophy of preexisting adipocytes while sWAT expands (or intra-abdominal) fat. It is important to note that visceral by hyperplasia, i.e., the increase of the number of progenitor fat, but not subcutaneous fat, is more associated with metabolic cells and subsequent differentiation. It is important to highlight syndrome, which is further discussed below. that bigger hypertrophic adipocytes are usually associated with metabolic dysfunction. In line with this, very important in Adipose Deposition terms of metabolic disease is the fact that vWAT adipocytes Adipose tissue is a complex, specialized, multicellular organ are metabolically (i.e., lipolytically) more active than sWAT able to influence the function of almost all other organs. It adipocytes, thus releasing more free fatty acids to the bloodstream is a loose connective tissue composed mostly of adipocytes, (Wajchenberg, 2000; Hajer et al., 2008). vWAT is also associated but which also contains the stromal-vascular fraction of cells with the release of pro-inflammatory adipokines (Fontana et al., (vascular endothelial cells, preadipocytes, and fibroblasts) as 2007) and this would explain, at least partially, why central well as macrophages. Adipose tissue is very heterogeneous obesity is strongly linked with metabolic complications such as and, anatomically, consists of different fat depots with unique type-2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease, and many characteristics. This mentioned heterogeneity in adipose tissue others caused by elevated free fatty acids (Jensen, 2008). Indeed, is not only from an anatomical point of view but also from this characteristic of being metabolically less active than vWAT the characteristics of the tissue expansion, the regulation of makes of sWAT a very important source of free fatty acids during lipid metabolism and also the pattern of secreted factors food deprivation. It is important to highlight at this point that (collectively called “adipokines”) in a particular fat depot. All vWAT mass but not sWAT mass correlates with the development these characteristics bring with them metabolic consequences of insulin resistance (Chowdhury et al., 1994; Wajchenberg, 2000; that impact the whole body, including the brain. It is known Hoffstedt et al., 2018). A plethora of studies argue in favor of that each anatomical fat depot has a particular physiological women better distributing fat in the periphery (compared to men role, which implies having specific metabolic and hormonal having more central obesity) and thus having better metabolic characteristics. As aforementioned, there is strong evidence health (Kwok et al., 2016). showing that some fat depots are more robustly associated with Interesting experiments with transplantation of adipose tissue disease development and outcomes. have been performed in animals, and they have been very useful In mammals, adipose tissue forms in utero just before birth for assessing the different functions and metabolic properties and throughout life. Moreover, the continuous generation of of the different fat depots. For example, transplantation of new adipocytes has been shown in adult humans (Spalding subcutaneous fat from donor mice into visceral fat site of et al., 2008). Unfortunately, little is known about adipocyte recipient mice has shown to confer metabolic benefits in the development. However, the study of adipose stem cell biology latter, namely decrease in body weight and total fat, improvement results extremely important for understanding adipose tissue of insulin sensitivity, and lowering of both insulinemia and development, expansion, migration, and maintenance. Adipose glycemia (Tran et al., 2008). Unexpectedly, intraperitoneal tissue is classified as white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown transplantation of visceral fat from lean mice showed to improve adipose tissue (BAT). These two main classes are molecularly insulin sensitivity, suggesting that the metabolic performance of and functionally different. WAT serves majorly as an energy a certain fat depot is more important as a metabolic risk factor store whereas BAT dissipates energy generating heat. WAT is than the anatomical location or the amount of fat itself (Konrad spread throughout the body as subcutaneous and visceral fat. et al., 2007; Kwok et al., 2016). On the other hand, transplantation Subcutaneous WAT (sWAT) is a fat layer under the skin, with of visceral fat or subcutaneous fat into subcutaneous fat site has major depots in the upper and lower body. The upper body not shown to cause any alterations in body weight or metabolic subcutaneous fat consists of superficial and deep abdominal fat, profile, so it seems there are both donor and recipient site- extremity fat, and, in the case of
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Obesity and Its Relation to Mortality Costs Report
    Obesity and its Relation to Mortality and Morbidity Costs DECEMBER 2010 SPONSORED BY PREPARED BY Committee on Life Insurance Research Donald F. Behan, PhD, FSA, FCA, MAAA Society of Actuaries Samuel H. Cox, PhD, FSA, CERA University of Manitoba CONTRIBUTING CO-AUTHORS: Yijia Lin, Ph.D. Jeffrey Pai, Ph.D, ASA Hal W. Pedersen, Ph.D, ASA Ming Yi, ASA The opinions expressed and conclusions reached by the authors are their own and do not represent any official position or opinion of the Society of Actuaries or its members. The Society of Actuaries makes no representation or warranty to the accuracy of the information. © 2010 Society of Actuaries, All Rights Reserved Obesity and its Relation to Mortality and Morbidity Costs Abstract We reviewed almost 500 research articles on obesity and its relation to mortality and morbidity, focusing primarily on papers published from January 1980 to June 2009. There is substantial evidence that obesity is a worldwide epidemic and that it has a significant negative impact on health, mortality and related costs. Overweight and obesity are associated with increased prevalence of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and some cancers. There also is evidence that increased weight is asso- ciated with kidney disease, stroke, osteoarthritis and sleep apnea. Moreover, empirical studies report that obesity significantly increases the risk of death. We used the results to estimate costs due to overweight and obesity in the United States and Canada. We estimate that total annual economic cost of overweight and obesity in the United States and Canada caused by medical costs, excess mortality and disability is approximately $300 billion in 2009.
