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1 1) Introduction A) Objective of the Presentation in the Frame Work Of Presented by Frank Riedmann, Deutsche Welthungerhilfe German Agro Action Jelle Beekma, Team Leader Kunduz River Basin Programme 1) Introduction a) Objective of the presentation In the frame work of this conference the KRBP a integrated water management programme in the Kunduz river funded by the European Union in cooperation with GAA (Deutsche Welt Hunger Hilfe) gives a brief inside look into the specific conditions and the ongoing activities within the Kunduz river basin. Lessons learned will be shared and discussed with the plenum. The Kunduz river basin will be of specific interest for the participants of the conference due to fact that it is the first afghan river basin where the new river basin concept agreed by the Afghan government is brought into praxis. b) Content of the presentation The presentation will outline the physical conditions of the Kunduz river basin, the socio economic situation and the water resources and water usage within the basin. Possible conflicts about the scarce resource water will be discussed in an example. Implementing the Kunduz River Basin Authority; 1 Presented by KRBP and DWHH/GAA at the Kabul Water Conference 02.08. – 03.08.2005 The concept of the Kunduz river basin programme will be described and the experiences with the implementation of the programme on the ground shared. Lessons learned until now will highlight the need for capacity building. 2) Brief description of the Kunduz river basin a) Overview of the physical, hydrological and geological conditions The Kunduz river basin covers a total area of about 35.000 square km in North-eastern Afghan provinces of Bamiyan, Baghlan, Kunduz and Takhar. The river system is formed by two mayor rivers the Baghlan and the Takhar (often also referred to as Khanabad) River, which merge about 10 km North of Kunduz city and discharge in to the Amu Darya 30 km further, at the Afghan – Tadjik / Uzbek border. Picture 1: Location of the Kunduz River Basin in Afghanistan The Kunduz river basin covers the mountainous area of the Hindukush in the Southern parts of the basin, hilly areas of Kunduz consisting of Palaeogene and Neogene sediments covered by Loess deposits of 30 m to more than 100 metres thickness in the centre and along the rivers several wide flood plains have been formed. The flood plains consist of highly fertile medium grained soils with good agricultural land, which comprises the main economic centres of the basin. Implementing the Kunduz River Basin Authority; 2 Presented by KRBP and DWHH/GAA at the Kabul Water Conference 02.08. – 03.08.2005 The higher areas in the basin are partly used for rain fed agriculture but mostly consist of deforested lands. Even though these areas have traditionally a low population density and a limited carrying capacity an increasing number of people is forced into these inhospitable areas due to population pressure. Characteristic for the Kunduz river basin is constant run off of the rivers throughout the whole year. The peak river run off occurs in summer due to the snow melting in May and June. The rivers maintain a base flow in fall and winter. This river water allows an intensive irrigated agriculture which is the main economic basis of the region. Taloqan Kunduz Puli –I - Khumri Picture 2: Satellite picture of the main Part of the Kunduz River Basin b) Groundwater Ground water can be found in the flood plains relatively near to surface in depths mostly between 5 m and 20 m. Within the mountainous and hilly upper lands the access to ground water is more difficult. The thick loess layers in the Kunduz and parts of the Takhar area are characterized by the lack of any ground water. Ground water bearing layers in the mountain areas are permeable layers of the base rock and faults within these rocks. Without having detailed data it seems that there is a ground water base flow into the flood plain subsurface. Nevertheless groundwater in the flood plain is significantly fed by infiltration of the rivers. Usually water for domestic use is taken from the streams and canals or is extracted by shallow or tube wells. Before the war many local water supply pipe schemes existed in the towns and Implementing the Kunduz River Basin Authority; 3 Presented by KRBP and DWHH/GAA at the Kabul Water Conference 02.08. – 03.08.2005 cities of the basin area. Nowadays these pipe scheme systems are nearly all destroyed. Only parts of Pul – I Khumri are supplied by smaller pipe schemes systems with drinking water. Works on several pipe schemes for the drinking water supply of Cities and towns have been started or at least the planning phase is ongoing. Projects are financed by USAID, Worldbank and KfW. c) Water usage / Water users The population within the four provinces of the Kunduz river basin is estimated to be 2.8 Million individuals, of which around 2.5 Million individuals live within the Kunduz river basin, most in the river plains. The main usage of water is irrigation and a small proportion is used for domestic purposes. Most of the concerns and disputes about water within the basin are about the distribution of irrigation water. Logically the Kunduz river basin programme focuses basically on the irrigation subject. Nevertheless we see also in the Kunduz river basin first signs that the ground water resources for domestic and maybe in the future increased for industrial use will be a subject in which a deeper look is needed. 