JOURNAL of MILK TECHNOLOGY
;.- :Voj ume 3 May-June, 1940 Number 3
Editorials The opinions and ideas expressed in papers and editorials are those of the respectiPe authors. The expressions of the Association are completely ruorded in its transactions. Milk In Interstate Commerce The latest development in the increasing federal attention directed to the inter state shipment of milk and milk products is the bill, S. 3711, introduced by Senator Ggifey, of Pennsylvania, on April 3. The purpose of this bill is "to make unlawful the shipment in interstate commerce of certain milk or milk products for the evasion of State laws regulating the milk industry." It was referred to the Committee in Inter· state Commerce. The bill states that inasmuch as "The security of the American Nation depends upon the stamina of its population, the health and well-being of which demands a continuous production of wholesome milk and a larger per capita consumption there '; that "the high standard and purity of milk cannot be maintained by producers llf,I OJX!Catmg at less than cost returns ; that the attempt to discourage an increase in milk 11-.''pro,chi<:twn through artificially forcing the price paid to producers below cost tends undermine the -health of the Nation, to discourage farmers from progressive and practices, and to undermine their sense of social usefulness" (italics ours); milk dealers may play the producer of one State against those of another" by ~"u•v«uiL.Iu,~~; the market through importation of cheaper milk from other States, and lrlilk dealers thereby find a means of evading the police power of the several especially those which have established milk-control boards and health regu pertaining to milk, it is declared that hereby the policy of Congress will be exercise of its constitutional power of regulating interstate commerce to protect rights and welfare of the States, less failure to do so tend to foster the erection trade barriers and the growth of sectionalism. It ""ould prohibit the shipment in interstate commerce of milk products in one at p.rices lower than those prevailing in the state of destination, or produced under saaitary standards than those obtaining in the latter state. Milk includes fluid and cream, all skimmed milk, flavored milks or milk drink, buttermilk, ice and evaporated and condensed whole milk. 123 122 EDITORIALS
Violation is punishable with a fine of not over $2,000 and or by imprisonmen~ not to exceed six months. The milk in violation would 'be subject to seizure and far. feiture to the United States by a process of libel for condemnation, and the dea1er A Method for the Accurate Sampling would jeopardize his State license to do business. of Ice Cream
We wonder why the backers of this bill did not ring in the unwritten law, ~ A. C. Maack and P. H. Tracy sun-spot cycle, and the influence of the Pleiades. The intent is evidently to control Department of Dairy Husbandry, University of Illinois, the price of milk at the state of destination. To drag in sanitary provisions raises as Urbana, Illinois many new problems as it solves present ones. 'Ji'here is no standar~ ~ethod for sam- sample of vanilla mi~ for fat by the No provision is made for enforcing the provisions of this bill. Who w.a.Wd IJ.iig ice cream contammg such added Mojonnier ether extractiOn. method. S~me determine whether milk at the State of production measures up to the sanitary level P oducts as f.ru~ts or nuts. A ·common of this mix was then weighed out mto 400 c.c. beakers, and 5, 10, 15, and 20 of the milk produced in the state of destination? There would have to be an ooor. P~ctice has been to strain out the add~d P terial and then run a test on the 1ce percent fruit added so that each of. the mously extended federal bureau of milk supervision with inspectors by the hun
TABLE 1. checked exactly with the calculated re. tests boweve.r, were within 0.04 percent pany, Racine, Wisconsin. The ordinary suits or were slightly higher. f ~e another on the mint stick, and 0.05 mixer manufactured by this company does Tests otz Fruit Ice Creams 0 0 not come equipped with a motor power The duplicate tests performed on ~ rcent on the chocolate chip when the Calculated Actual W·hipping ~ methods were compared, so either ful enough to stand prolonged operation Flavor test test time sample gave remarkably close checks. (Qf 0 without hearing. However, the manu the 30 samples of fruit ice cream tested, 111ethod is suffiGiently accurate: Toffee %fat % fat minutes · e cream acted much as a nut 1Ce cream facturer will equip the machine with a Strawberry using varying amounts of Fruit, 83 lf3 heavier motor that will not heat, if it is 5% berries 12.01 11.92 1 percent of the duplicates checked in the ~hen beaten, giving a higher result in the so speci·fi.ed. 10% 11.38 11.32 range 0 to 0.05, and the remaining mixer. 17.2% .. 10.47 10.39 ~ With some of the commercial samples, SUMMARY 20% .. 10.12 10.02 16 2/3 percent of the samples checked Pineapple within the range 0.06 to 0.10 percerlt little difficulty was encountered with A method of sampling and testing fruit 5% fruit 10.86 10.81 1 The mix ma-de up with nuts sho'l'ed clrurning when they . w~re be~ten in the ice creams has been described. A 4- or 10% .. 10.29 10.19 equally good checks among the duplicates [lli:lcer. This made 1t tt?posstble to get 5-ounce sample of ice cream is thoroughly 15% 9.72 9.65 duplicates to check, so 1t became neces broken up by means of a malted milk 20% 9.15 9.07 ~ number of samples of commer
In 1935, ·the Regents chartered the In each state, municipal officials have 'Fown and County Officers' Training developed their training programs in ac Training in the Public Service in New York State school of the State of New York, a cor cordance with their peculiar local condi poration administered principally by tions and needs. There is thus a wide Albert H. Hall ofiicers and members of the Association variety of organization and procedure in carrying out this work. However, certain New Yot·k State Department of Education, Albany, N.Y. of Towns. This corporation is also authorized to receive reimbursement from fundamental principles are foUowed by aU federal vocational education funds. of the Leagues in the operation of their DEVELOPMENT IN ACTIVITIES OF ten~ive in-service training programs li~ve schools. The zone or regional system is GOVERNMENT Eleven thousand town and county em been established for the personnel of 1Q€al ployees have attended training schools in employed in those cases where mass in The development and growth of the subdivisions df the state. Limited ~ the period December 13, 1935 - July 1, stru-ction covering a large area is desired. The schools present fundamental curricula United States during the past half century service training programs have also ~ :1.·939. covering the essential duties of officials. has been paralleled by the development provided for state employees. Large urban centers, including New and growth of the functions of govern They are thoroughly practical in character. The organization and operation of jn. ¥ ork City, have developed and operated Efforts are made to procure competent ment. As industry, commerce, and agri service training programs for most ·loJic have provided extension training for em development of proper teaching methods. A skilled personnel is likewise an essen employees, and educatioz:al institutions. playees. The school ·of the Division of The schools are conducted as college tial in public work as in private enter State Police has performed outstanding prise. classrooms with strict attendance require I TRAINING PROGRAMS work in training state and local police. ments. The lecture method is used, with I The old idea that the duties of public The Mayors' Conference ·establiShed 'JThe experiment which was thus in lecturers speaking informally and utiliz office are so simple that men of inteiii training schools for policemen and fire augurated on a large scale by municipal ing the blackboard and other graphic gence can qualify readily for any govern men on a state-wide regional basis offi.Gials of the State of New York has means of presentation as much as possible. mental post has been dissipated. Citizens 1928. By 1931, the Conference ha d.f spread rapidly throughout the country. Officials participate actively in the class are concerned today about the efficiency panded its training programs to Since 1928 there have been hundreds of work and are asked questions on material of government. They demand adequate twenty groups of municipal employ~. traifiing schools for municipal officials which has been discussed. In practically performance of duties by public em On January 1, 1935, the in, 'tfiis country conducted by state leagues all of the schools, officials are required ployees. They look upon public employ of municipalities with a total attendance to keep notebooks which in some cases ment as a career ser.vice. To stimulate the University of the State of recognized the soundness of this of several hundred thousand municipal are rated. Many of the schools provide development and vitalization of a career Leagues of municipalities in class participation in a practical way in public service, it is necessary to pro granting an educational corporation ter for the operation of the schools to West Virginia, Texas, Kansas, some phase of demonstration or inspection vide adequate training facilities for public Michigan, Minnesota, Ne work which municipal officials normally group of officers and members o£ employees. Oklahoma, Kentucky, Ohio, South encounter in their everyday duties. For Mayors' Conference. This Oregon, California, Illinois, PUBLIC SERVICE TRAINING ACTIVITIES example, milk inspectors examine and the Municipal Training Institute Carolina, and Wiscons.in have been IN NEW YORK STATE rate aairy barns, and food inspectors ex York State, has been empowered B.y in operating such schools. The amine and rate meat markets as a phase of Until recent years, experience alone had Governor and Legislature to share in ~lert<:an Municipal Association, the their school work. All of the schools been teaching the public employee the eral funds for vocational education. · of state leagues of provide opportunity for question periods daily routine of his public service. Ex Eighty thousand city and viiiage :-~"'"P"u''"~' with headquarters at 1313 and round-table discussions. Many of perience was a slow, expensive, and inade ployees have attended training Street, Chicago, has given a them provide final examinations. In all quate teacher. To implement and to operated by the Mayors' Conference impetus to this movement by ad of them, formal graduation exercises are give direction to experience, the ·in the Institute in the period Janu!!JlY an
supplementary information is sent to stu ishes the merit system and contributes to N ew Yor.k, as a pioneer in public ser velop sound in-service training programs dents on a regular schedule after they the development and stability of a career vice training, was dequffeipp~d, the.refore, dto for state and local employees. have returned to their duties. public service. take immediate an e chve actton un er (d) To :ncourage the .W~wth of in State leagues of municipalities are not The benefits of this pioneer work have tlie George-Deen Act. service trainmg programs mttlated, spo~ sored, directed, and supported by pubJK the only agencies which are alive to the no~ ?een confined to New York. These On December 1, 1937, the .Regents es possibilities of training in service. There tablished in the Stare Depa.rt employees .in o~der to st.imulate and mam trammg programs have provided a stitn. E?ucatto~ tain effecttve mterest m employee self is abundant evidence that the value of ulus and a pattern for the developmefit ment a Bureau off Publtc Ser~tce ~dramt- in-service training in all levels of gov · responsible or cooperattve at o improvement. of similar training activities in a score of 10g, · · (e) To assist in the devel~pme~t. of ernment employment is gaining wide rec states. ll interested and competent agenCies m public employees as instructors tn trammg ognition. Institutes and special courses of ilie operation, development, and coor dination of training programs for state programs. the type operated for public employees by RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN TRAINING and local employees. (f) To assist in the coordination of all American University, New York Univer IN THE PUBLIC SERVICE public in-service training. activi~ies with sity, George Washington University, the The most significant development in The functions of th~ State. Educ.at!on in the state and to work wtth all mterested University of Southern California, and the in-service training field in recent yea;a Department in the publtc serviCe tratmng agencies for the elimination of overlap field as outlined in a policy statement the University of Virginia, departmental has been the passage of the George-Deen ping and duplication of training effort: adopted by the Regents are as follows: training schools carried on in federal, Act. This Act, passed by Congress in (g) To assist in promoting economy .m state, and local governments, and the de 1936, provides for the further develop. (a) To be a ser:rice a15ency for i~ter the administration of public in-servtce velopment of extension courses for mu ested public, quast-pu?ltc, and pnvate ment of vocational education, and author. training programs by urging and aiding nicipal administrators by the International agenGies in t~e operatiOn, d~e~opment, izes the us·e of federal funds for in-ser;.Vice all agencies to achieve full cooperative City Managers Association attest to the and coordinatiOn of sound trammg pro utilization of rich existing public and spread o.f this movement. training courses for public employees in for state and local employees by private training facilities and resources. states and cities. Such federal £unds general advisory assistance, aid TRAINING RESULTS must be matched by state or local funds ..,.v ..