    [Show full text]
  • Pharmacological and Surgical Treatment of Obesity Residential
    Pharmacological and surgical treatment of obesity Residential care for severely obese children in Belgium KCE reports vol. 36C Federaal Kenniscentrum voor de gezondheidszorg Centre fédéral dÊexpertise des soins de santé Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre 2006 Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre Introduction : The Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre is a semi-public institution, founded by the program-act of December 24th 2002 (articles 262 to 266) falls under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Health and Social Affaires. The centre is responsible for the realisation of policy- supporting studies within the sector of healthcare and health insurance. Board of Directors Actual members : Gillet Pierre (President), Cuypers Dirk (Vice-President), Avontroodt Yolande, De Cock Jo (Vice-President), De Meyere Frank, De Ridder Henri, Gillet Jean-Bernard, Godin Jean-Noël, Goyens Floris, Kesteloot Katrien, Maes Jef, Mertens Pascal, Mertens Raf, Moens Marc, Perl François Smiets Pierre, Van Massenhove Frank, Vandermeeren Philippe, Verertbruggen Patrick, Vermeyen Karel Substitudes : Annemans Lieven, Boonen Carine, Collin Benoît, Cuypers Rita, Dercq Jean-Paul, Désir Daniel, Lemye Roland, Palsterman Paul, Ponce Annick, Pirlot Viviane, Praet Jean-Claude, Remacle Anne, Schoonjans Chris, Schrooten Renaat, Vanderstappen Anne Government commissioner: Roger Yves Managment General Manager : Dirk Ramaekers Vice-General Manager : Jean-Pierre Closon Contact Belgian Health Care Knowledge Centre (KCE) Résidence Palace (10th floor) Wetstraat 155 Rue de la Loi B-1040 Brussels Belgium Tel: +32 [0]2 287 33 88 Fax: +32 [0]2 287 33 85 Email : [email protected] Web : http://www.kenniscentrum.fgov.be Pharmacological and surgical treatment of obesity Residential care for severely obese children in Belgium KCE reports vol.
    [Show full text]
  • The Evidence Report
    Obesity Education Initiative C LINICAL GUIDELINES ON THE IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION, AND TREATMENT OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN ADULTS The Evidence Report NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH NATIONAL HEART, LUNG, AND BLOOD INSTITUTE C LINICAL GUIDELINES ON THE IDENTIFICATION, EVALUATION, AND TREATMENT OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN ADULTS The Evidence Report NIH PUBLICATION NO. 98-4083 SEPTEMBER 1998 NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in cooperation with The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases NHLBI Obesity Education Initiative Expert Panel on the Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults F. Xavier Pi-Sunyer, M.D., M.P.H. William H. Dietz, M.D., Ph.D. Chair of the Panel Director Chief, Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Nutrition Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity Director, Obesity Research Center National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention St. Luke's/Roosevelt Hospital Center and Health Promotion Professor of Medicine Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Columbia University College of Physicians and Atlanta, GA Surgeons New York, NY John P. Foreyt, Ph.D. Professor of Medicine and Director Diane M. Becker, Sc.D., M.P.H. Nutrition Research Clinic Director Baylor College of Medicine Center for Health Promotion Houston, TX Associate Professor Department of Medicine Robert J. Garrison, Ph.D. The Johns Hopkins University Associate Professor Baltimore, MD Department of Preventive Medicine University of Tennessee, Memphis Claude Bouchard, Ph.D. Memphis, TN Professor of Exercise Physiology Physical Activity Sciences Scott M. Grundy, M.D., Ph.D. Laboratory Director Laval University Center for Human Nutrition Sainte Foy, Quebec University of Texas CANADA Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Dallas, TX Richard A.
