Posted on Authorea 4 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158861456.60216994 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. nPksa ti nw rmacnieal ie ra pnigmc fPna ln h nu,Jhelum, Indus, the along Punjab of much spanning area, wider considerably (Muhammad a tributaries a its from India of and known north-west Indus not is River adjacent were it the these and of along Pakistan presumably occurs dispersion in 1991). but (Blyth) even places burnesii (Roberts, fairly similar b. Pakistan south the in P. in in subspecies found territories, belts The usually defending plantation were were nature. palm non-breeders unbending birds areca very that are most and fact coconut that the and in and suggests of practice seen nests visits bird groups agricultural successive noisy small by On arboreal generally spread caused India. wide are environment a Birds pest changing is areas Treepie, belts on the cultivated Indian agricultural depend impact exploit (McKay In birds to measurable commensals of survival. (Johnson able human a strong majority for are not have be the fields which to do not uncommon, paddy expected opportunists is birds and will is agricultural vegetation plantations that removal and natural in as arthropod presumed manner agroecosystems such the birds been In dependent higher of The has density 2010). agents 2002). it , a biocontrol Visser, because in pests and as undervalued insect (Mols pests of control remains of insect value and predators to practical important understood respond the are poorly Yet, Birds is habitats several 2000), systems managed on Battisti, bans and and governmental natural, with (Bretherton experimental, coupled in rapidly pest of grown resistance. of application has widespread (Meissle means control in the pesticides pest apparent primary perceives conventional negatively biological predominantly the public in is are general interest the This pesticides pesticides, because 2002), Recently, chemical matrix Thomas, 2011). where (Sinu, landscape and monocultures control ecosystem A (Wilby and crop 1999), by control plantation (Altieri, and guilds supported pest industry-oriented and functional Role of biological be degradation composition the environmental can the especially however, to overlooked species threat services, 1999), major (Altieri, traditionally of a agriculture pose diversity has increase and agricultural high research habitats a semi-natural control of pest predators. composed vertebrate Biological of systems importance agricultural most agricultural In of pests weevil, many palm on region the up red of Introduction: like feeds ecosystem it upon agro Feeding rat, the on house in invertebrate. feeding agent and to activities, biocontrol squirrel foraging important species of an for vertebrate nestlings is insects from Treepie weevil, areas ranging crops cultivation stem items and banana omnivore method tree cockroaches, a observation an prefers focal is grasshopper, Treepie is direct Corvidae), by plant matter. studied and faecal (Passeriformes: were Treepie and animal 1790) of content habits (Latham, gut Food parvula and of Feeding vagabunda analysis found. Dendrocitta commonly Treepie bird Pakistan resident widespread KPk, Haripur, district In Abstract 2020 4, May 1 District in bibi fruites saira and crops of Pakistan pests KPK, the Haripur, of enemy natural a Corvidae) as (Passeriformes: parvula vagabunda Dendrocitta Treepie aaaUniversity Hazara 1 IZKHAN FIAZ , 1 tal. et n QAREHMAN AQSA and , tal. et 90.Dnrctavgbnaprua(asrfre:Corvidae), (Passeriformes: parvula vagabunda Dendrocitta 1980). , 00.Tomn etcdsi diin et otnal evolve continually pests addition, in pesticides many Too 2010). , 1 1 tal. et 00.Jro’ Babbler Jerdon’s 2010). , tal. et Posted on Authorea 4 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158861456.60216994 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. awgFrclde37 09 71 80 71.7 96 86 74 76 80 60 70 0 8 6 7 0 8 6 7 0 75 50 50 100 3 2 4 2 observation focal Direct observation focal Direct observation focal Direct observation focal Direct groups Various Forficulidae analysis matter Faecal Orthoptera analysis content Gut analysis content Gut Order/Family/Genus/Species larvae Insect Grasshopper Earwig name Common method. piee. observation tree focal earwigs, the direct livia) grasshoppers, for to were (Columba analysis groups According pigeon in different invertebrate cockroach rock Table.1 accounted are and most blue weevil he food that munia palm found. (Rattus black-headed major Earwigs were red rat of the house larvae, findings. own house eggs among insect my our sp.), and time be in (Funambulus with kept pests to more is squirrel vertebrate agreement found