~---,..,the development of curricula, TRAINING THE MILK SANITATION In-service training of public personnel and can be expended only through a training programs, and teaching EMPLOYEE has increased the efficiency of state and state vocational education agency. providing teac~er training s~r The first training school for municipal local administration. Agencies operating The Act is a milestone in the develop acting as a cleanng house of tO- milk and dairy inspectors of New York schools report improvements in admin ment of cooperative relationships behween making available to interested State was held in Albany in 1932 under istration traceable directly to such train federal, state, and local governments. It throughout the country the in the direction of the State Conference of ing. Comments of employees and in establishes for the first time by statute the training experience of New York Mayors and with the cooperation of the creasing attendance at training classes in principle of governmental and apprising agencies within the Bureau of Milk Sanitation of the State dicate that the programs are meeting a for the training of public Pm'"""'DD• of in-service training developments Department of Health. The school was ~eed. Employees are demanding length is a recognition of the fact that . the state and nation. of the three-day short course type. More t~r and more frequent school sessions, re ing of public employees is at To cooperate with public, quasi than ninety percent of the municipal milk giOnal classes, and the development of in social importance to the vocattOn'aJ and private agencies in extending inspection units in the state were repre extension training. The training pro struction of employees in industry and usefulness of existing sented in this school. Attendance at sub grams have developed a closer degree of agriculture. programs, and establishing pro sequent short course schools in 1934 and cooperation between federal, state, and officials for whom no training 1936 likewise evidenced the great interest local employees than existed formerly. THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTME1f]' heretofore been provided. of municipal milk sanitation employees The schools are increasing public under AND PUBLIC SERVICE TRAINING Within the restrictions of federal in self-improvement. standing of the complexity of govern As has been pointed out, there was and the State Vocational Educa To be successful a training program men~ work and enhancing the prestige of many years prior to the passage o£ Plan and the limits of the small needs not only interested clients but also publtc employment. Training is improv George-Deen Act widespread of federal monies available for adequate course material and inst.ruction. mg the morale of government employees. public service training in New purpose, to reimburse from federal It has been fortunate that the Bureau of In training classes, public employees are Regents and the State Education on a matching basis, those public Milk Sanitation of the Stare Health De made aware of the social importance of ment haV'e cooperated in this including departments of the partment has held such an enlightened t?eir job~ and are stimu~ated by profes The Vocational Education departments of local point of view on the need for and prac stonal prtde to better thetr work. Studies assisted organizations of firunecttal subdivisions, associations of tical problems involved in the organi have shown that tenure is lengthened by state and municipal y~ 1Ja.L«u·~·u~, financed by public tax zation and operation of these schools. such training. A number of city civil tions of public employees and edt!Caliionl and educational institutions char Without the enthusiastic support of the service commissions are giving credit in institutions by advising o~ curriculll!D the Regents for the in-service training idea by the Milk Sanitation promotional examinations for attendance teaching methods and in the training of public employees which dem Bureau and the participation of its Chief at the schools. In-service training nour- conference leaders. their capacity to operate and de- and his associates in cur.riculum drafting 131 130 TRAINING IN PUBLIC SERVICE JOURNAL OF MILK TECHNOLOGY
CONCLUSION and teaching, the progress made thus far laboratory work performed by each stu l~ngthened and made more complete. Ex would not have been possible. dent and one-half study, recitations, and tension courses may also be developed. Some competent observers believe that lectures. Written examinabions were Although conditions vary widely in-service training is one of the greatest The success of the milk sanitation contributions of the last twenty-four years training program was undoubtedly an im held daily, and a comprehensive written throughout the country, the experience of examination was given at the end of the :New York suggests that in any successful to the permanent improvement of public portant factor in the action of the 1937 administration. All agree that it is a course. Of the 20 students enrolled, comprehensive in-service training pro Stat~ Le~islature i~ providing statutory 17 highly useful device in making democ qualtficatiOns for daay and milk ins.pectors. completed the course satisfactorily an . gram for milk sanitarians, certain groups and agencies have a preponderant interest racy function more satisfactorily. It has Under the terms of the statute the State ~eceived a certificate attesting to that f:@l, and should be identified officially with been demonst>rated that training increases Public Health Council has das;ified dairy tss~ed by the Municipal Training Insflt competence and builds morale. Compe ... the wprk. These include state and local I. and milk inspectors in three grades and tute under authority of the Regents. !A! tence and morale are a potent combina prescribed qualifications for each grade. health departments, the State Department similar course for Grade I inspectors wJs ~:>f Education, the state league or leagues tion in any human enterprise. When These q~alifi~ation requirements are of they pervade all levels and areas of gov far-reachmg Importance. They will in held from June 19 to July 1, 1939 with of municipalities, the state association of an enrollment of 15 students. milk sanitarians, and colleges and uni ernment, the wheels of democracy will sure definite standards of competence hum with new energy and effectiveness. with resulting improvement in service to Such advanced training will supple versities. the public. They will make difficult ar ment the regular basic training received bitrary and unwarranted dismissals and in the three-day short-course schools 0p lengthen the tenure of competent public erated under the same sponsorship for aU Phosphatase Test In Court. Illinvis Health factor in the successful termination of the case. servants. Employee morale will be stim inspectors every two years. The Public lrf}sretzger, Vol. 10, No. 18, September 15, The results of the tests were introduced as evi dence by the prosecution to show that the milk, ulated. The professionalization of milk Health Council has approved the short 1938, p. 108. Pub. Health Engi11. Absts. xx, sanitation work will be hastened and its Mi., 19 previous to handling by the defendant, had been courses as meeting the instructional re- pasteurized. "The safety of pasteurized milk dignity enhanced. Remuneration of em The operator of a roadside milk station, sell 9-uirements for Grade III milk and dairy ing bulk or dipped pasteurized milk, in viola is entirely dependent upon an unbroken chain ployees probably will tend gradually to protection from the time it leaves the mspectors. When facilities are avaiJal>1~ tion of the State statute, was found guilty in :>f approach professional levels. Furthermore, pasteurization plant until it reaches the con Grade III inspectors having the required Cook County Magistrate's Court. The phos the principles embodied in these require phatase test perhaps for the fint time was .u~ed sumer." D. S. A. ments may well provide a pattern for experience Wlill have an opportunit~ fo in Court, and it apparently was a determmrng the development of similar qualifications become qualified in a higher grad py for other classes of municipal employees. taking an advanced course. Grade ]II schools will be open for review purRoses The State Sanitary Code provides that the Public Health Council may require to all municipal milk inspectors, iltt'e completion of a course of instruction in spective of grade. milk sanitation approved by the Council Training in the public service is !Still as one of the conditions of qualification in the experimental stage. Altho~gb for a particular grade. In May 1938, the certain fundamental principles can be Public Health Council approved a two enunciated, there are few fixed metliods week course as meeting l'he instructional of organization and administratio11 of requirements for qualification in Grade I such training. Those who have or II. The course was given from May identified with the in-service ...... u ,., 31 to June 13 by the New York State milk sanitation employees in this College of Agriculture at Cornell Uni do not view their progress with versity for, and as a ·part of, the general cency. They are aware that they training program of the Municipal Train only scratched the surface of a ing Institute of New York State and in exciting device for improving, cooperation with -the State Health De mentally, local milk sanitation partment, the State Conference of Mayors, They know that the l'raining the State Association of Towns, the Town cannot be adllllinistered and County Officers' Training School, and an inflexible and routine point the Public Service Training Bureau of Milk sanitation work and training in the State Education Department. field -present constantly changing Comments of students enrolled indi lems demanding adaptability and cated that it was highly successful. It fulness for their proper solution. consisted of approximately one-half actual doubtedly, courses of instruction will JOURNAL OF MILK TECHNOLOGY 133
from what their texture would indicate. A porred on horseback. Dairy farmers, es ~erate-zone farmer not familiar with pecially producers-distributors of raw th~ wou1d be astounded on seeing these milk, select location for their f•arms on or Sanitary Milk Control Situation in Havana * soil$ being plowed and turned into a very near good roads. This condition ~bw seed-bed a few hours after an makes for a more extended milk-shed Raoul Cowley 111inCh-deep rain~fa.ll. But, these red soils than we milk sanitarians would like to National Milk Commission of Cuba, Havana., Cuba Jcnown as the Matanzas clay family have. whil?h are so pervious to moisture, dry out CLIMATE in the "sequia", or dry season. The milk supply of Havana is not as than one quart per acre. In the newer Finally, another natural disadvantage, the end of the "sequia", es working against a good milk supply, lies good as one might presume from just a zones it is even less. This results in a on very dry years, a dust mulch visit to a few of its show-place dairies, in the cli-mate. Although in Havana the more extended milk-shed than would be inches deep forms on the surface thermometer rarely goes above 90° F., but it is not as bad as a newspaper from the case if the cows were heav·ily fed as most of these Matanzas red soils, kill Miami would put it, when it advised even at high noon in July and August, for instance, around Miami where liw~ all shallow-rooted plant growth. It it never goes down low enough to protect prospective tourists to indulge in all the and three hundred cows are found in just fberefore, not surprJsing that dairy rum they wished, while in Havana, but the milk. Our mean annual remperature a few acres of land. have avoided these red soils in not to touch a drop of milk. of 75 o F., is very favorable for the de of the black Havana clay family. velopment of baccteria in milk. Milk must Other factors being equal, the nearer PRODUCTION soil family, due in most cases to ·be coole-d immediately over a surface cooler drainage, has not reached to its market that the milk supply is There is, of course, a number of da'f}' when intended to be