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THE PHILOS0PHfG;k.L 'W-ORKS OF DAVID HUME. INCLUDING ALL THE ESSAYS, ANDEXHIBITING THE MORE IhfPORTANT ALTERATIONS AND CORRECTIONS' IN THE SUCCESSIVE EDITIONSPUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR. IN FOUR VOLUMES. EDIKBURG'H : PRINTED FOR ADAM BLACK AND WII.LIARI Tall'; AND CHARLES TAIT~W, F.L&T STREET, LONDON. 3IDCCCXXVI. "9,s.. 494\1 $gp 1 1948 ADVERTISEMENT. The Philosophical Writings of Plr Hume are here for the first time collected in a uniform edition. The Essays arereprinted from the Edition of 1777, in two octavo volumes, corrected by the Authorfor the press,a short timebefore his death,and which he desired might be regardedas containing his philosophi- calprinciples. The text of thatEdition has been faithfully adhered to in the present ; but as it has been thoughtan interesting object of curiosity, to trace the successive variations of sentiment andtaste in a mind like that of Hume, and to mark the gradual and most ob- servable increase of caution in his expression of those sentiments, it has been the care of the present Editor tocompare the former Editions, ofwhich a List is here subjoined, and where any alterations were discovered, not merely verbal, but illustrative of the philosophical opi- nions of the author, to add these as Notes to the passages where they occur. vi ADVERTIS8:MEHT. The Essays contained in the early Editions, but which were omitted in that of 1777, will be found at the end of' the last volume of the present Collection of his Works, together with the Two Essays, on Suicide, and the Immorta- lity of the Soul. INaddition to the Author's Life, written by himself, the Account of the Controversy with ill. Rousseau has also been prefixed. 'It was o- riginally printedin French, and shortly af- terwards in English, in the year 1766. The English translation was superintended by Mr Hume ; and as it relates to an extraordinary occurrence in the Lives ofthese eminent philosophers, has been thought a suitable ap- pendage to the short Memoir of himself, EDINBURGH, JUNE 1625, 4 EDITIQNS OF THE ESSAYS COLLATED AKD REFERRED TO. Essays, Moral and Political.. Edinburgh,Kincaid, l74L 12mo. (A) Essays, Moraland Political, 1701. 11. Edinburgh, Kincaid, 1742. 12mo. pp. 105. (B) Essays, Moraland Political,2d Edition, cor,rected. Edinburgh,Kincaid, 1742. 12mo. pp. 189. ((2) Essays,Moral and Political. By D. Hume, Esq. 3d Edition, corrected, with additions. London, Millar, 1748.12mo. (D) Three Essays, Moral and Political, never before published, which completes the former Edition, in two volumesoctavo. By D. Hume, Esq. London, Millar,1748. 12mo. (E) PoliticalDiscourses. By D. Hurne,Esq. Edinburgh, Kincaid,1752. Small avo. To this Editionthere is sometimes added ‘ a List of Scatticisms.’ (F) PoliticalDiscourses. By D. Hume,Esq. 2d Edition. Edinburgh,Kincaid, 1752. 121110. Merely a re- print of the preceding. (G) Essaysand Treatises on several Subjects. By D. Hume, Esq. Vol. IV. containingPolitical Dis- courses. 3d Edition, with Additionsand Correc- tions. London,Millar, 1754. (H) Four Dissertations : Ist, Natural History of Reli- gion : 2d, of the Passions : 3d, of Tragedy:4th, viii EDITIONSCOLLATED AmREFERRED TO. of theStandard of Taste. By D. Hume, Esq. London, Millar, 1757. 12mO. (I) Philosophical Essays concerning Human Understand- ing. By theAuthor of the Essays Moraland Po- litical. London, Millar, 1748. 12mo. (K) Philosophical Essays concerning Human Understand- ing. By D. Hume, Esq. 2d Edition, with Addi- tions and Corrections. London, Millar, 1750. 12mo. IL) An Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals. By D. Hume, Esq.London, Millar, 1781. (M) Essaysand Treatises on several Subjects. By D. Hume, Esq. London, Millar, 1768. 2 vols. 4to. (X) Essays and Treatises on several Subjects. By D. Hume, Esq. London, Cadell, 1.777. 2 vols 8vo. (0) The above List comprekends all the Editions wfiich vay materially from eachother. Those which have been found on examination to be mere reprints, arc not included. CONTENTS OF VOLUME FIRST. Page .. Life of the Author ........i Letterfrom Adam Smith, LL.D. toWilliam Strachan Esq., and Latter-willTestamentand Humeof Mr . XVi Account of theControversy between Hume andRousseau , xxrii List of Scotticisms . , cxxiii TREATISE OF HUMAN NATURE. INTRODUCTION......... 5 BOOK I.-OF THE UNDERSTANDING. PART I. OF IDEAS, THEIR ORIGIN, COMPOSITION, CONNEXIOX, ABSTRACTIOS’, &c. Of the Origin ofIdeas our , . , , . 15 Division of the Subject , . , , . 22 Of the Ideas of theMemory and Imagination ... 23 Of theConnexion or Association of Ideas ....26 Of Relations . .....Ea Ofand Modes Substanc- .. ..*s Of Abstract Ideas , . .. ..,a PART 11. OF THE IDEAS OF SPACE AND TIME. Of the iafinite Divisibility of our Ideas of Spaceand Time I 46 Of theintlhite Dhisibility of Space andTime .... 49 Of theother Qualities of our Ideas of Space and Time . 