that spend of the were in and among nestlings orthoptera is were Crows, Malacca) and which rattus) (Lonchura Carrion beetle crops munia chrysomelid also do black-headed cereal was one than items., It crop, tall cover alongside. maize and thick grassland on that grass to rough abundance Shows long closer especially Crows land, feed in Carrion marginal regularly feeding for on Treepie data (Odoiporus feeding that weevil similar (Opisina time stem apparent with caterpillar more banana banana, Comparison much leaf-eating of 2009). spend includes pest Kombiah, treepies which It major plantation a and percent. and and (Sahayaraj crops 64 groups maize that insect longicollis) were and revealed other wheat various Insects matter) and of insects. faecal larvae fruites arenosella), coconut of and on analysis vertebrates present and snail’s pests observation, 14 include focal of consist direct items matter analysis, prey content considered. faecal the (gut not the Diet was Since P.O of the individuals. Analysis as items, preyed taken consumed of was the number of sample minimal tissues the RESULTS hard the in counting undigested estimate by containing the quantified to to emphasised was individuals (P.O) item up occurrence solely of occurrence an analysis identified of of number Percentage of were frequency 2008). the occurrences al., items water their despite et 1 all Collected in (Rocha to item, of (F.O) glass. rinsed according occurence an rate was of magnifying quantified of the frequency ground and were presenc at four the brush items days/month The of from a Food 15 contents (F.O). collected using Gut level. for samples site sorted x); family/genus/species matter study were (20 order/ faecal from materials telescope fresh Spotted a the Ten made. and gut were and analyzed. 33.9946 visits trees were of the 130 behind birds analysis Having Altogether hiding dead 1981), period. by m. (Altman, 2018 binocular 520 during method a hr/day, of observation with altitude focal m an direct 10 at by area determined (Altman plain and were content hilly Islamabad Hazara, items of a in Food north in District km Treepie is Haripur 65 the It some of west, city the Abbottabad. main to of 72.9106 the Buner south is and Haripur km this Swabi . with 35 of Pakistan, Haripur. behaviour in district foraging Pakhtunkhwa in Khyber the Haripur. conducted out was district study find in beside This fruites seemed to and is is crops documentation study of no present pest pest METHODS Pakistan of of the MATERIALSAND In enemy aim about terms as information So many role Treepie in and Indian regions. Treepie ignored the its different common by is about in fed it 2004), distribution effort, documented Mohnot, present its not and the still (Chhangani In Bombax is known. pollinating items, is on in nothing notes role Balashanmugam, cannibalism habit and brief 2002), and and indica) feeding Sudha, (Thirumurthy the 2004), and (Erythrina apple than Mohnot, (Krishnakumar tree cashew ferrugineus Other and Rhychophorus coral and it weevil (Chhangani Indian 1983), palm about ceiba), red Gaston, record of (Bombax and predation no cotton (Zacharias 1987), (Aarif is silk jujube nestlings there red jackal and animals of of nest flowers domestic fruits treat the on People on destroy preference region predator and the feeding and kill In its away, crops drive Sind. of and southern pest into sign Indus a bad the a down as extending Treepie and Indian rivers, Sutlej and Ravi Chenab, ° .Wt h laatwahradhlyaeswt rse n ietrees. pine and grasses with areas hilly and weather pleasant the With E. tal. et 94 n nlsso aclmte.Brswr oioe rmadsac f5- of distance a from monitored were Birds matter. faecal of analysis and 1974) , 2 rqec focrneocrne%feunyo cuac rqec focrneocrne%feunyo cuac cuac % occurance occurance of frequency % occurance occurance of frequency occurance of frequency % occurance occurance of frequency tal. et 01.As 2011). , ° N, Posted on Authorea 4 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158861456.60216994 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ni umnt 0 06 60.8 1.7 3.3 55.8 67 96 2 2 64 80 60 80 40 this of disappearance beneficial the a that To as and status region. crops its the trees about in of awareness the crops aware spreading community. of or made requires farming pests items it be the food major and 8 should among several major fields bird the any farmers agricultural 8 the of of that from pest predator essential bird a natural is beneficial not threaten a (Forficulidae) It is as Treepie Earwigs birds Indian trees. these species. the the of these (Geiser of role of flowers study beneficial pollination nestling present female the the the in the reported on enhances