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity and Perception of Healthy and Desirable Body Size in Urban, Ghanaian Women
    June 2012 Volume 46, Number 2 GHANA MEDICAL JOURNAL PREVALENCE OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AND PERCEPTION OF HEALTHY AND DESIRABLE BODY SIZE IN URBAN, GHANAIAN WOMEN R. M. BENKESER1, R. BIRITWUM2 and A. G. HILL1 1Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA 2Department. of Community Medicine, University of Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana Author for Correspondence: Rachel Benkeser E-mail: [email protected] Conflict of Interest: None declared SUMMARY parity >2 are associated with higher risk of overweight Objective: To determine if the perceived ideal body or obesity. Education level is not associated with over- size of urban women in Accra, Ghana influences cur- weight status. Overall, 72.2% (1,936) of women were rent body size. dissatisfied with their current body size and 41.8% of Methods: The sample (n=2,814) consisted of Ghanaian women preferred a smaller figure. Overweight and women aged 18 years and older, living in the Accra obese women were significantly more likely than nor- Metropolitan Area. Data were collected between Octo- mal weight women to desire weight loss (OR: 10.12, ber 2008 and June 2009 in the Women’s Health Study CI: 8.04 – 12.72). of Accra, Wave II household survey. Height (m), Conclusion: Ideal body image in urban, Ghanaian weight (kg), waist (cm) and hip (cm) measurements women should not be viewed as an inhibitor to healthy were used to calculate body mass index (BMI, meas- weight maintenance. Interventions should be designed ured in kg/m2), waist circumference, and waist-to-hip to help women achieve their ideal and healthy weights.
    [Show full text]
  • Overview of the Epidemiology of Obesity and the Early History of Procedures to Remedy Morbid Obesity
    SPECIAL ARTICLE Overview of the Epidemiology of Obesity and the Early History of Procedures to Remedy Morbid Obesity Kenneth G. MacDonald, Jr, MD besity may be defined by weight, body mass index (BMI) (calculated by dividing weight in kilograms by height in meters squared), and percentage of body fat, although no categorization is universally accepted. The cause is multifactorial, with genetic, en- O vironmental, socioeconomic, and behavioral or psychological influences. Health conditions caused or exacerbated by overweight, while obesity is defined as a BMI obesity include hypertension, diabetes mel- of 30 or more. A BMI of 35 or more with litus (DM), sleep apnea and obesity hy- serious comorbidity, or a BMI of 40 or more, poventilation, back and joint problems, car- is considered morbid obesity. Other defi- diovascular disease, pseudotumor cerebri, nitions of morbid obesity include more than thromboembolic disease, and others. Ma- 45.2 kg (Ͼ100 lb) over the ideal body lignancies occur with increased incidence weight as defined by the 1983 Metropoli- in persons who are obese and include breast, tan Life Insurance Height and Weight tables endometrial, and colonic neoplasms. Nu- or a body weight exceeding 200% of the merous recent studies, increasingly re- ideal body weight. ported in the lay press, emphasize the in- While most obese people are over- creasing incidence of obesity in the United weight, not all overweight individuals are States, with concomitant increases in the re- obese. Included in this latter group would lated morbidity and mortality. An esti- be very muscular athletes, such as weight- mated 64.5% of American adults (Ͼ120 mil- lifters or football players, who do not have lion people) are overweight or obese, an excess body fat.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of Obesity in Japan
    Ⅵ Obesity Epidemiology of Obesity in Japan JMAJ 48(1): 34–41, 2005 Heizo TANAKA* and Yoshihiro KOKUBO** *Director-General, National Institute of Health and Nutrition **Department of Preventive Medicine and Mass Health Examination, National Cardiovascular Center Hospital Abstract: According to the 2000 National Nutrition Survey conducted in Japan, the percentage of overweight adults (body mass index [BMI]ͧ25) was 26.8% among men and 21.3% among women, while the percentage of obese persons (BMIͧ30) was 2.2% for men and 3.5% for women among Japanese adults aged 20 years or older. In contrast, the percentage of underweight adults (BMI18.5) was 4.8% for men and 10.3% for women, with the percentage of underweight individuals especially high among women aged 20–29 years (24.2%) and 30–39 years (17.5%). A comparison of the percentages of overweight adults in 1980, 1990, and 2000 revealed an increasing trend among men regardless of age group. This tendency was more marked in towns and villages than in large cities. Among women aged 20–49 years, the percentage of overweight individuals tended to decrease, with a marked increase noted in the percentage of those who were underweight. This tendency was more distinct in large cities than in towns and villages. Thus, Japanese women presented a contrasting picture of obesity and underweight. A large-scale cohort study done in Japan found a U-shaped dose- response relationship between BMI and all-cause mortality. The figures for all- cause mortality were lowest for men when BMI was 23.0–24.9 and for women when it was 21.0–22.9.