sold as raw milk advanced stage of weathering as produced, the better the milk quality will men whose well-fed, pure-bred and grade and within two hours when it is to be be. Most conditions do not favor Ha type and holds much better the Holstein and Jersey cows average 10 and pasteurized. In our warm climate, failure vana in this respect. First, geography moisture during the dry season. In to observe this rule rapidly spoils the plays an 1important part in shaping the even 15 quarts of milk daily. With soy :Province of Havana the black soils bean cake at $60 a ton and other protein milk. To make matters worse, we can milk-shed of a city. Havana is a seaport l~ated to the east of ~he City of not depend on cool spring or deep-well concentrates around that price, on .the with half its surrounding area covered while the red soils, to the west. water. We have none cool enough to be with water. The average distance of all hand, and land at a yearly rental value a new system of management is of assistance. The Cuban dairy farmer the dairies to its market is greater than $3 to $5 an acre, on the other hand, it into use, the land west of Ha must use artificial ice or mechanical re would be the case if the city had land all a moot question which of the two systems not be used for milk-producing frigeration, both of which are expensive. We see that in the ci-rcle around it. -intensive or extensive-is better Of course we are absolutely free .from Havana, the northeast and north Another disadvantage in the way of ob a farm management standpoint. F~ the wovry of milk freezing in the cans, taining a sufficient supply of milk near public health viewpoint, it is also quadrants are under water and the as you experience during sub-zero weather is mostly ·red land, leaving only Havana is the extensive system of man up, for while we shouLd like to have in New England and the North Central agement of many of our dairy fa.rms. southeast segment for its mi.Jk-shed. States, hut we wish somehow that we did large supply of milk close at hand, limitation on three sides results in a Dairying -is rather new with us, and many find there is more freedom from not have to ice our milk 365 days every producers still rely almost exclusively on milk-shed on the remaining year, including Ch11istmas and New Year's in ~he extensive system. In fact, pasture and on soiling crops such as Day. very rare cases of tuberculosis in sorghum or corn sown broadcast. This .ADVANTAGES system naturally requires a great deal of have been found in confined cattle, land. -It is also unfortunate that we do none was present among the cows ~sp~)rtaLtiO•n facilities is another factor Now, against all these disadvantages, not have in Cuba leguminous pasture are allowed to roam a.ll day long in of dairy farms. Milk is I can think of two favorable factors which plants like your clovers and alfalfa. A open spaces. and' perishable and must depend on help in obtaining a better milk supply. means of commun,icabion to reach One of these is the fact that the Cuban ration based almost entirely on roughages In tropical and semi-tropical cheaply and swiftly. Railroads diet does not include as many f-resh per and lacking in protein results in poor we have no well defined are most commonly used, but ishable vegetables as you would on milk production. In addition, the native the temperate zone. fi~d Our year is milk is no longer shipped in the average Ame11ican table. On a trip and grade cows are poor producers. This into a warm, rainy season whi~ all is trucked in. While our throug~ the country-side near Havana, combination of factors make for a very from Apr,il to November and a light production of milk per unit of land. run from fairly good a.Jl the you will not see so very many truck dry season dut.:ing the · excellent Cent·ral Highway, farms. Except from the flower grower I would es~imate the production to be In a pasture country with a ~nd ·especially farm roads are around 25 to 30 quarts of milk daily dry spell every year, the wa:ter:.fioj'tlil an? the rather few market gardeners, the 1mpassable during the rainy datry farmer finds little competition for per "caballerla" (3 3 acres) which is less capacity of the soil is of prime Improved roads are expensive the -desirable land near the city, and this Most Cuban soils have a high o~er clay soils, while on unim- natura,lly tends to narrow the milk-shed. • Presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the tent, but the red soils are so International Association of Milk Sanitarians roads, milk can only be trans- The second factor is quite important. Jacksonville, Fla., October 25·27, 1939. ' lated that they behave entirely JOURNAL OF MILK TECHNOLOGY 134 MILK SANITATION IN HAV.hNA Every dairy must be under the super About half the milk supply of Havana trans' cans. These cooling stauions ate enerally located at one end of the barn, gOt very close to the nearest cow. To vision of a veterinarian who tests the comes from cows which are milked only us;d ~xcl~sively for this purpose ; aU thC! herd for tuberculosis twice a year. On once a day. From the animal breeding ~void the danger of contamination from milk IS sh1pped as whole milk to HavanlJ. his monthly visit he must report to the afl:d farm management point of view, this Four of th~ plants are country plants. mes while th~ milk is being ~trained, we Milk Division any abnormality observed might be utter folly, but from our milk One of ~hese IS .a show place, which p.uts escribe a hd over the stramer, or an and also the number of cows milked and sanitation standpoint it is simply ideal. out certified m~lk pasteurized. AU tile ~~ctric fan, or even a screened vestibule the quantity of milk produced. A large part of the milk reaches the con pl~nts use the conventional 143 ° F.-30 in which the strainer is placed. sumer twelve hours sooner than in the m!llutes pasteurizing process. U ost other operations are simila-r to case when twice-a-day milkling and once LABORATORY EXAMINATION .Most of the milk sold in Havana is raw 11!ose generally familiar. a-day collection is practiced. This, in m1!.k from producers-distributors, af Samples for chemical and bacteriologi part, compensates for the distance this whi~h there are about 360. Their pra SUPERVISION cal analysis are taken from the trucks at milk has to travel. ductwn ranges from small dealers W-ith the official entrances or in the city dur The people of Havana drink some le~s than 50 quarts daily to large daii.:ies No milk is shipped by rail into Ha ing the distribution of bhe milk, and also 160,000 quarts CJf milk daily, of which with over 2500 quarts. As to distance vana; all is trucked. in. The milk trucks from stores. For bacteriological exam a~ut. 30,000 q~arts is pasteurized milk. so~e are o!l the outskirts of the eity: can enter into th~ oty only b~tween noon and six o'clock m the evenmg and be ination, the sampling is very simple. The This IS not quite .20 percent. With the while there IS one located 120 miles away. inspector takes a bottle of milk, puts it tween mid-night and six o'.clock ~n the pop~lation of Havana about 600,000 in in ice, and takes it to the laboratory where ntorning and only through SIX offictal en ~abit~nts, the conswnpt'ion of market milk REQUIREMENTS it is plated within four hours. The work IS a httle over ha,J£ a pint daily per capita. trances. Before a producer-dist:ibutor is The ma:in requirements are about !11\e permitted to operate, along With other ing hours in the bacteriological laboratory This does not include some 40,000 cases same as .found in most milk ordinan~.:es. -with .different men, of course-are from of condensed and evaporated milk used foanalities, he must offer proo~ ?f own Each farm must have a milking Bam ership of the cows. In additiOn, the 3 A. M. to 10 A. M., and from 3 P. M. monthly, representing the equivalent of with well~drained, concrete floor. · It to 10 P. M., so as to have the plating 60,000 to 65,000 quarts of fluid milk owner must state the hour when milking must be prov~ded with running water is begun, the quantity Olf milk produced, done within the presuibed time. For per day. If the canned milk is counted and convenient facilities for the washing milk to be pasteurized, uhe samples are the figure would be nearer three-fourth~ the official entrance he wishes to use, and of the milkers' hands. Due to the warm the hour of entrance (within the per taken at the plant. The Milk Division of a pint per capita. seldom takes samples for bacterial count climate all the ba-rns are of the open mitted time limits, of course) . On a type. The cows are brought in only to be at the cooling stations, placing the re PLANT HANDLING , swro·n'sc:: inspection, the production ?'f his fed or milked. The milk-house is at· is controlled and the quanttty of sponsibility for this work on the dealers. tached, in most cases, to the barn and ~ Sample taking for chemical analysis is .There are six pasteurizing plants in the obtained, plus a 10 percent margin m!lk-shed of Havana, two of which are must have two separate rooms ; one ,for the amount he is allowed to bring into more ela•borate. From a bottle of milk located within the city limits. One of ~~oling and bottling, and storage qf ster city. The milk trucks are checked or a milk can, three 250 mi. samples are these handles about 75 percent of the thzed bottles and equipment; the oilier at the official entrances, so as taken. After proper agitation (pouring ~usines~. This plant has over 30 cool provided with a three-compartment an excess milk from being 20 times from one container to another) mg s~attons w~ere milk is brought as soon for the washing, rinsing, and All milk trucks are painted 11 drops of 40 percent formalin are as milked by Its 1300 patrons. There it of the bottles and equipment. The a wide black stripe all around added, and a numbered strip of paper is i~ cooled bel~w 50° F., and put in 60- most universal practice is the use to make them conspicuous. Any stretched across the mouth of the sample ht~r cans! which are packed with ice and chlorine and not steam for the ba€teri- being caught entering the city out- bottle, sealed with sealing wax. One of shipped m closed tmcks to Havana. This cidal treatment. - bjs time limit or through an entrance the samples is taken to the laboratory, concern owns one of the three large ice After each cow is milked, the milk; is than its own is severely fined. The another is given to the dairyman, and the ma~ufacturing plants in town, and as poured from a platform into a ])ivision goes through all this trou third is sent to the Chief Milk Inspector's their cost of producbion is low, they use and piped through the milkhouse in order to prevent a producer-distrib office. In case of discrepancy in the re an ~bundance of ice in their cooling op the surface cooler. It might be from bottling milk other than that sults between the Milk Division laboratory erations. The milk in the plant's tanks that it is not a proper procedure to by llis cows and in his own and the dairyman's, the third sample is before pasteurization runs between 200 - milk from the pail into the strainer Thes·e measures also act as a check tested in the presence of the dairyman; 000. and 3~0,000 colonies per ml. The in the barn. However, we take th~ other forms of boot-leg milk from these findings are considered final. This coolmg stations are all more or less built !hat ~ince .the barn is used only at the city. Every dairyman must method which is somewhat time-consum on the same model: a three-room brick mg time, ts flushed with water book with dla.ta on every cow ing for both the inspector and the chem building, the central room of which is quently, and the only manure or sold, on his hei·fers, and on ist, provides, nevertheless, a protection to used for receiving the milk. On one that freshly dropped from the cows of freshening and drying out of the dairyman against the possible acci side it is cooled and put in cans and on are being milked, there should not cows. This also affords a gross dental mixing of samples in the labora the other side a three-compartment tank many bacteria in the air as to cOllti!J:Jliin~ o!l the quantity of milk produced tory, or an error in the office when corre to any great extent the milk while: it provides facilities for the washing, rins mdividual dairyman. lating the number sent in by the labora- mg, and bactericidal treatment of the pa- poured. In addition, the platfo.l'm 137 136 MILK SANITATION IN HAVANA tory with the name handed in by the for this product. Our morning "coffee•• inspector. is t-he "cafe con leche", that is, hot mi~ The routine work in our laboratory with a little of our very dark coffee. This consists of Babcock fat-testing, lactometer heated milk introduces another probl~ Preliminary Report on the Deaeration and refractometer readings, and determin for the refractometer reading is lowe.reJ ation of chlorides. The chlorides test is up to two degrees when milk is heatkd of Market Milk * a reminiscence of the old days when a above 75 o or 80° C. (probably due to little common salt was sometimes added the precipitation of soluble salts, especiall) Paul F. Sharp, David B. Hand and E. S. Guthrie to watered milk to increase the molecular soluble phosphates) and recovers or even Cornell University, Ithaca, New York concentration of the solution and dis surpasses its original reading on losiog guise the refractometer reading. We moisture from continued heating. INTRODUCTION dophenol the decrease in ascorbic acid keep on doing it because it gives us a The importance of copper contamina when the rate of oxidation of ascorbic acid is accelerated in the dark and cold clue on bad cases of mast-itis. When the PASTEURIZATION PROSPECTS tion as a factor in a~cele~ating the rate refractometer reading of .f:lhe copper sul Now, in conclusion, I want to state of oxidation of ascorbtc aod and the de by the action of 1 mg. of copper per phate serum is below 3r, we run a total that the milk supply of Havana has. had velopment of the ox,idized flavor in milk liter or by agitating the sample in a solids test. a good improvement lately. Look.fns haS been demonstrated. (1, 3). It was closed full tube exposed to a mercury vapor light. We have assumed that the Market milk in Cuba must contain no back to what has already been done, Wit shown that heating milk to 170° F. tend less than 3 percent butter-fat, 8 percent feel hopeful in looking ahead toward ed to counteract the accelerative effect of oxygen dissolved in the milk is all utilized solids-not-fat, 36° refractometric read what has yet to be done. We are trJ,ing coj.