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View Full Text Article U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE SPECIES ASSESSMENT AND LISTING PRIORITY ASSIGNMENT FORM SCIENTIFIC NAME: Penstemon grahamii COMMON NAME: Graham ’s beardtongue or Graham ’s penstemon LEAD REGION: 6 INFORMATION CURRENT AS OF: October, 2004 STATUS/ACTION: Initial 12-month Petition Finding: not warranted warranted warranted but precluded (also complete (c) and (d) in section on petitioned candidate species- why action is precluded) Species assessment - determined species did not meet the definition of endangered or threatened under the Act and, therefore, was not elevated to Candidate status ___ New candidate X Continuing candidate __ Non-petitioned X Petitioned - Date petition received: October 8, 2002 90-day positive - FR date: 12-month warranted but precluded - FR date: Is the petition requesting a reclassification of a listed species? ___ Listing priority change Former LP: ___ New LP: ___ Latest Date species became a Candidate: July 1, 1975 Listing priority changed to LPN 2 (69 FR 24882, May 4, 2004). N/A Candidate removal: Former LP: ___ ___ A - Taxon is more abundant or widespread than previously believed or not subject to the degree of threats sufficient to warrant issuance of a proposed listing or continuance of candidate status. ___ F - Range is no longer a U.S. territory. I - Insufficient information exists on biological vulnerability and threats to support listing. ___ M - Taxon mistakenly included in past notice of review. ___ N - Taxon may not meet the Act ’s definition of “ species. ” ___ X - Taxon believed to be extinct. ANIMAL/PLANT GROUP AND FAMILY: Flowering Plants, Scrophulariaceae (Snapdragon Family) HISTORICAL STATES/TERRITORIES/COUNTRIES OF OCCURRENCE: Colorado 1 and Utah CURRENT STATES/ COUNTIES/TERRITORIES/COUNTRIES OF OCCURRENCE: Rio Blanco County, Colorado; Carbon, Duchesne and Uintah Counties, Utah LEAD REGION CONTACT: Chuck Davis, (303) 236-4253 LEAD FIELD OFFICE CONTACT: Heather Barnes, (801)975-3330, ext 138 Note: Lead for this species in the Utah Field Office has been temporarily assigned to Heather Barnes while Larry England (previous lead) is on deployment for military duty. BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION: Species Description A member of the snapdragon family (Scrophulariaceae), Penstemon grahamii is a relatively low growing species with one to three (occasionally more) stems 5 centimeters (cm) (2 inches (in)) to 20 cm (8 in) tall. Leaves are elliptic to oblanceolate in shape, 1.5 cm (0.6 in) to 5 cm (2 in) long, bourn both basally and along the stem. The species normally bears two to six flowers per stem. Flowers are pinkish purple 25 millimeters (mm) (1 in) to 37 mm (1.5 in) long. The petals are united, forming a floral tube with a pronounced bilateral symmetry. The sterile staminode, the characteristic floral feature of the genus, Penstemon, is densely golden-orange pubescent and noticeably protrudes beyond the floral tube. The flowers of P. grahamii are very large relative to the size of the vegetative plant. The species is pollinated by large bumblebees. Plants flower in mid-May. Taxonomy Penstemon grahamii was first collected as a scientific specimen in 1933 by Edward Graham from a site near the confluence of Sand Wash with the Green River in Uintah County, Utah. The species was described in the scientific literature by David Keck (Keck in Graham 1937). Habitat Penstemon grahamii is restricted to calcareous soils derived from oil shale barrens of the Green River Formation in the Uinta Basin of northeastern Utah and adjacent Colorado. Graham beardtongue grows on semi-barren knolls, ridges, and steep slopes in a mix of fragmented white shale and silty clay soils associated with the Parachute Creek and Evacuation Creek members of the Green River Formation. It grows in sparsely vegetated communities of pinyon-juniper and desert shrub at elevations ranging from 1,430 to 2,060 meters (4,690 to 6,760 feet). P. grahamii is frequently associated with Pinus edulis (pinyon pine), Juniperus osteosperma (juniper), Atriplex confertifolia (shadscale), Artemesia spp. (such as Wyoming bigsage and low sage), Yucca harrimaniae (yucca), Eriogonum spp. (such as ephedera and crispleaf buckwheat), and Forsellesia meionandra (greasebrush). Historical and Current Range/Distribution The species ’ range is composed of an arc of small scattered populations from the vicinity of Raven Ridge near the White River in Rio Blanco County, Colorado, then westward across 2 southern Uintah County, Utah, to the vicinity of Sand Wash near the Green River, then westward near Devil ’s canyon and blind canyon, a distance of about 110 kilometers (70 miles). Known localities are restricted to the Green River Formation. Historic range is unknown. Population Estimates/Status The species total population is estimated at between 5,500 and 7,000 individuals with 36 known occurrences (Torti, 2003). Five of these occurrences are in Colorado. One occurrence is located in Carbon County, one in Duchesne County, and 29 occurrences are located in Uintah County, Utah. Twenty of the species ’ 36 occurrences