5% Objections answered ........62 ThesameSubject continued .......89 Of the Idea of Existence,and of externalExistence . 95 S COK'l'ESlS. PhRT 111. OF KNOWLEDGE AND PRODABILITY. Page Of Knowledge . 98 Of Probability,and of theIdea of Causeand Effect . 103 Why 3 Cause is alwaysnecessary . 110 Of the component parts of our Reasonings concerning Cause and effect . 115 Of theImpressions of theSenses and Memory . , 117 Ofthe Inference from the Impressiontothe Idea . 140 Of Naturethe of Ideathe Beliefor . , . , 129 Of the Causes of Belief . * s .. 136 Of the Effects of other Relations and other Habits . 146 x Of the Influence of Belief . , . 160 OfProbability the of Chances . 169 Of the Probability of Causes . 176 Of unphilosophicalProbability . * . , 191 Of the Idea of NecessaryConnexion . 206 Rulesbywhich judgeto of Causesand Effects , . 228 O f the ReasontheOf of Animals ...*. -232 PART IV. OF THE SCEPTICAL Ah'D OTHER SYSTEMS OF PHILOSOPHY. Of Scegticismwithregard to Reason . , . 236 Of Scepticismwithregard to Sensesthe . 245 Of the AncientPhilosophy , . 262 OfModern the Philosophy . , . 289 Of the Immateriality of the Soul , . 297 Of PersonalIdentity , , . , . , . 319 Conclusion of this Book . , . , . 334 LIFE OF THE AUTHOR i z 4 a4 BY HIMSELF, 9 i OWN LIFE. IT is difficult for a man to speak longof himself without vanity ; therefore, I shall be short. It may be thought aninstance of vanity that I pre- tend at all to write my life; but this Narrative shall contain little more than the, Historyof my Writings ; as, indeed, almost allmy life has been spent in literary pursuits and occupations. The first successof most of my writings was not such as to be an object of vanity. I was born the 26th of April 1711, old style, atEdinburgh. I was of agood family, both by father and mother. My father’s family is a branch of the Earl of Home’s or Hume’s ; and my ancestors had been proprietors of the estate, which my brother possesses, for several genera- tions. My mother was daughter of Sir David Falconer, President of the College of Justice; the title of Lord Halkerton came by succession to her brother. a2 i iv MY OWN LIFE. My family, however,was not rich; and, being myself a younger brother, my patrimony, accor- ding to the mode of my country, was of course very slender. My father, who passed for a man of parts, died when I was an infant, leaving me, with an elder brother and a sister, under the care of our mother, a woman of singular merit, who, though young and handsome,devoted her- self entirely to the rearingandeducating of her children. I passed through the ordinary course of education with success, and was seized very earlywith a passion for literature, which has been the ruling passion of my life, and the great source of my enjoyments. My studious disposi- tion, my sobriety, and my industry, gave my family a notion that the law was a proper profes- sion for me ; but I found an unsurnlountable aversion to every thing but the pursuits of philosophy and general learning ; and while they fancied I was poring upon Voet and Vinnius, Cicero and Virgil were the authors which I was secretly devouring. Myvery slender fortune, however, being unsuitable to this plan of life, and my health being a little broken by my ardent application, I was tempted, or rather forced, to make a very feeble . trial for entering into a more active scene of life. In 1734, I went to Bristol, with some recom- mendations to eminent merchants, but in a few monthsfound that scene totally unsuitable to MY OWN LIFE. V me, I went over to France, witha view of pro- secuting my studies in a country retreat ; and I there laid that plan of life, which I have steadily and successfully pursued, I resolved to make a very rigid frugality supply my deficiency of fortune, to maintain unimpairedmy independency, and to regard every object as eontemptible, ex- cept the improvementof my talents in literature. During my retreat in France,first at Rheims, but chiefly at La Fleche, in Anjou, I composed my Treatise of Human Nature. Afterpassing threeyears very ,agreeably in that country, I came over to London in 1737. In the end of 1738, I published my Treatise, and immediately went down to my mother and my brother, who lived at his country-house, and was employing himself very judiciously and successfully in the improvement of his fortune. Never literary attempt was more unfortunate than my Treatise of Hun~anNature. It fell dead- born from the press, without reaching such dis- tinction, as even to excite a murmur among the zealots. But being naturally of a cheerful and sanguine temper, I vkry soon recoveredthe blow, and prosecuted with great ardour my studies in the country. In 1742,I printed at Edin- burgh the first part of my Essays : the work was favourably received, and soon made me entirely forget my former disappointment, I continued vi MY OWN LIFE.

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