>,per and that additions of 0.1 to 0.2 in oxidizing reduced ascorbic acid to de hydroascorbic acid and that the statements ing on CuSO~ serum and no more than to increase the percentage of pasteur.ized g@ of ascorbic a'Cid per liter of milk 2.1 parts per thousand of Cl read as NaCl. milk being used. Pasteurization is 3! Qif. tenfkd to prevent the development of the in the literature are correct, that one atom The bacterial count for raw milk must be ferent problem in the United States £rom oxidized flavor even though t>he milk was of oxygen oxidizes one molecule of as corbic acid. 'f.he decrease in ascorbic add below 100,000 per ml.; 1,000,000 for what it is in Cuba. Before the contaminated with copper. It was clearly milk to be pasteurized; and 50,000 after of mass pasteurization, Americans were demonstrated that the development of the divided by 11 gives the oxygen content both expressed in mg. per liter. The pasteurization. raw-milk consumers and pasteurization 1oXl.Ul"''ou fl.avor could be largely prevented came about to protect rhe people. Cubans, ascorbic acid present in the milk method is very simple and the results ob QUALITY PROMOTION on the other hand, boil their milk, and be preserved by removing the dis tained have been of great value. As an Since we have so far been unable to is difficult to invoke the salfety ar,I![Unllent · oxygen from the milk (2). We example of the application of the method, pass the new milk ordinance which pro in favor of pasteurization since some preliminary results ob two samples of milk were prepared, one vides for the grading of milk, we have can afford a greater safety than our in the study of milk deaerating approximately saturated with air at 5° C., the other containing no air. These two established a "seal of guarantee" which established custom of heating the ,.,;,_m,.nt capable of continuously de is awarded to those producers and dealers until it rises three times, just before milk at a rate in excess of 3,000 milks were then mixed in various propor tions and the oxygen content was deter who offer for sale a superior product. ing it. This .pra'ctice has thus far per hour. The seal is awarded on low count, low vented milk-borne epidemics. From mined. 'f.he oxygen content of the mix temperature, and satis·f.actory farm inspec nutritionist's angle, when the destruGt:ion. DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN ture bore a direct relation to the tion. The seal may be displayed on the of-vitamin-in-boiled-milk argument is tpre· CONTENT OF MILK proportions of the two milks in the mix milk bottle cover, on the exterior of the sented, the answer is given that In order to study properly the opera ture. Mixtures by weight of deaerated milk truck, and on advertising material. Cuban sunshine gives us, as it does_, of the equipment and other milk milk and milk aerated at 5o C. were pre The recipients of the seal are now .financ great ultra-violet intensity to have operations from ~he standpoint of pared, analyzed for oxygen, and the per ing a newspape-r and radio campaign in worries about vitamin D ; and as to effect on the dissolved oxygen con centages of deaerated milk in the mixtures support of high-quality milk. We have min C, there are plenty of tomatoes of the milk, we required a simple calculated from the oxygen content of grea't hopes that the public will respond citrus fruits at a low price all year method by which we could obtain t>he mixtures and the original aerated to the campaign and that the number of In addition we realize it is a:pproximate information as to the milk. Table 1 gives typical results ob dairymen who will voluntarily improve change th~ peo.pl:'s ~abits and.tastes. content of a considerable number tained. their supply in order to obtain the "seal Cuban mtlk samtanans are m favo.tt . The absolute accuracy of the A number of factors have been studied developed is being investigated of guarantee" will increase rapidly. If milk pasteurization but we realize which might influence the oxygen con and will be described in detail the scheme proves successful, it is being after a few million dollars would tent of milk. Table 2 shows the results planned to extend it to the ice cream in spent in erecting plants throughout lt consists in adding an ex{;ess of · acid to the milk and determining of an experiment on the alteration in dustry. island in order to provide oxygen content as a result of heating. A CREAM milk for everyone, some more with 2-6 dichlorophenolin- decrease. in oxygen content resulted on Fraudulent creaming of the milk is a would be necessary to induce the at the 13th Annual Meeting of the pracbice unheard of, for Cubans use very to change from boiled milk to p~;teu,ozc State Association of Dairy and Milk heating at 143° F. and a more definite Syracuse, N. Y., September 27·29, little cream and there is thus no market milk. decrease took place on heat:ing to 165° F. JOURNAL OF MILK 1 ECHNOLOGY 139
TABLE 1 TABLE 4 AauMcy of Oxygen DeterminatioTJ in Milk OxJgen Content of Milk aJ lnflumced by Holde,. Pasteurizati011 and PaJsage ovet· a Sm·face Cooler Experiment No. 1 Experiment No. 2 Experiment No. 3 A ~ Experiment No. 1 Experiment No. 2 Actual Calculated from Actual Calculated from Actual Calculated frQill as prepared oxygen-content as prepared oxygen content as prepared oxygen content Third day Third day by weighing of mixture by weighing of mixture by weighing of mixture Samples taken Oxygen oxidized Oxygen oxidized Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent Percent for examination content flavor content flavor 0 0 0 0 0 0 mg./liter score mg./liter score 8 9 5 5 13 11 }U.W milk in past. vat 3.55 1 14 15 10 9 22 21 ijeated to 143° F. Start past. 3.55 1 2.91 2 24 25 21 20 33 32 }ldd at 143° F. End past. 3.19 1 2.91 2 30 29 29 27 37 36 Cooled in vat to 120° F. 3.D9 1 3.19 2 34 36 34 33 47 47 Distributor over surface cooler 3.27 2 3.19 2 42 41 41 37 63 60 eo!)ector under surface cooler 5.26 3 5.55 3 48 55 56 47 74 71 A/Jer bottling 5.45 3 5.55 3 68 69 58 56 81 80 Rdd in vat at 120° F. for 30 min. 3.47 2 3.27 2 75 74 72 71 100 100 87 87 83 82 100 100 100 100 observed that the oxidized flavor devel the essential features of the deaerator. oped in the milk from the same cow may The milk is deaerated by the sweeping TABLE 2 show great daily variations. This differ out effect of water vapor created by a re Effect on Oxygen Content of Heating Milk in an ence might be due to variations in the duction of pressure sufficient to cause the amount of air driven into the milk dur water of ~he milk to boil. Boiling suf 0 petz Can with ContinuO'us Stirring ing the milking, since the m~lk as it. ex ficient to lower the temperature of the Experiment No. 1 Experiment No. 2 milk about 7 to 10° F. seems to be suffi ,...... ---~ ists in the udder of the cow rs essenttally cient. The temperature range of 115 o Sample Oxygen Oxygen Such variations might be number Temp. Time content Temp. Time content J~ proCI:UCf~Q by different milkers or by milk to 105 o F. is suitable, but under some op_ min. mg./liter oF. min. rng.~liter more ra:pidly one time than another. conditions other temperature ranges can be 1 80 start 3.60 80 start 3. 3 some instances the differences between used. The reduced pressure was produced 2 130 10 3.43 150 10 3.05 milk of cows in developing oxidized by two steam jets in series with an inner 3 143 20 3.18 165 20 ~.58 4 143 30 2.87 165 30 2.20 might be traced to a difference in condenser. The milk was introduced into 5 143 40 2.79 165 40 l.l!5 rontent as a resu.It of variations in ease the deaerating chamber through a control 6 143 50 2.76 165 50 . .74 The difference between the valve which was actuated by the change of the milk .from different in 'level of the milk in the bottom of the in a can with continuous stirring. How The oxygen content of samples ciiCeo deaerator. The milk was removed from ever, even after heating under these con at wrious stages of the holder past~. of the same udder might also be the deaerator by a postive pump and the ditions the milk still contained enough tion of milk is given in Table 4. to a difference in aeration. Incidental milk lines from the pump to the other oxygen to produce considerable oxidation. most important thing to be noted is in methods of handling after equipment were maintained under posi The actual decrease would depend on the large increase in oxygen content oru may result in a change in the tive pressure. The reduced pressure in the oxygen content of the original milk, the sage over a surface cooler. content of milk which may under deaerator caused the milk to flow from type of container in which the .milk was with this increase in oxygen critical conditions be just enough heated, and agitation and exposure during the storage tank through the heater or increase in t>he intensity of the infi.uence the development of oxidized heating. cooler, as the case might be, into the de flavor was noted with some but not Table 3 gives the oxygen content of aerator, without the necessity of a pump. lots of milk. Since the milk did are in progress on the rate of milk in cans as received at the plant. Plate heaters and coolers were used. Great come in contact with copper, we ~ in the oxygen content of raw and These data represent occasional determina care must be taken in connecting pipes to dined to attribut-e the increase in milk on holding which may tions which extended over the period of make sure the joints are air-tight, particu dized flavor to the effect of the t9 an explanation for the more rapid a year. larly in the case of a few critical connec TABLE 3 in oxygen content of the milk. of the oxidized flavor in tions. Overhead p~pe lines are prone to Oxygen Content of Milk in Mg. Per Liter milk. This observation coupled with suck air into the milk. Unions which Samples Taken from Cans Received at the tempts us to consider the hypothesis Cornell Milk Plant DEA. ERATION OF MILK are satisfactory from the standpoint of 3.27 4.09 2.14 4.19 3.71 some of the variations previous!~ . equipment used in these ex'Peri preventing the out,ward leak of milk may 3.91 3.53 3.03 3.91 3.28 served in t-he development of lS capable of deaerating milk con be very unsatisfactory from the stand 3.82 3.68 3.23 3.54 2.77 flavor might be caused by 3.91 4.()1 3.33 4.00 2.49 at. a rate in excess of 3,000 point of preventing the leak of air into ~.55 oxygen content. For instance, it per hour. Figure 1 illustrates the milk line. 140 DEAERATION OF MILK JOURNAL OF MILK TECHNOLOGY 141