    [Show full text]
  • Report of the First Meeting of the Ad Hoc Working Group on Science and Evidence for Ending Childhood Obesity 18
    Report of the First Meeting of the Ad hoc Working Group on Science and Evidence for Ending Childhood Obesity 18 – 20 June 2014 - Geneva, SWITZERLAND WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Report of the first meeting of the ad hoc working group on science and evidence for ending childhood obesity: 18-20 June 2014, Geneva, Switzerland. 1.Obesity - prevention and control. 2.Child Welfare. 3.Exercise. 4.Food Habits. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 150765 3 (NLM classification: WD 210) © World Health Organization 2014 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website (www.who.int ) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: [email protected] ). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications –whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution– should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website ( www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/en/index.html ). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Commonly Performed Bariatric Surgeries: Imaging Features and Its Complications
    Henry Ford Health System Henry Ford Health System Scholarly Commons Diagnostic Radiology Articles Diagnostic Radiology 11-10-2020 A review of commonly performed bariatric surgeries: Imaging features and its complications Darshan Gandhi Umesha Boregowda Pranav Sharma Kriti Ahuja Nitin Jain See next page for additional authors Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.henryford.com/radiology_articles Authors Darshan Gandhi, Umesha Boregowda, Pranav Sharma, Kriti Ahuja, Nitin Jain, Kanika Khanna, and Nishant Gupta Clinical Imaging 72 (2021) 122–135 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Clinical Imaging journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/clinimag Body Imaging A review of commonly performed bariatric surgeries: Imaging features and its complications Darshan Gandhi a,*, Umesha Boregowda b, Pranav Sharma c, Kriti Ahuja d, Nitin Jain e, Kanika Khanna f, Nishant Gupta g a Department of Radiology, Northwestern Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 676 N St. Clair St, Suite 800, Chicago, IL 60611, USA b Department of Internal Medicine, Bassett Medical Center, Cooperstown, NY 13326, USA c Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Vascular and Interventional Radiology University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA d Department of Internal Medicine, John H Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County, 1969 Ogden Ave, Chicago, IL 60612, USA e Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Ascension St. John Macomb and Oakland Hospitals, Warren & Madison Heights Campuses, Troy, MI 48098, USA f Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI 48202, USA g Department of Radiology, Bassett Healthcare, 1 Atwell Road, Cooperstown, NY 13326, USA ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Obesity is a disease that has achieved the level that can be considered an epidemic.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology of Obesity Mortality in the United States 1999-2016
    Epidemiology of Obesity Mortality in the United States 1999-2016 Patrick Disterhaft, B.S. Amy Van Aartsen, M.S. Patrick Disterhaft is a graduate student in the Public Health Program, University of Wisconsin- Madison School of Medicine and Public Health. Amy Van Aartsen is a graduate student in the Public Health Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health. This work was conducted as part of a class project in the Master of Public Health program. Address correspondence to: Amy Van Aartsen 4182 Signe Skott Cooper Hall Madison, WI, 53705 (608) 692-6854 [email protected] ABSTRACT Background: The prevalence of obesity in the U.S. has been increasing drastically since the declaration of the obesity epidemic in 2001. This study investigated the epidemiology of obesity mortality in the U.S. Methods: Using CDC WONDER, obesity mortality was explored using ICD-10 code E66. Results: The national age-adjusted obesity morality rate for 2016 was 2.1 deaths per 100,000. Obesity mortality rates were highest among individuals age 35 and older, males, Blacks, and those living in nonmetro areas. Discussion: Poverty may be a factor for the disparities found in Blacks and those living in nonmetro areas. These findings provide relevant information that can guide public health resource allocation. Additionally, we recommend adding obesity as a required section on the death certificate. 2 INTRODUCTION Despite the Call to Action issued by the Surgeon General in 2001 to address the obesity epidemic, the prevalence of obesity in the United States has continued to increase drastically over the last few decades from 12.0% in 1991 to 42.4% in 2018.1–3 Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) of 30 or higher; a normal BMI ranges from 18.5 to less than 25.4 Since 1960, the incidence of obesity has more than doubled in the United States, with 42.4% of the adult population categorized as being obese.3 Obesity has many negative consequences relating to health.
