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Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations The Scientific World Journal Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations Guest Editors: Christopher Gillberg, Elisabeth Fernell, and Helen Minnis Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations The Scientific World Journal Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations Guest Editors: Christopher Gillberg, Elisabeth Fernell, and Helen Minnis Copyright © 2013 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in “The Scientific World Journal.”All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Com- mons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Contents Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations, Christopher Gillberg, Elisabeth Fernell, and Helen Minnis Volume 2013, Article ID 710570, 2 pages Autism in Preschoolers: Does Individual Clinician’s First Visit Diagnosis Agree with Final Comprehensive Diagnosis?, Gunilla Westman Andersson, Carmela Miniscalco, and Christopher Gillberg Volume 2013, Article ID 716267, 7 pages Pain Sensitivity and Observer Perception of Pain in Individuals with Autistic Spectrum Disorder, C. S. Allely Volume 2013, Article ID 916178, 20 pages Autism, Processing Speed, and Adaptive Functioning in Preschool Children, Asa˚ Hedvall, Elisabeth Fernell, Anette Holm, Jakob Asberg˚ Johnels, Christopher Gillberg, and Eva Billstedt Volume 2013, Article ID 158263, 7 pages Self-Directedness and Cooperativeness, Psychosocial Dysfunction and Suffering in ESSENCE, Danilo Garcia, Henrik Anckarsater,¨ and Sebastian Lundstrom¨ Volume 2013, Article ID 416981, 10 pages A Feasibility Randomised Controlled Trial of the New Orleans Intervention for Infant Mental Health: A Study Protocol, Rachel Pritchett, Bridie Fitzpatrick, Nicholas Watson, Richard Cotmore, Philip Wilson, Graham Bryce, Julia Donaldson, Kathleen Boyd, Charles Zeanah, John Norrie, Julie Taylor, Julie Larrieu, Martina Messow, Matt Forde, Fiona Turner, Susan Irving, and Helen Minnis Volume 2013, Article ID 838042, 6 pages Coexisting Disorders and Problems in Preschool Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders, Lotta Hoglund¨ Carlsson, Fritjof Norrelgen, Liselotte Kjellmer, Joakim Westerlund, Christopher Gillberg, and Elisabeth Fernell Volume 2013, Article ID 213979, 6 pages Reactive Attachment Disorder in the General Population: A Hidden ESSENCE Disorder, Rachel Pritchett, Jennifer Pritchett, Emma Marshall, Claire Davidson, and Helen Minnis Volume 2013, Article ID 818157, 6 pages Maltreatment-Associated Psychiatric Problems: An Example of Environmentally Triggered ESSENCE?, Helen Minnis Volume 2013, Article ID 148468, 5 pages Eating Problems and Overlap with ADHD and Autism Spectrum Disorders in a Nationwide Twin Study of 9- and 12-Year-Old Children,MariaRastam,˚ Jakob Taljemark,¨ Armin Tajnia, Sebastian Lundstrom,¨ Peik Gustafsson, Paul Lichtenstein, Christopher Gillberg, Henrik Anckarsater,¨ and Nora´ Kerekes Volume 2013, Article ID 315429, 7 pages Mental Health Services Use Predicted by Number of Mental Health Problems and Gender in a Total Population Study, Maj-Britt Posserud and Astri J. Lundervold Volume 2013, Article ID 247283, 8 pages Mental Health in Children with Cerebral Palsy: Does Screening Capture the Complexity?, H. M. Bjorgaas, I. Elgen, T. Boe, and M. Hysing Volume 2013, Article ID 468402, 7 pages Applying an ESSENCE Framework to Understanding Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder and ADHD: Retrospective Parent Reports of Childhood Problems, Stephanie Plenty, Dag Heurlin, Christina Arlinde, and Susanne Bejerot Volume 2013, Article ID 469594, 8 pages Language Delay Is Not Predictable from Available Risk Factors, Philip Wilson, Fiona McQuaige, Lucy Thompson, and Alex McConnachie Volume 2013, Article ID 947018, 8 pages Autism in the Faroe Islands: Diagnostic Stability from Childhood to Early Adult Life,EvaKocovskˇ a,´ Eva Billstedt, Asa Ellefsen, Hanna Kampmann, I. Carina Gillberg, Rannva´ Biskupstø, Guðrið Andorsdottir,´ Tormo´ður Stora,,´ Helen Minnis, and Christopher Gillberg Volume 2013, Article ID 592371, 7 pages Autism in Toddlers: Can Observation in Preschool Yield the Same Information as Autism Assessment in a Specialised Clinic?, Gunilla Westman Andersson, Carmela Miniscalco, Ulrika Johansson, and Christopher Gillberg Volume 2013, Article ID 384745, 7 pages Hindawi Publishing Corporation The Scientific World Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 710570, 2 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/710570 Editorial Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmental Clinical Examinations Christopher Gillberg,1,2 