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Towards Trust and Friendliness Approaches in the Social Internet of Things

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Towards Trust and Friendliness Approaches in the Social Internet of Things applied sciences Review Towards Trust and Friendliness Approaches in the Social Internet of Things Farhan Amin 1 , Awais Ahmad 2 and Gyu Sang Choi 1,* 1 Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 280, Korea; [email protected] 2 Department of Computer Science, Bahria University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 27 November 2018; Accepted: 21 December 2018; Published: 4 January 2019 Abstract: The Internet of Things (IoT) is an interconnected network of heterogeneous entities, such as sensors and embedded devices. During the current era, a new field of research has emerged, referred to as the social IoT, which mainly includes social networking features. The social IoT refers to devices that are capable of creating interactions with each other to independently achieve a common goal. Based on the structure, the support of numerous applications, and networking services, the social IoT is preferred over the traditional IoT. However, aspects like the roles of users and network navigability are major challenges that provoke users’ fears of data disclosure and privacy violations. Thus, it is important to provide reliable data analyses by using trust- and friendliness-based properties. This study was designed because of the limited availability of information in this area. It is a classified catalog of trust- and friendliness-based approaches in the social IoT with important highlights of important constraints, such as scalability, adaptability, and suitable network structures (for instance, human-to-human and human-to-object). In addition, typical concerns like communities of interest and social contacts are discussed in detail, with particular emphasis on friendliness- and trust-based properties, such as service composition, social similarity, and integrated cloud services. Keywords: Internet of Things; trust; social Internet of Things; trust management 1. Introduction One of the most important areas of the future Internet is the Internet of Things (IoT). Generally, physical objects are connected to the Internet using sensors and actuators because they effectively expedite technology advancements in the IoT by providing a number of services [1]. In the IoT, linking various objects is referred to as object–object interconnection. More recently, virtual objects (VOs) stand in for real-world entities as their digital counterparts [2]. They are extensively used in the IoT as a bridge to connect the physical world by providing a digital depiction of data, and they have interesting features that shape real-world objects, including the interactions of users with systems in the IoT [2]. Projects like SENSEI [3], Future Internet (FIWARE) [4], the Collaborative Open Market to Place Objects at your Service (COMPOSE) [5], and Internet of Things-Architecture (IoT-A) [6] are typical examples. In Figure1, cars represent an automobile manufacturing company. Real objects are represented by cars and bikes, and the term virtual object, represents a relationship. Each virtual object is associated with a single car or a number of cars [4]. When a customer needs to buy a car, the virtual object could be used to register the car with an insurance company or to obtain remote maintenance from an automobile manufacturing database. Here, we can perceive a virtual object as being created with more than one association. In addition, if a customer is registered with a single virtual object that can handle Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 166; doi:10.3390/app9010166 www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, x 166 FOR PEER REVIEW 22 of of 25 with more than one association. In addition, if a customer is registered with a single virtual object thatdifferent can handle types of different services types offered of byservices an automobile offered by manufacturing an automobile company, manufacturing such as company, car insurance such asand car smart insurance meters, and the smart concept meters, of the the many-to-many concept of the association many-to-many appears. association appears. Figure 1. VirtualVirtual objects interacting in the Internet of Things (IoT). In thethe IoT,IoT, data data collection collection and and scalability scalability are are major majo concernsr concerns [5]. First[5]. 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