3) Kunduz river basin programme Integrated Water Management in the five river basins, has been chosen as the basis for the new water resources policy and development in Afghanistan. The Kunduz River Basin Programme pilots implementation of this river basin management approach. This approach aims at combining integrated water management within the natural drainage area of a river with improved institutional arrangements and good governance. The Kunduz river basin programme is financed by European Commission (EC). The programmes activities focus on five components: 1) Development of a river basin plan and establishment of a river basin authority and river basin council; In this process multi stakeholder groups, called sub basin and basin working group were formed as precursor of a river basin authority and council. The sub basin working groups develop proposals for water management in the sub basin and the river basin group subsequently approves the proposals after adaptations, if and where necessary. The groups prepare the river basin plan and agree on the institutional lay out. Presently the groups collect data on all water uses and water resources in the river basin, match them to the available resources and perform an institutional analysis. These data will be used for the completion of a river basin profile, which, once approved by the group will form the basis for a strategic plan. The process is in its initial stages, but has more and more stakeholder ownership. The institutional framework within which the river basin authority and councils will function was approved on a multi stakeholder workshop/conference of two days. It consists of users groups, represented in sub basin councils, which are subsequently represented in basin Implementing the Kunduz River Basin Authority; 4 Presented by KRBP and DWHH/GAA at the Kabul Water Conference 02.08. – 03.08.2005 councils, questions if this representation should follow a stepwise election scheme or federative election is part of the current formation process. 2) Upstream Catchment Protection and Forest Regeneration; The combination of deforestation, overgrazing and seven years of drought have left the upper reaches of the Kunduz River basin practically stripped of all vegetation while traditional water saving techniques have become in disrepair. In this component, regeneration of forests, improved rangeland management and rehabilitated and expended water management techniques using new insights and applied technology will be piloted with the aim to replicate successful systems. This component is highly participatory and will build on priorities as identified in Natural resources management groups. These natural resources management groups are also supposed to have a representation in the sub basin councils. Interaction between upper catchment natural resources groups and related water users groups in the lower areas, will also be stimulated, possibly compensation rules can be developed and agreed upon. The first project, People for Environment, Environment for People (PEEP) run by a GAA led consortium of GAA, Child Fund Afghanistan (CFA) and People In Need (PIN) has started recently community selection and mobilisation. 3) Social Management of Water and representation of water users in decision making bodies; The management of the small and medium irrigation schemes in the Kunduz River Basin continued as good as possible during the years of war and turmoil. As a result the communities still have a well-developed auto organization and are quickly mobilised for necessary maintenance and repair jobs. The organisation of the repairs and maintenance works, as well as the distribution of water is done by a Mirab and his Bashi mirabs. These mirabs are generally chosen from the tail end of schemes and have considerable empirical knowledge of the water distribution and required works. However these mirabs have not been able to continue the management in all irrigation schemes, intensive migration has disturbed patterns while power relations were strongly affected by the war and local commanders and factions. Other shortcomings that have been mentioned relate to the fair distribution of water, decision-making power and responsibilities. As a last point the management systems as well as the technical status of the irrigation schemes, allow for subsistence and limited commercial farming only, they do not allow for competition in the international markets, which is a requirement of the new Afghanistan.
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