    [Show full text]
  • Obesity Statistics.Pdf
    Obesity Statistics a, Kristy Breuhl Smith, MD *, b Michael Seth Smith, MD, CAQ-SM, PharmD KEYWORDS Obesity Obesity epidemic Epidemiology of obesity Obesity in adults Obesity in children and adolescent KEY POINTS Obesity is a chronic disease that is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, disability, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, oste- oarthritis, and stroke. Obesity occurs because of an energy imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure. The resulting energy excess and associated weight gain are caused by a complex inter- action between genetics, environment, economics, and individual behaviors. Worldwide, more than 2.1 billion people are overweight or obese. In the United States nearly 35% of adults are classified as obese and one-third of children and adolescents are obese or overweight. Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading cause of death in the world, accounting for nearly 3.4 million deaths annually. Obesity-related health care costs are difficult to ascertain precisely and vary between countries. In the United States, obesity-related costs of several hundred billion dollars have been reported. INTRODUCTION Obesity is a complex, multifactorial disease that is strongly associated with multiple comorbidities.1–6 These comorbidities include certain types of cancer, cardiovascular disease, disability, diabetes mellitus, gallbladder disease, hypertension, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, and stroke.1 Obesity is associated with a high rate of cardiovascular and all-cause
    [Show full text]
  • Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in a Primary Healthcare Center in Goiania City
    Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology Article Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in a Primary Healthcare Center in Goiania City Carlos Alexandre Vieira *, Paulo Gentil ID ,Mário Hebling Campos ID , Wanderson Divino Nilo dos Santos ID , Gustavo de Conti Teixeira Costa ID , Claudio André Barbosa de Lira ID , Elen Cristine Gomes Prado and Tadeu João Ribeiro Baptista ID College of Physical Education and Dance, Federal University of Goias–UFG, 74690-900 Goiania, Brazil; [email protected] (P.G.); [email protected] (M.H.C.); [email protected] (W.D.N.d.S.); [email protected] (G.d.C.T.C.); [email protected] (C.A.B.d.L.); [email protected] (E.C.G.P.); [email protected] (T.J.R.B.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel./Fax: +55-062-3521-1141 Received: 19 March 2018; Accepted: 3 May 2018; Published: 8 May 2018 Abstract: Background: The aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in volunteers supported by a primary healthcare center in Goiania city. Methods: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was calculated using data from a public primary healthcare center in the city of Goiania, Brazil, which serves approximately 10,000 patients. Data were collected between September and October 2011 from individuals aged 20 years or older via medical records. Seven hundred and eighty-nine patients participated in the present study, 546 women (43.9 ± 16.4 years, 66.2 ± 13.3 kg, 1.6 ± 0.1 m) and 243 men (46.0 ± 17.2 years, 73.7 ± 14.7 kg, 1.7 ± 0.1 m).
    [Show full text]
  • Consideration of the Evidence on Childhood Obesity for the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity
    Consideration of the evidence on childhood obesity for the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity Report of the Ad hoc Working Group on Science and Evidence for Ending Childhood Obesity Geneva, SWITZERLAND WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Consideration of the evidence on childhood obesity for the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity: report of the ad hoc working group on science and evidence for ending childhood obesity, Geneva, Switzerland. 1.Obesity - prevention and control. 2.Child Welfare. 3.Exercise. 4.Food Habits. I.World Health Organization. ISBN 978 92 4 156533 2 (NLM classification: WD 210) © World Health Organization 2016 All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization are available on the WHO website (http://www.who.int ) or can be purchased from WHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; email: [email protected] ). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications –whether for sale or for non-commercial distribution– should be addressed to WHO Press through the WHO website (http://www.who.int/about/licensing/copyright_form/index.html ). The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Health Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted and dashed lines on maps represent approximate border lines for which there may not yet be full agreement. The mention of specific companies or of certain manufacturers’ products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned.
    [Show full text]