have less than 100 individuals. THREATS: A. The Present or Threatened Destruction, Modification, or Curtailment of Its Habitat or Range. Most of the occupied habitat of P. grahamii is within leased oil and gas areas, which are exploratory or not yet fully developed. Several scattered wells, access roads, and pipelines currently exist within the species ’ occupied habitat. At least 43 wells are within or adjacent to P. grahamii populations, but most have been plugged and abandoned as of June 2004 (GIS data 2004). Surveys were completed prior to well and road construction, and direct impacts to plants were avoided (R. Specht, Bureau of Land Management (BLM), pers. comm. 2004). The BLM expects that oil and gas activities within plant occurrence areas will increase in the next ten years (R. Specht, BLM, pers. comm. 2004). Increased leasing and seismic activities are projected. At least 18 of the 36 P. grahamii occurrences are currently leased for oil and gas development, including 5 of the 6 largest occurrences. During 2002 and continuing into 2003, three separate large scale seismographic oil and gas exploration projects occurred in or adjacent to the range of P. grahamii; however, the Veritas project did not conducted previously proposed seismic lines in P. grahamii habitat (R. Specht, BLM, pers. comm. 2004). Historically the most intense oil and gas development in the Uinta Basin of Utah and Colorado has taken place to the north and east of the P. grahamii range. If oil and gas development of similar magnitude moves into the occupied range of P. grahamii it could overwhelm the species population. With such a small population and limited occupied habitat, any destruction, modification, or curtailment of the habitat would have a highly negative impact on the species. Currently, oil shale recovery is precluded by cost. However, interest exists on this topic. On May 6, 2001, the President issued his National Energy Policy. Since then, the BLM has been working on a plan to implement the Presidential directives. One of the action items includes analyzing the existing barriers to oil shale leasing. If oil shale recovery becomes relevant, maintenance of populations would be very difficult, as land leasing for oil and gas exploration in Uintah county is at an all time high (Whittington, USFWS, pers. comm. 2004). 3 Recoverable coal deposits occur in the Raven Ridge population of P. grahamii in Colorado. In addition, commercially valuable deposits of zeolite also occur in Raven Ridge. As this area is Area of Critical Environmental Concern (ACEC) current leasing has a blanket stipulation of no surface occupancy (T. Meagley, BLM, pers. comm. 2004), however leases prior to the 1997 Resource Management Plan may differ. Zeolites have never been mined in this area and are unlikely to be mined in the foreseeable future (P. Daggett, BLM, pers. comm., 2004). Coal deposits occur to the north and north-east of Raven Ridge (P.Daggett, pers. comm.. 2004). Historically, Gilsonite was mined in P. grahamii habitat in Uintah County, Utah adjacent to the Colorado State line. Currently Gilsonite is mined north of White river, just north of the species range near Bonanza; however, Gilsonite reserves still occur within the range of P. grahamii. The location of P. grahamii habitat exposes it to the possibility of habitat destruction from off-road vehicle (ORV) use; however, current use in the area is low and primarily associated with the hunting season (R. Specht, BLM, pers. comm. 2004). Livestock trampling is seen as a threat to survival (Welsh 1978, Neese and Smith, 1982). The extent and affect of livestock trails and potential trampling is unknown due to a lack of monitoring. B. Overutilization for Commercial, Recreational, Scientific, or Educational Purposes. Collection of plants and seeds is a significant threat due to the desire of enthusiasts to obtain these very attractive plants. In 2004, a penstemon collector approached Red Butte Garden looking for information on how to gather seeds of P. grahamii (Lewinsohn, pers. comm. 2004). Interest in these plants is international. Although not indicated for sale, an internet site advertising rare and choice plants in the United Kingdom shows a potted plant of P. grahamii (USFWS, Utah field office, on file). Should the locations of these populations become commonly known they could become devastated by amateur and professional plant collectors. C. Disease or Predation. The species is grazed by wildlife (rodents, rabbits, and possible deer) and by livestock (primarily sheep). Livestock leasing occurs with populations in Utah on BLM lands. The extent of this threat is unknown due to the lack of monitoring. D. The Inadequacy of Existing Regulatory Mechanisms. No Federal or State laws or regulations specifically protect P. grahamii. The BLM administratively recognizes P. grahamii as a candidate and special status species. BLM may recommend modifications to exploration and development proposals to further its conservation and management objective to avoid BLM-approved activity that will contribute to a need to list such a species or their habitat.
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