TABLE 5 Abs()f'ption of Oxygm by Deaerated Milk During Holder Pastettrizatio1l and Bottling Oxygen Ascorbic acid content content after after 3 days 7 days mg./liter mg.fliter mg./liter B,liW milk at start 2.21 13.3 9.2 ~era ted O.OO+ 19.3 19.6 ~eaerated, milk .P~a:te heated to 1~3°F., and run into pasteunzmg vat 0.10+ 17.3 17.1 Bfter 30 minutes at 143° F. 1.29 13.3 10.8 Bottled milk 1.86 10.5 7.0 Ascorbic acid at start 19.9 mg. per liter. +> II) .-i - ~ TABLE 6 ....1': To atmosphere ttl .!>4 1': l.t"\ Oxyge11 Contmt, Cream Volume, Ascorbic Acid Crmtent .-i .... F< "' .... +> II) and Flavor of Milk Deaerated Raw, Thetl ::!1 p ,.. Pasteurized 15 Seconds at 160° F. II)"' ~ ., . 0.26 16.3 16.6 19.1 0.3 19.3 0.7 0.36 15.9 16.3 18.4 0.9 19.0 2.8 0.80 16.0 deaeratecl milk 15.3 18.4 1.8 16.3 3.6 outle·t pump 0.39 15.1 16.3 19.1 0.6 18.3 2.2 3.87 11.2 2.4 6.1 4.1 Positive pressure Temperature drop in deaerator 95° F. to 88° F. Diagrammatic illustration Ascorbic acid at start 19.4 mg. per liter. or continuous milk deaerating unit The oxidized flavor intensity increases with the numerical value of the flavor score. rated over 3,000 pounds per hour as designed by- Thermal Research Corporation, Richmond, Virginia TEMPERATURE PASTEUR· E~riments were performed in which FIGURE 1-Deaerating utlit the raw milk was deaerated, heated to The following flow systems for the SHORT HOLD, HIGH TEMPERATURE raw milk to 160° F.+ 133 o F. by running through a plate heater, milk for 15 seconds. deaeration of market milk were found IZATION to within range of 115°-90° F. and finally heated to 143 o F. in a pas to be satisfactory: Preheat raw milk to 115° F. with drop in temperature of 7 to teurizing vat, held for 30 minutes, and LONG HOLD PASTEURIZATION Deaerate with temperature drop of 7 to then cooled by means of a plate cooler Heat to 14~° F. F. cooling to bottling temperature. and finally bottled. The results of a Hold for ~0 minutes. I Final heat to 160°+. Cool to within range of 115°-90° F. Hold for 15 seconds. deaeration of milk after holder typical experiment are presented in Table Deaerate with a drop in temperature of from Cool to bottling temperature. 5. 'Ilhese experiments indicate that 7 to 15° F. offered no serious difficulty Complete cooling to bottling temperature. Bottle. a number of successful runs was enough reaeration occurs to make this Bottle. process unsatisfactory unless some pro- 142 DEAERATION OF MILK }OURNA~ OF MILK TECHNOLOGY 143 vision is made to prevent exposure to air ing might question the practicability Qf ~ ncrease the fat content of 3.5 percent steam relatively cheap it probably would in the holding pasteurizing vat; an in deaerating milk. I understand, howev;!!I :~J~ ilk. not be worth the extra cost of equipment crease in oxygen content during bottling that some of it is required only for eg~ Mr. Perry : How much of a vacuum is to put a condenser in series with rhe line. is also shown. perimental purposes to make it possiole Greated and what is the cost of deaeration? Dr. Brooks: Is the loss of vitamin C A number of experiments were made to deaerate at any stage of the operation. Dr. Sharp: The machine is capable of that takes place during pasteurization a in which the raw milk was deaerated and More equipment is needed to condense aooling water by its own evaporation until result of the increase in oxygen? then pasteurized by the short hold, high and return the small amount of water it freezes. The pressure can be lowered Dr. Sharp: The loss is usually relatively temperature method in a closed system. evaporated in t;he process. This see to about 0.15 of an inch. The cost de small. It may be 1 to Yz mg. per liter. Typical results are presented in Table 6. to me to be an unnecessary refinement. ~nds on rhe cost of steam. We figure The loss during pasteurization depends 11his process can be carried out success No doubt when the experiments are com. ~om ,the price we have to pay for coal on two things : the amount of oxygen in fully. Minor changes of a mechanical pleted a considerable simplification in that it costs for steam about 8 to 11 cents the milk and the contamination with cop nature are being made which we believe equipment can be made. Perhaps !Dr. to deaerate 3,000 pounds of milk. You per. If milk is highly contaminated, the wiii give better results than those indi Sharp may decide to suggest adding as. aan figure it out on the basis of your steam loss Detecting Cow-Goat Milk Mixtures Milk Investigations of the U.S. Public Health Service J. C. Marquardt F. J. Moss New York Agricultural Experiment Station Sanitary Engineer, United States Public Health Service, Geneva, New York Washington, D. C. The detection of cow-goat milk mix The history of the test is interesting. The· purpose of this paper is to give a with this work, a study was made of ther tures by use of the Beyrich test, referred It was proposed about 1920 because the eview of the research work on the pub mal death points of pathogens in milk (2). Results of this study gave impetus to in recent papers,* has resulted in the Director of Agriculture in Germany be jiG health aspects o.f milk carried out by ttre U. S. Public Health Service, mie_fly to use of low temperatures for pasteuriza receipt of numerous inquiries concerning came infuriated over the practice of cow.'s the technique for making the test. It is since the formation of the Offi~e of M~lk tion of milk supplies, and were an im milk adulteration with goat's milk and portant factor in development of the for this reason that the procedure is Investigations in 1923, but with a bnef vica versa. Unfortunately, the first party holding method of pasteurization as con described briefly herein. aa-ount of some of the more important to study the procedure, Walter Austen, ro:ilk researches by the Service prior to that trasted with the flash method in use at Twenty cc. of the skimmed suspected that time. was able only to detect the addition of ~e. mixture is mixed with 2 cc. of ammonium goat's milk to cow's milk to the extent of The Public Health Service took an hydroxide ( sp. gr. 0.91). This mixture EARLY STUDIES OF THE PU_BLIC HEALTH active interest in various efforts directed 20 percent o-r more. ASPECTS OF MILK is held a:t 52° C. (125.6° F.) for 1 hour toward improvement of milk supplies, with frequent shaking during the first 30 In 1923 the test was improved by Bey The annual report of the U. S. Marinr rich and Heiduschka to detect additions among which was the certified milk move minutes. It is centrifuged at 1200 r.p.m. 'Hoopital Service for, 1896 included a r~ ment. However, experience indicated for 10 minutes, and then it is again held of goat's milk to as litle as 1 percent of port on cooperative work. by t~e Hy~n that even the elabomte sanitary precau at 52° C. for 20 minutes, followed by a cow's milk. The test is based upo01 the tnic Laboratory in connectiOn with an I? tions recommended in this connection centrifuging at 1200 r.p.m. for an addi fact that goat's milk will give a Gasein vestigation of t~e .prevalence of .typhoi.d were not sufficient to insure against pos tional 10 minutes. The appearance of a precipitate with 9 to 10 percent of am {e:ver in the Distnct of Columbia. This sibility of milk-borne outbreaks of disease. sediment in this simple test will detect monium hydroxide (sp. gr. 0.91) at <:er contained the following statement: It became evident that in the extension of the addition of as little as 1 percent of tain temperatures, and cow's milk protein not improbable that if a compre pasteurization of milk supplies lay oppor goat's milk to cow's milk. This is a test is not precipitated with like treatments. ·-"""',. study be made of the water sup- tunity for accomplishing the best results, to detect the addition of goat's milk to The test can be applied to raw or .J?as of the dairies supplying milk to Wash- and the Service devoted its energies in cow's milk. teurized milk. It is necessary to heat the our knowledge of the relation that direction. Pasteurization, however, This simple test has been studied and milk before or after mixing far above the milk supply bears to the preva was not perfect, and as commercial pas used in Germany. It was improved by pasteurization temperature to intelifere of intestinal and other diseases be proportionately increased." teurization of milk supplies increased, Beyrich and others. Besides having a with the test. Then the heated flavor is doubt developed not only as to efficiency practical application in milk inspection, apparent. Heating does not inte.t:fere the Public Health Service of some commercial pasteurizing machines the test holds an academic interest be with the test unless the milk is heated to iCOiltttniLied its interest in various phases of cause of the oddity of the formation of a temperatures ranging from 170-190° F. public health aspects of the use of milk, but also regarding time and temperature precipitate when 1 percent or more of not until 1907 that an extensive standards used for commercial pasteuri goats' milk is added to cows' milk. LITERATURE made of the problem. An in zation. Austen, W. Milr:hw. Zentbl., 50, No. 10~ :esti.e;ation by the Service during the sum- In 1911, the New York Milk Commit 127 (1921). 1906 of the origin and preva tee appointed a group of experts desig * See 13th Ann. Report N. Y. State Assoc. Heiduschka, A., and Beyrich, R. Ibid., 52, typhoid fever in the District of Dairy Milk Inspectors, 153 (1939); f. 4, 37-40, No. 54, 9-52 (1923). nated as the Commission on Milk Stand revealed that milk was the agent Milk Tech11ol. 2, 280 (1939). Steinegger, R. Mo/k.-Zeit., 13, 398 (1903). ards to study and report upon rules and transmission in 10 percent of the 866 regulations for control of milk. The studied. Following this disclosure Public Health Service was represented on :~vJLVUJ~u study, both practical and sci in character, was made of the re this commission at the time of its first of milk to the public health. Re and second reports, and published three o£ t,his study were published in reports of the commission in Public and an enlarged and revised edition Health Reports during years 1911, 1913, in 1 <>O<> {1) _ Coincident and 1917. In 1921. a large dairy corpora- 14() MILK INVESTIGATIONS OF U. S. P. H. S. JUUK!\1.1\L Ul' .LVllLJ:<.. .1 hLHNULUVX .L'-*'1 tion engaged a commercial public health temporary punitive measure. More recent STANDARD MILK CODE Sanitation Advisory Board. New editions laboratmy to make an exhaustive study e~itions of the ordinance, however, coo. With the growth in the number of of the Public Health Service Milk Ordi of time and temperature standards for tam alternate provisions with reference to .adoptions of the ordinance, it soon be nance and Code are published at such commercial pasteurization of milk and of grades of milk and milk products wl:iich aPlle evident that even though a number times as revisions in the ordinance or li commercial pasteurization equipment in may be sold. This was done because Sf?jne oi communities adopted the same milk code make advisable the publication of a general use at the time. This research communities prefer to use the gra.ilin o.rilinance, the interpretation and enforce new edition, the latest edition having inc~uded engineering tests, and bacterio and _degrading system of improving ,flillf ~ent of the ordinance was not necessarily been published in 1939 (9). logiCal tests with pathogenic organisms qua~tty, whereas others prefer to use Q:. u@form. This fact led to the formula RESEARCHES IN CONNECTION WITH THE ge_nerally r7cognized as transmissible by cl~s1vely the ?ystem of forbidding sale of tion of the Standard Milk Code, later DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH m1lk supplies. The Public Health Ser mtlk and. mdk ~roducts wh!ch do not 1a1awn as the U. S. Public Health Service SERVICE MILK ORDINANCE AND CODE v_ice cooperated in this research and pub ~om:PlY. wtth all 1tems of samtation; and Milk (ode, which discusses the Standard In the development of the Milk Ordi lished the results of the investigation ( 3) . mstltutmg court procedure if the violafo Milk Ordinance item by item, outlines nance and Code, considerable research has OFFICE OF MILK INVESTIGATIONS persists in selling. ~ r in each case the public health reason been necessary. Some of these studies Milk sanitation became a definite ac . The sucess of the milk sanitation w:ork therefor, and gives what is recommended have been published as separate pa-pers, tivity of the U. S. Public Health Service m Alabama attracted the attention of as satisfactory compliance with each item. while in a number of cases no separate Division of Scientific Research, in 1923: other states and cities, and within tb'ree The first edition of the Code, a tentative papers were issued, but the results of the At this time the Alabama State Board of years nearly 100 communities had enaMed d.raft, was published in mimeographed studies were used in formulating the re Health, feeling the need for a this milk ~Pdinance into law. Sur;v:eys form in 1927. quirements and specifications contained in state-wide milk control program, re were made 111 Alabama, and later in ~s. ~uring the formulation of the Standard the Milk Ordinance and Code. Through quested the assistance of the Public sissippi and Missouri, in which the milk. Mi)k Ordinance and Code, it was re out this work, the advice and assistance Health Service in development of sanitation status of a number of ~om. ferred to a number of public health and of numerous individuals and organiza. such a program. Leslie C. Frank an As munities was determined both before and dai.cy organizations for critical study in tions were most helpful. The more im sociate Sanitary Engineer in th~ Public after the adoption of the Standard Milk to have the advantage of review by portant of the various researches are H~alth Service, was assigned to cooperate Ordinance so as to J?easure the restilfr of luge number of groups and individuals. briefly reviewed herein and are arranged w1th the Alaba-ma State Board of Health the enforcement of the ordinance after a series of conferences in approximately chronological order in _th_i~ work. This action inaugurated the 7). In May, 1926, the of Dairy Industry of the within the main