visit also Treepie 0 predator to trees Indian be the attempting to on 1999b), pollinators site found (Parshad, insect nesting was damaging 4 their the squirrel pie to and tree sp.) due rat (Rattus primarily the rats house be that by like to mainly pests appears damage Treepie of severe Indian suffer nestlings by Cultivation of Treepi. Consumption Indian many by are 1999a). fed chrysomelids includes (Parshad, and Indian chrysomelidae fronds of palm ecology Phytophagous areca and and plants of beneath. host webs (Kalaichelvan pest on silken hiding studies inadequate the lepidopteran 8 and caterpillars highly open pests important the 8 agricultural tears most its potential Treepie consume and indicates Indian the and established consumed(Sadakathulla, foraging, leaflets is leaflets pests 1991).While the Walker (Sadakathulla, insect the of Asia arenosella the on surface South Among Opisina lower in the caterpillar, agent. palm of on control coconut leaf-eating Capacity pests biological The 1999). insect and feeding, (Buchholz, many predator 0 hang locally 1991). of natural found larvae control the a be biological and to as always However, adult by cannot utility addition 4 upon possible. agent foraged In wherever controlling feed not the preferable to is trees. and Treepie is which matter (Basheer in control complex trees be biological capturing predator a front crops reasons, will niche food is cultivated of these Haripur special of and all side district For a method trees bottom from as the finding. catch the 100 of pie wait position to pests tree and its up order major reach elevates shake of 50 in numerous to bird role Insects, of ability other beneficial predator Its conditions. any the natural breaking unnoticed. a On out low remained as an during maintain that studies left simple to further impact certain contribute for no generally use helpful have birds predators, to birds and Nevertheless, insectivorous avoid response 75 pests of dependent to richness insect birds. species. density species insectivorous of associated higher a levels these important by have 50 conserve either abundance an to achieved to of need be helps density can birds will response or pests, villagers numerical is agricultural about A and it awareness of so farmers outbreaks. villages agents crops pest In to different biocontrol during agriculture fauna. for potential tree in bird also be the Treepie resident and To of in this pests habitat found of tree a birds using role conserve coconut is breeding the indirectly the pesticide the which to of 4 of system birds amount ecofriendly nestlings less roosting an and very communally 2 nest Usually by the changing caused collection. birds destroy the damage fruites roosting Harvesters survival. exploit the away to for drive to fronds. Farmers able due and fields fireworks flowers are commensals. paddy which using human and by are opportunists plantations plantation and of from practice observation as groups agricultural small such focal agroe- by generally in areas size Direct caused are 3 uncommon cultivated environment population belts is depend in vegetation agricultural increase birds natural observation in Since rapidly of Birds focal 2 that damage. majority Direct economic species the and pest cosystems, ecological several significant observation have causing focal by landscapes Direct and natural and agricultural observation Most sp focal Funambulus Direct Curculionidae Pulmonata Unidentified DISCUSSION analysis matter Faecal analysis content Gut livia Columba caterpillar Leaf-eating analysis (nestling) content Squirrel (nestling) Gut Pigeon Rock Blue Order/Family/Genus/Species rat House (nestling) Munia Black-headed -3 Beetle Snail Cockroach name Common tal. et 0 06607 680 86 70 0 6 6 50 100 2 4 rattus Rattus malacca Lonchura Periplanetta 05.Crsmldbelsfudo h edrlaeso coconut of leaflets tender the on found beetles Chrysomelid 2005). , p4101 0107 63.3 73 100 10 10 100 4 sp 3 tal. et 00 si gemn ihtepresent the with agreement in is 2010) , tal. et 27.5 53.3 3 45 0 70 0 7 0 7 0 75 0 3 00,hneterpeainby predation their hence 2000), , Posted on Authorea 4 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158861456.60216994 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ca,G,Otrun .adSeny .