Elisabeth Fernell,1 and Helen Minnis1,2 1 Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Kungsgatan 12, 411 19 Gothenburg, Sweden 2 Glasgow University, UK Correspondence should be addressed to Christopher Gillberg; [email protected] Received 15 September 2013; Accepted 15 September 2013 Copyright © 2013 Christopher Gillberg et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. ThisspecialissueisdevotedtotheconceptofESSENCE Atthesametime,thereisgrowingacceptancethat (Early Symptomatic Syndromes Eliciting Neurodevelopmen- coexistence of disorders and sharing of symptoms across tal Clinical Examinations). It is an acronym that one of us disorders (so-called comorbidity, a misnomer if ever there coined some years ago [1] with a view to highlighting the wasone,seeingasweareusuallynotdealingwithcompletely clinical reality of children (and their parents) presenting in separate coexisting disorders) are the rule rather than the first, second, or third tier clinical settings with, usually com- exception (e.g., [2]). This was pointed out more than a quarter plex, impairing developmental symptoms already in early of a century ago [3], but, in clinical practice, this insight childhood. The children are reported to have problems in has not led to new approaches when trying to address the the fields of (a) general development, (b) communication and needs of children and families with “complex needs.”Instead, language, (c) social interrelatedness, (d) motor coordination, diversification has boomed. (e) attention/“listening,” (f) activity, (g) behavior, (h) mood, There are legislational, scientific, and clinical attempts to and/or (i) sleep. Children with major difficulties in one or separate out children with certain disorders/diagnosis; for more (usually several) of these fields will be seen by health vis- example, ASD from those who do not meet criteria for the itors, nurses, social workers, education (including preschool) disorder/diagnosis. The goal is usually provide better societal specialists, pediatricians, GPs, speech and language thera- guidelines, more focused attempts at finding the causes, and pists, child neurologists, child psychiatrists, psychologists, more specific services. Children with ADHD are targeted in neurophysiologists, dentists, clinical geneticists, occupational similar ways, even though legislation has yet to catch up with therapists, and physiotherapists, but, in the vast majority of them. The same holds for children with Language Disorder, casestheywillbeseenonlybyoneofthesespecialists,when, visual impairments, and hearing deficits (children who may, in fact, they would have needed the input of two or more or may not, have additional impairments as regard to general (occasionally even all) of the “experts” referred to. cognition, motor performance, ADHD, or ASD). Categorical diagnosis is an integral part of everyday clinical and research practice. We are so insistent on the ASD and ADHD, long treated and, believed to be, distinction between disorder and not disorder (normalcy) completely separate and recognizable “disorders,” are now that clinics and clinicians become more and more specialized increasingly often diagnosed “together” within the same and cater to the needs of children with “Autism Spec- individual, and there is growing awareness that they some- trum Disorder/ASD only,” “Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity times overlap, constitute amalgams of problems, and that in Disorder/ADHD only,” “Language Disorder only,” “Reactive some families they separate together and probably represent Attachment Disorder/RAD only,” or “Tourette syndrome different aspects of the same underlying disorder [4]. only.” This has led to a situation in which the typical clinical The overlap, shared and nonshared symptoms and etiolo- diffuseness of disorder has come to be underestimated. gies of these named disorders are in focus in this special issue. 2 The Scientific World Journal There are 14 papers altogether in the volume. They deal with a variety of ESSENCE-related issues ranging from maltreatment and RAD (and the difficult issue of how to study the effects of early intervention aiming to stop maltreatment and provide safe and nurturing care), through autism from preschool to adult life (including a study show- ing that autism diagnosed early in life is always comorbid with other disorders, and a literature review indicating that pain sensitivity is, in fact, not decreasedinautism), languagedelay(whichcanonlybescreenedforbyface- to-face assessment), eating problems (that are shown to be comorbid with ASD and ADHD symptomatology in a very high proportion
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