divisions. a~tiVltles of the Office of Milk Investiga Ordinance of the U. S. Public Department of Agriculture, the Researches on the efficiency of com tions. Service, slightly modified, was and succeeding editions of the mercial milk pasteurization equipment STANDARD MILK ORDINANCE as a standard for the United Ordinance and Code have carried were started in 1926. This work in The work in Alabama centered around the Conference of State and approval of that organization. cluded studies of the design and opera a cooperative effort to unify milk con Health Officers. iJ>ublic Health Service does not con tion of milk pasteurization equipment, trol methods throughout the state by the the Milk Ordinance and Code as and of temperature control and record development and enforcement of an effec The number of communities in ,but rather as progressive standards, ing devices. Wherever possible the tests tive typ7 of milk legislation ( 4) . This this ordinance is in effect has weJlcornes additional suggestions for were carried out in commercial milk pas cooperative program was put into effect increased, until at the present DOQcUJc;anlm from any organization or in teurizing plants during actual routine op in Alabama by the State Board of Health are about 2,200, ranging in interested in milk sanitation. eration. In the temperature studies of ~ith th~ Pu~lic Health Service representa~ from less than 1,000 to about 3, 32 the Public Health Service ap pasteurizers, the temperatures of the milk hve actmg m an advisory capacity. and located in 34 States. As the a Board of Consultants, termed at various points in the apparatus were In the preparation of this milk legisla of adoptions of the milk ordinanEe Health Service Milk Sanitation determined by means of thermocouple tion, a thorough study was made of a creased, it was apparent that cons Board, so that it might have at potentiometer equipment. The researches large number of milk ordinances in effect needed to be given to a national 'U.L!!UloLuu the technical advice of a indicated tha-t some of the equipment then group of experts in the in use could not be depended upon to at t~at tit?e. One striking fact brought for the unification of milk Fhases of the public health control pasteurize effectively. Some of the de out m . th1s st~dy was that practically no program of this nature was two mtlk ordmances contained the same supplies, and in allied problems fects found consisted of "dead ends" or and put into practical application re9uirement~. _This multiplicity of re to the production, processing, and "cold pockets" which were beyond the qUirements md1cated need for a milk or It consists of the voluntary adopti® ~Jbuticm of milk. The various sng influence of heating and agitation de dinance . ~hie? would be applicable to strict enforcement of the milk · odifications of the Milk Ordi vices, foam which was lower in tempera commumhes 111 general, and led to de by states and communities, the and Code received from time to ture than the milk, leakage of milk past velopment of the milk ordinance which tion of state milk sanitation a;.e pr~sented to the Advisory Board inlet and outlet valves, lack of dependa was first known as the Standard Milk the milk sanitation rating of corwmnltl d1Sf the temperature of the milk, the the milk temperature at the heater outlet The literature contains numerous ref opment of the Public Health Servi to the Public Health Reports ( 16), this the Committee on Municipal Health L>e. and pasteurized milk are sold, two en Health at Bethesda, Maryland. Figure 2 compilation of milk~borne outbreaks of partment Practice of the American Publie, forcement ratings are obtained, a pasteur is an illustration of a corner of one of disease is continued so as to complete the Health Association (f9). Questionnaire jzed milk rating and a raw milk rating. the bacteriological laboratories showing in data for the United States as published surveys were made as to the extent oj ;fhese ratings are not safety ratings, but the foreground an electrically controlled up to January 1, 1927. In order to have pasteurization and tuberculin testing f~ u:epres·ent the degree to which the_ c~m constant temperature water bath used for a continuing up-to-date record of milk the years 1927 (20) and 1931 (21). I'fi. J.liiunity concerned has enforced samtatwn thermal resistance studies. Figure 3 shows borne outbreaks of disease, the Public 1929-30 surveys were made of the pubik requirements which are designed to make the plate-type heater, regenerator and Health Service has since 1923 compiled health control of milk supplies in 4~ 0 ~asteurized milk and raw milk, respective- cooler, or complete high-temperature annual summaries of milk-borne outbreaks American municipalities (22). The latest 1y as safe as these grades may practicably short-time pasteurizer indicated in Figure of disease as reported to it by health auth survey (23) gave a wide range of ~ 1:\~ made. The method, moreover, takes 1. The pasteurization equipment in use ., orities in the United States (17) in re formation on milk supplies and milk jnto as:count for all items of sanitation, in the laboratory is all full-scale com sponse to annual questionnaire surveys. control for the year 1936, and included the quantity of milk sold by the violators mercial equipment. These reports indicate that about 30 to 50 communities of 1,000 population and of any of the items and the relative sani Considerable time has been given in milk-borne ou~breaks of disease occur each over. Data for the communities between tation importance of the violated items. this laboratory to the development of a year in the United States. Practically all 1,000 and 10,000 population were also In order to encourage the municipalities satisfactory procedure for using a non of these outbreaks are due to raw milk published in a separate report (24). of the United States to attain and main pathogenic test organism for various milk supplies; and for the most part they occur Municipalities considering the ado tain a high level of excellence in the sanitation studies. An extensive study in small cities and towns, for in such tion of the Public Health Service M" "" public health control of milk supplies, has been made of the thermal character communities a large part of the popula Ordinance frequently inquire as to proB lliere have been published semiannually istics of this test organism, a strain of tion is still served by raw milk supplies. able cost of enforcement. A question. since January, 1934, (27), the names of Esch. coli, and cultures have been devel Practically from the beginning of the naire survey was started in Novem~ _erican municipalities for which milk oped which are somewhat more heat re commercial pasteurization of milk sup 1934, to determine local cost of milk sanitation ratings of 90 percent or more sistant than the most heat-resistant milk plies, there have been differences of control in those cities which were sa]~ s ~ve been reported by their respective borne pathogen. opinion as to the effect the heating of factorily enforcing the Public Health Ser state milk sanitation authorities. The latest At the present time, this test organism milk has upon its food value. Although vice Milk Ordinance, as evidenced by milk refort gives th~ twelfth semiannual re is being used in a study of the bacterici practically all health authorities believe sanitation ratings of 90 percent or mo;e visjgn of the hst (28). These reports dal effect of the paraffining of container that pasteurizing milk has no significant (25). On the basis of the in-forma ·an also include the rules under which a board used for single-service paper con effect upon its food value, the question rec:eived from 74 cities, ranging in POJ!U mq,oicipality is included in the list. tainers. Methods for bactericidal treat nevertheless continues to arise from time latwn from less than 1,000 to over 300. LABORATORY ment of glass milk bottl-es are not gener to time in those communities in which 000, which were adequately enforcingdtffie .As the number of communities en ally applicable to bactericidal treatment of considerable raw milk is still being sold. Public Health Service Milk Ordinaru;e forGing the Public Health Service Milk single-service paper containers. However, As this problem was a pressing one with the mean cost of milk control for thos~ increased, there was an in in the paraffining process, which is used a number of health officers, the Public cities in 1934 was 8.3 cents per ca~ita in inquiries received from state primarily to waterproof the paper con Health Service made a field study of this per year, 0.46 cent per gallon of milg or local health officers relative to prob tainers, relatively high paraffin tempera problem in surveys of 39 cities and cov $47 per producer or plant per year. >All in milk sanitation. Moreover, in tures are used, and this study is being ering a total of about 3, 700 white chil unit costs were generally lower in the use of automatic pasteurization made to determine whether the process dren of 10 months to 6 years of age (18). larger than in the smaUer cities. brought new problems in design might also provide adequate bactericidal treatment for the paper containers. The final conclusion of this study was In the development of a satisfa~ry oo~~ratt"o•n of equipment. This neces that, taking into account the average sup milk sanitation program, adoption o~ development of additional speci ADMINISTRATION STATUS OF MILK plementary American child diet, children satisfactory milk ordinance is onl~ for rndusion in the Ordinance INVESTIGATIONS who are fed pasteurized or other heated step in the program, and must of Some of the numerous prob Most of the earlier studies of the pub I milk thrive as well as children who are sity be accompanied by effective considerable study and re lic health aspects of milk were made by fed raw milk, and contract certain com ment of the ordinance. In order in order to deal most effective- the Hygienic Laboratory. When the municable diseases less frequently. sure the degree of milk ordinance them an experimental laboratory Office of Milk Investigations was started II de~rel<'l>Dea in the Public Health Service in 1923, this I The Public Health Service receives ment, the Public Health Service added in 1933. This laboratory was i numerous inquiries from health authori a milk-shed rating method (26~ to study problems chiefly of a activity was made a part of the Division ties and others for information on the it and a number of state health and engineering nature. of Scientific Research. In February, mernoJ!I!l u~ the investigations previously 1937, the Division of Scientific Research control of milk supplies in American ments have used. This rating as a. yardstick the Grade A herein were carried out in this was merged with the National Institute of cities, and has made several surveys to and Grade A raw milk requirements . Figure 1 shows the general Health and has operated since that time as collect data in this connection. Milk the Milk Ordinance and Code · . . the milk investigations labor- part of the Institute. At this same time, control data of 100 of the larger American mended by the Public Health 1m_ tt?-present quarters in one of the the Division of Public Health Methods cities for the year 1923 were collected for For each community in which butldmgs of the National Institute of was formed as one of the eight divisions 152 MILK INVESTIGATIONS OF U.S. P. H. s. JouRNAL OF MILK TECHNOLOGY 153 Health Reports, 45: 1412-1421 (June 20, graphed report ( 19 30) . 1930). Reprint No. 1388. ( 13) U. S. Public Health Service. A study of ( 7) Clark, F. A., and Johnson, W. S. Results a high-temperature short-time pasteurizer of the operation of the Standard Milk of the grooved plate type. Office of Milk Ordinance in Missouri. Public Health Investigations. Manuscript ( unpub Reports, 46: 1413-1424 (June p, 1931). lished). (1931) Reprint No. 1484. (14) Frank, L. C., et. al. Studies of the bac (8) Frank, L. C. A national program for tercidal treatment of milk cans in hot the unification of milk control. Public air cabinets. Public Health Reports, Health Reports, 31: 1583-1616 (July 53: 329-338 (March 4, 1938). Store Room 30, 1926). Reprint No. 1098. ( 15) Fuchs, A. W. Contamination of pasteur (9) U. S. Public Health Service. Public ized milk by improper relative pressures ljealth Service milk ordinance and code. in regenerators. Pub. Health Repi. 53, Public Health Bulletin No. 220 (1939). 496·505 (1938), Reprint No. 1921. See ~a.o) Frank, L. C., Moss, F. ]., and LeFevre, also f. Milk Techno!. 1, (No. 5) 9 P. E. Definitions of pasteurization and (1938). their enforcement. Public Health Re ( 16) Armstrong, C., and Farran T. Further ports, 42: 1152-1162 (April 29, 1927). studies on the importance of milk .and Reprint No. 1154. milk products as a factor in the causation ('11. 