(90 h eoa fclu rmeun sn various using effluent from colour of removal The (1980) A. Sweeney, processes. and Rate Silica: M. adsorbents—III. Otterburn, G., McKay, (Oliv.). ferrugineus Rhynchophorus weevil Kinne- and palm (Whistler red parvula of 8(3) vagabunda Dendrocitta bird pie predatory tree A Indian of ar)(Corvidae). (2002) G. Chrysomelidae) Sudha, (Coleoptera: and beetles R. Krishnakumar, leaf of Checklist coffee (2005) sun B. and Sharma, shade Bhilai-Durg. and in K. birds Verma, by T., services Kalaichelvan, reduction Pest (2010) A. Stercho, Jamaica. and in birds? J. and Kellermann, mammals M., captive Johnson, and free-ranging between differ around and torpor in of K C., entellus J. Semnopithecus Holloway, F., langur Geiser, hanuman by management. raid its Crop and (2004) (India) S. aravallis Mohnot, and MEDICINE, A. general AND origins. Chhangani, prenatal atmospheric PSYCHOLOGY PERINATAL with from need AND PRENATAL developmental results A OF the NAL Alonetime: (1999) of S. interpretation E. distribution. Buchholz, An temperature surface sea (2000) observed the S. of history Letters, D. Research time the Battisti, by forced and models approach. circulation microextraction S. electro-mediated C. novel a Bretherton, pH: sample extraction Simultaneous neutral (2010) a, at K. Chromatography H. drugs Lee, of basic and E. and K. acidic Rasmussen, S., of Pedersen-Bjergaard, J., Lee, ganglia. C., insect Basheer, of organisation Functional for (1981) analysis J. statistical Altman, and Financial experience. (1974) French P. Vernimmen, a and 195-211. M. evaluation: Schlosser, loan agroecosystems. M., commercial in Margaine, biodiversity I., in E. of ichthyaetus Altman, Larus role Gulls ecological Landscapes. Pallas’s The Sustainable of of (1999) Bioindicators Departure A. and M. Arrival its Altieri, (2011) article M. the Basheer, within India. and available southern are S. Kerala, study Babu, this K., of Aarif, findings the supporting data materials the supplementary that confirm authors The Statement authors Availability co Data my aknowledge to like would I Acknowledgments source any by received funding No information Funding manuscript in contributed equally authors All Contributions Author interest competing no have Authors Interests Competing : 133. nmlconservation, Animal os rn Journal, Print Zoos’ 27(6) 1217(43) : ora oeae w.wsa net, wesca. www. homepage: Journal 767-770. rnr . adcs .A,Tril .adBihm .M 20)D patterns Do (2000) M. R. Brigham, and C. Turbill, A., T. Maddocks, G., ¨ ortner, : 6661-6667. 13(2) 20(4) rmt report Primate ae Research, Water : : 140-147. 1838-1842. Elsevier. ora fFnniladQatttv Analysis, Quantitative and Financial of Journal 4 : 35-48. 14(1) erbooyo invertebrates. of Neurobiology 6(2). : 15-20. iei h cold. the in Life netbaeBoiest as Biodiversity Invertebrate NENTOA JOUR- INTERNATIONAL 11 : 5-18. Springer. netEnvironment, Insect Elsevier. Geophysical Journal 9(2) : Posted on Authorea 4 May 2020 — CC BY 4.0 — https://doi.org/10.22541/au.158861456.60216994 — This a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. ahra,V n atn .(93 reigsaoso id tClct otws India. Southwest Calicut, at birds of seasons Breeding emergence (1983) pest A. of Gaston, patterns 407-412. control: and pest V. and Zacharias, diversity enemy Natural (2002) intensification. B. agricultural M. with Thomas, trees. and cashew A. fruiting Wilby, with associated Birds Mixed- (1987) India: P. Northeast 1(2) Balashanmugam, of and plains sub-Himalayan S. of Thirumurthy, plantations tea matters. longicollis in flock control Odoiporus foraging pest species weevil, Avian (2011) banana A. P. extract. the Sinu, crude of its responses and Olfactory pseudostem 2(2) (2009) against P. Curculionidae) Kombiah, planta- (Olivier)(Coleoptera: and coconut in K. F. Sahayaraj, ferrugineus. Rhynchophorus weevil, palm red of tions. Management (1991) S. Sadakathulla, Pakistan. Karachi, Press University (1991) J. T. India. Roberts, in foetal control and Rodent ovulation (1999b) follicles, ovarian V. cyclicity, Parshad, oestrous genetic on Population toxicity rats. (2010) selenium in of I. survival Effects Khaliq, (1999a) and R. Pakistan. N. Parshad, Akhtar, in M., burnesii) Riaz, (Prinia M., Prinia 9077-9081. Babar, Rufous-Vented orchards. A., of apple in A. structure damage Khan, caterpillar S., reduce can Muhammad, tits Great and (2002) E. J. M. ecology, Kiss, Visser, applied D., and Antichi, M. S., C. Otto, Mols, status V., current Vasileiadis, production: X., maize prospects. European Pons, future in F., and options Bigler, alternative and T., use Musa, pesticide P´alink´as, P., Pests, (2010) Mouron, Z. M., Meissle, : : 18. 173-176. lne (Malaysia) Planter 39(6) : h id fPksa:I oue.Rgoa tde n Non-passeriformes and Studies Regional Volumes. 2 In Pakistan: of Birds The 888-899. ora fApidEntomology, Applied of Journal . ilgclControl, Biological clg Letters, Ecology nertdPs aaeetReviews, Management Pest Integrated 5(3) 58(3) : 5 353-360. 134(5) : 362-366. : 357-375. fia ora fBiotechnology, of Journal African ora fBiopesticides, of Journal 4(2) : 97-126. h Cashew, The Ibis, ora of Journal Oxford , 125(3) 9(53) : :