1) Frank, L. C., Moss, F. ]., and LeFevre, of disease in the United States. Supple P. E. The temperature behavior of milk ment No. 62 to the Public Health Reports pasteurizers of the thirty-minute hold· (1927). Wa~hi~ ing type. 20th Annual Report Interna· ( 17) U. S. Public Health Service. Outbreaks eacteriolagical flaeteriol~"'"' Sto,. tiona! Association of Dairy and Milk In of disease caused by milk and milk Office and spectors ( 1931). Laboratory LobomtorJ products as reported by health authorities Sterilizinq Roo"' (12) U. S. Public Health Service. Studies of as having occurred in the United States. electric and steam flash pasteurization. Office of Milk Investigations. Annual Office of Milk Investigations. Mimeo- mimeographed report. FIGURE 1-Ge1ural layout of milk inveJtigatiotu laboratory. in the National Institute of Health, and eering Section of that division to form the the Office of Milk Investigations was as Sanitation Section of the Domestic Modern Methods of Fly Control for Dairies * W. A. Pohlman i Detjen Corporation, New York City I The title of this paper is possibly some per year in the control of this particular what of a misnomer, because there is a insect-! have found an earnest and sin great deal that must be done in the mat cere desire by these people to eliminate er of controlling flies that is not, in any this problem. In a great many of these sense of the word, modern, but is strictly plants the matter of cost is no objection -I an application of common sense practices so long as a reasonable measure of con f.hich unfortunately are not practiced. lf trol can be secured. I they are practiced, they are carried out in There is a woeful lack of knowledge of a very desultory manner or hit-or-miss the habits of the fly on the part of the I ,fashion. One reason for this, possibly, men responsible for this control. It would is that many people are too willing to ac be money well spent by the health depart cspt the fly as a necessary evil, and are ments to issue informative pamphlets and not fully aware as to how expensive an distribute them to each licensed dairy ;j.gsect it is, not only in the matter of producer or processor operating in the s11oilage of the product but also as a state. ,health mena:ce. The normal range of the fly can be This subject should be divided into circumscribed by a circle with a radius of two sections as follows: approximately 1,000 yards. Therefore, Section I-PROPHYLACTIC METHODS accepting this as a working fact the fly FIGURE 3.-Piate-type heater, 1·egenerator, and rooler, or high-temperature short-trme pasteurizer. int/i. (A) In the territory adjacent to and situation in the majority of plants is of cated in Figure 1. surrounding the plant property their own creation. There will be some (B) In the plant proper. ( 18) Frank, L. C., et al. Do children. who supplies and their control in AmeJ;iean of the fly population that mn be charged drink raw milk thrive better than children urban communities of over 1,000 po,elila Section 2-PLANT OPENINGS to the wind blows, and some that can be who drink pasteurized or other heated tion in 1936. Public Health BulletilhNO. (A) Proper closure of all openings Gharged to transportation by farmers on milk? Public Health Reports 47: 1951- 245 (December, 1938). in t>he processing department delivery. These two sources of infesta 1960 (September 23, 1932). Reprint No. (24) Committee on methods of improving milk (B) Erection of devices as barriers tion, however, are so small that they can 1549. supplies in small communities. 'llhe at points through which nor (19) U. S. Public Health Service. Municipal status of milk control in municipalities of not be considered much of a factor. The health department practice for the year 1,000 to 10,000 population. 25th mal traffic flows actual facts are that 90 percent of the 1923. Public Health Bulletin No. 164 report of the International Associatio,o of (C) Elimination of superfluous or flies that any given plant has to contend ( 1926). Milk Sanitarians ( 1936). unnecessary openings with are raised on their own property or (20) Frank, L. C. Preventive measures against (25) Fuchs, A. W., and Frank, L. milk-borne bone and joint tuberculosis in of local enforcement of the PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT on the property immediately adjacent. American cities of over 10,000 popula Public Health Service Milk 111lis is possibly the most important It necessarily follows that common tion in 1927. The Crippled Child, 47- Public Health Reports, SO: · involved in the matter of fly con sense would dictate that we try to elimi 53 (August, 1929). (December 13, 1935). · and is undoubtedly the one given nate the propa~ation areas of these in (21) Frank, L. C., and Moss, F. J. Extent of (26) Frank, L. C., Fuchs, A. W., pasteurization and tuberculin tes~ing in W. N. .Sanitation ratings of m''""·":w".-: attention. This is due, in a great sects. For successful propagation, flies American cities of 10,000 populatiOn and Public Health Reports, 53: to la:ck of knowledge rather than must have (f) moisture; (2) food-and over in 1927 and 1931. Mimeographed (August 12, 1938). We can accept ignorance as the in the matter of food, please keep in publication, U. S. Public Health Service (27) U . S. Public Health Service. cause because in all my contacts mind that soil rich in humus will provide (1933). tation ratings of cities. have included some of the best (22) W•hite House Conference on Child Reports, 49: I 12-116 sufficient food for t·he larvae to develop in the dairy industry, and institu- Health and protection. Preliminary re 1934). Reprint No. 1610. on; and (3) areas not exposed to direct port of committee on milk production (28) U. S. Public Health Service. 'that are spending as high as $5,000 and control. Public Health Reports, 46: market-milk supplies of sunlight nor to constant disturbance. 769-811 (April 3, 1931). Repr.int No. communities. Public Health Places meeting the above description will 1466. 1485-1489 (August 11, 1939). be found around the outside of practically (23) Fuchs, A. W., and Frank, L. C. Milk No. 2091. any dairy plant, and all areas of this na- 156 FLY CoNTROL }OURNAL OF MILK TECHNOLOGY 157 ture should be accepted as suspected plots Areas that have been thoroughly impregs JllOunted immediately above the opening. and thoroughly impregnated with ordinary nated or scrubbed with borax have dem out with very little success, but within fhe 9pray head we are using throws a the last four or five years there has been 20-mule team borax. nitely been closed as breeding grounds ~ ne mist comparable to vhat seen over a for· flies. After the soil around the plant developed a device-an electrified screen Now for the inside of the plant. In a green vegetable display stand. 'r.here is -that can be inserted into the upper half great many instances, hundreds of flies has once been saturated with borax, it; JlOt enough moisture discharged through takes very little further attention to maim of the door in that area now covered by are hatched out· every day inside a plant. this spray head to create a drainage prob ordinary screen mesh. This device op There will be many plant managers who tain a degree of saturation sufficient to 'ern outside the plant, nor to affect ma keep the area closed to propagation. erates off the regular light circuit through take exception to this statement, and there terially the outside of the containers ex an auxiLiary unit-a transformer-and are undoubtedly many plants in which It is not practical, nor would it ~ cept in instances where the line may be will kill every insect approaching that this condition does not occur. However, even possible, to ferret out every fly Hlocked for a period of time and a can area. These screens have been recom breeding spot, and of necessity our there are a large number of older plants ~emains directly under the spray. Even mended in surveys on this problem taken that have crevices either in the woodwork prophylactic treatment would be aw~rdb} then, it would take considerable time for at various plants, and we can report that or in the masonry in which, over a period only to those areas that indicate them enough moisture to gather on rhe can to every installation has been eminently suc of time, there has accumulated matter that selves on the surface as fer·tile areas. areate the possibility of drippings from cessful. offers food for fly larvae. All parts of Therefore, our next step in the controL of th~ can getting into the weigh tank. the plant not actually used in the pro these insects must be taken in the pJant !fhis method provides a definite curtain In applying these units, the plant oper cessing of the product should be liberally itself. tllrough which no fly will pass. The ator should make the lower half of the door solid so that all air currents are di coated with whitewash on all areas, not PLANT OPENINGS same method is also applied to the intake even excepting the coal bin. In applying AU new plant construction is, of course, chute on the return dock. This point is ver~ed through the top half of the door this, care must be exercised that complete taking the fly problem into consideration almost as important as the intake chute whtch, of course, carries the electr-ic coverage of the entire area is made. In by eliminating unnecessary openings and in the receiving room, with this added scr~en. The spacing between the electro the processing room, all cracks and crev further protecting the processing rQOms hazard: a great many of the bottles that cutmg bars on the electric screen is 9/32 ices should be sealed with concrete, and by having buffer rooms between them and are returned ":ill, on investigation, be o_f an i~ch. This naturally offers very ltttle reststance to air, with the result in the case of wooden walls, all old wood outside areas. This, of course, is just fo.und to contam large numbers of live should be removed and new, t'ight-fitting good common sense, and goes a long way fljes which normally work out of the bot that there is a definite draft carried through the doors that are so equipped. wood installed. toward alleviating the situation. [ t is tles. after . t_hey com~ to rest in storage Our investigations of cheese plants dis not, however, the answer to complet~ con. w.l}tle awattmg washmg. In cases of vhis As flies are influen_ced by air currents, any closed at least one place that invariably trol, as once an insect gets into the plant natur~ it is ~dv.isable to. instal_! auxiliary fly that may get mto the plant through turned up as a most prolific propagating -irrespective of the buffer rooms betlween t~Fptng equtpment, whiCh wtll be dis other. sources is eventually drawn to the ground-namely, the drain and salt tables. its original point of entrance ana the cussed further on. electnc screen. Also, since the flies are A scum will form under thes·e tables, and processing rooms,-it will lind many plants the return de drawn into the plant because of the.odors in the majority of cases we investigated its way into the latter. Our fight, can be isolated from the rest originating there, they would naturally this scum was alive with larvae and fore, must start at those points plant, and the bottles, after being be attracted to the area where there was pupae cases. These tables should be fly has an opportunity to enter th can be transported back into the the greatest concentration of these odors scrubbed at least twice a month w:ith a These points are first, the intake on a moving belt through a tunnel and this area, of course, would be at th~ borax solution. In making this solution, return chutes; second, the doors tfiJOUJtbli of sheet metal. This is quite a doors. Because of the wide spacing of it is necessary that borax be added to the which normal traffic flows; and thir-:8, fll'ff'I"I'PJ'~ to flies following vhe hot bottles t?e bars, the unit offers no apparent bar water up to t-he point where the water receiving dock for the returns. the plant. rt~r to the fly, and it attempts to enter th1~ apparent opening to follow the odor wi:ll not absorb any more. The under The can return chute, as a ru~~ BARRIERS AT DOORS to 1ts source. The result is his demise. side of the tables should be scrubbed not offer a very great problem in ilie All openings used for entrance to or with this solution. jority of plants because of the pro>l!iimiK] from the plant, whether for normal At times it is practical to use electric We recommend the use of borax be of the washer to this opening. traffic or for trucks carrying the screens in odd windows, and when they cause it is but mildly caustic, or toxic, generated by the washer is a are so constructed under present are used in this manner they act more as traps than as barriers to flies entering the and only so in excessively large quanti detriment to the possrbility of ~-.5'--''""u:t> that they provide nothing ties. It is definitely safe as far as the using that opening as an entranre than a roosting place on which the plant. Situations where traps are needed possibility of injury to human beings is ever, the chute through which ille rests until someone accommodates it usually develop around the cheese or concerned, so that if any employee should, is received is one of the greatest · the door and brushing it into casein plant where they have a whey stor through error, include borax instead of of plant infestation. Our problem here, therefore, age tank outside bhe building but imme salt or some other element of similar ap As a result of six years of to provide means to eliminate diately adjacent to it. This area is of pearance in the product, no serious injury in the field, testing practically as a concentration point for the course, particularly attractive to flies, 'and would result to the consumer of the prod vice we could think of or rlisc:0vc:c :, a unit installed in a window near the tank uct. We have found that it is especially close this point to flies, we have g~eat many devices, such as fans, effective in killing flies in the larvae stage. our recommendations on a spray will destroy a great many of these insects. ribbons, and ropes, have been tried Naturally, those that are killed at this 158 .l'LY CONTROL point do not bave to be contended with ticularly the small producers who are at the entrances. inadequately financed and unable to pro.. We also find it adv.isable to recom vide themselves with the equipment ne<;es. mend, in some instances, the use of an sary properly to handle their product. th The Elimination of Mastitis * other auxiliary uni't such as a portable many cases, either through negligence or (Preliminary Report) box trap, constructed of steel with an ignorance, they do not observe even ~e G. J. Hucker fundamentals of sanitation. electric screen over the top of it, on load New York State Agricttltm·al Experiment Station, Geneva, N. Y. ing docks or areas outside the plant where I have been retained by some of t:l.ie flies show a tendency to ga:ther. Here the largest operators in the dairy field to h~p auxiliary equipment is used for the same solve problems arising in fly control, and For the past number of years investi titis during the past four or five years. purpose as the screens in the window in have found that in many cases the off. gJtion~ on mastiti_s have had _as. their ob This survey is based entirely on the re stallations. flavor and gas occurring in the cUiii,ng jective the reductiOn of the modence of ports either of the company or municipal Milk has a tendency to absorb foreign product originated quite often at bhe @. odors more easily, perh:!!ps, than any itia] source of the product. the disease in dairy herds. The opinions veterinarian, or in some instances the other food product we have to deal with, Improperly handled milk might reach of the workers have varied as to the most municipal laboratory which confines its and as a dehydrating fly has a distinctly the processor in a state of deterioraaon ll{l(eptatble means whereby such a reduc activities entirely to the examination of unpleasant odor, a unit used for rhe that makes it difficult for the ordili.3ry tion of mastitis could be brought about. composite samples of milk. destruction of this insect must be con personnel of the plant to detect it, and tlhose interested in laboratory procedures structed so that it reduces to the barest can 0nly be discovered through prolonged enrertain the viewpoint that only through COMPARATIVE RESULTS OBTAINED BY minimum the possibility of an insect lodg laboratory tests. This particular lot, w~en !;be examination of t;he milk from sus DIFFERENT GROUPS OF EXAMINERS ing and dehydrating on it. mixed with sterile milk, will have a ten. pe€ted cows could t;he disease be properly The point has been raised many times This problem has been overcome by dency, because of further deteriomtion, diagnosed while those . more intimately ~hat physical examinations were not suf one screen manufa<.turer, whose device is to cause an off-flavor in the finished ~rod concerned with clinical examinations ficiently standardized for comparable re so constructed in the matter of insulation net coming out of the combined lotrs. were of the opinion that an accurate di sults to be secured by different examiners as well as wire spacing that the problem In checking back to locate the sources BIDIOsis could be reached only through working under different conditions and in of the dehydrating fly is practically nil. of mitk of this nature, we have turned phr,sical examination of the cow. More the various dairy agencies concerned with The ability of this equipment to operare up situations that caused us to wo~er if under adverse moisture conditions also is any inspection existed in that patti TABLE 2 ~inimum. In an analysis of the .ligures physical examination, in?icated that this The Relative Number 11'f Reiected Cows as Found by Examiners for Milk Companies and . a.~ailahle , this viewpoint appears to be low incidence of infection remained at Municipal Inspectors 5ubstantiated. A study of nearly 40,000 TABLE 5 ows in herds which in the main harbor Annual Percent of Cows Condemne_d or Seg Percent of cows segregated or condemned ~ excess of 6 percent mastitis as deter- regated Due to Mastitis for Past Ftve Years ~n . . Total Percent condemned or segregated Total mined by physical exammattons, were number Agency number feund to show year after year a larger examined 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 Examining of cows 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 Total m1rcentage of cattle condemned or segre 1,491,325 2.3 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.7 Municipal 172,628 1.49 1.18 1.33 1.19 1.$1 -~~d. A study of 120,000 cows from a reduced percentage over the period of Company 1,196,034 2.70 2.30 2.05 1.90 rends harboring less tha~ 1 percent of our observations. It can be readily noted mi,stitis indicated a relattvely low per· that there is evidenced a slight increase ~he results as studied over a periO'd of the provisions covering the production of centage of condemned or segregated cows in cows condemned .or segregated over a years indicates that the physical examina Grade B milk. A study of the results v.er the last four years (Table 4). A period of years in th~se p~rtic~lar he~ds tion and its use in the field has become as obtained from the examination of some ~sory examination of these figures wo~ld but the incidence of mfectton m all 10- remarkably standardized. 50 000 cows (Table 3) in Grade A: herds · dicate obviously that in ~he earlter stances is so low as to make this slight in' New York State indicated that over ~~rs of the examination t~e high inci increase of improbable significance. COMPARATIVE RESULTS AS OBTAINED BY the last four years a larger percentage of ~ent herds would have avatlable a. large ANNUAL PERCENT OF COWS CONDEMNED EXAMINERS FOR MILK COMPANIES AND cows were condemned or segregated than 11umber of individuals. for condemnmg or OR SEGREGATED DURING THE PAST FIVE MUNICIPAL INSPECTORS was vhe case in examinations of over a ,e regating. It wouli:! naturaiiy be ex million Grade B cows in approximately YEARS FROM MASTITIS Although the procedures may .be. e~ ~ed, however, .th~t f?llowing this large the same areas. These figures should not The question remains as to the general tirely different, the objectives remam sll~ll· perGentage of eltmmatton each year, the be interpreted to $igni:fy that there is a results as secured in the field on the ap lar for those examiners connected wtrh inGifience of infection would be reduced greater percentage of cows infected with plication of the principle. of elimin.ati~n municipal departments of health and t?e in p,roportion to the large number of cows mastitis in Grade A herds than herds ,pro. of infected cows from da1ry herds 10 1ts examiners functioning for commeroal con&emned or segregated from these par clueing Grade B milk. Examinations relation to the control of mastitis. A milk companies. A study of the results . herds. However, it will be noted mastitis in Grade A herds are mttcn:;.rg since yeast or 0. lactis, when present, de monly available on the farm. In general, velop rapidly but may be overgrown later it was found that when the utensils were w.ith air-borne molds. A wide-field bin- subjected to careful washing, both yeasts An Agar Slice Method for the Detection of Mold and Yeas·t 0 ular microscope of the Greenough type, and oidia were practically eliminated as on Utensils Having a magnification of 20-30 has been measured by the slice method. In the thir~, agar slice tests were made daily on J.D. Wildman }ound to be a useful aid in the examina tion. pails used for milking and storing milk U. S. Food and Dmg Administration, Washington, D. C. Precautions should be taken at each step for gravity separation. The milk was kept to insure freedom from contamination of at approximately 68 ° F. for 24 hours after which the cream was skimmed off, the agar core, ends of tube, and agar slice. In connection with an investigation on tub~s are then corked, cotton-plugged pail emptied, and agar tests made at vari the source of Oospora lactis in cream it tightly in the small opening, both ~ds pj&.CTicAL APPLICATION OF THE METHOD ous stages in the washing procedure. In became desirable to develop some means wrapped with tin foil, and sterilized w.itb The agar slice method has been used general, it was found that even before of determining the relative abundance of dry heat. After sterilization, the tUbes in an extended .field survey to determine washing very few yeasts occurred per agar this organism on the various untensils are filled with sterile acidulated p.Qt>ato ffie relative abundance of 0. lactis on slice, and that after washing these were used in cream production. The Hammer dextrose agar (2.5 percent agar) (4), utensils used in the production of cream, practically eliminated. No 0. lactis col Olson method (1, 2) which makes use of corked, and quickly inverted. The tinfoil but since this work was carried on as a onies were encountered during this period, and m none of the tests has an 0. lactiJ melted agar did not appear entirely feas wrappings are replaced and held with paJt of a mo~ general study of ~he con ditions attendmg cream production, the colony developed when agar slice tests ible for the purpose because of the diffi rubber bands. have been mad(.! on clean utensils. culty of retaining the melted agar on a results will not be discussed in detail in A supply of small petri dishes or metal this article. In general, it was found that convex surface such as, for example, the salve boxes and double-edged razor i:>Jkdes REFERENCES yea5_ts and _molds were fairly common ?n ( 1) Hammer, B. W. and Olson, H . C. Bac outside of a separator disc. To overcome are sterilized. Salve boxes (V-i oz.) fitted dairy utensils. As was to be expected, au this difficulty and to eliminate the neces 1 teriology of Butter III. A Method fo-r with small squares of glass held in I?lace boline molds occurred frequently. Yeasts Studying the Contamination from Churns. sity of having melted agar available for by means of paraffin have proved satis als0 were noted in many instances with Agr. Exp. Sta. Iowa State College of Agr. each test, a method was devised which factory for holding the agar slices cfur. 0. 1tJ£tis occurring less frequently. and Mech. Am. Rn But. No. 141, June makes use of agar slices readily obtained ing observation. New razor blades may Work has also been done to determine 1931. from a core of solidified agar with a sterile be sterilized in the original carton and or not contaminated utensils ( 2) Olson, H . C. and Hammer, B. W. The razor blade. The disc or slice thus formed are washed carefully will carry suffi Agar Disc Method for Studying the Con each blade broken in two lengthwise be tamination from Metal Surfaces. Iow_a Agr. may be placed on the desired location of fore unwrapping. Used blades may be yeasts and molds to give positive Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 300, May 1933. the utensil under test, picked up and wrapped and used again. with the agar slice method. Three ( 3) Demeter, Karl ]. Uber das Abklatschver of tests were carried out. In two fahren Vor~chlag einer Verbesserten stored in a suitable receptacle for further 0 peration: A tube of solidi.fiecl.. agar observation. these, utensils were contaminated with Methode. Sot1derdruck aus Deutsche prepared for use by removing t.ll or milk containing yeasts and Molke1·ei-Zeitung, Kemptetl ( Allgau) (fmhet· Suddeutsche Molkerei-Zeitrmg) Since this work was begun, a method cotton plug aseptically and replauing 1 after which they were left un Folge 31 VOI/I 3. August 1939. for the detection of micro-organisms has tinfoil cap. The agar core is allo,wed or washed with varying degrees ( 4) Standard Methods for Examinatio11 of been proposed by Demeter (3) which slide out of the tube approximatSJ.x thQroughness, using the methods com- Dairy Products, 1939 edition. makes use of prepared slides by means of eighth inch aqd a disc is sliced G'if which solidified agar may be brought di a sterile blade. The disc may aqoore rectly into contact with surfaces under the blade after slicing. In order to Federal Specialist to Help Ohio Improve Swiss Cheese test. While the agar slice method de itate its placement in the utensil Farrar, associate dairy manufac effort to increase the returns for milk de scribed below has not been compared test, it may be pushed to the extreme specialist, U. S. Bureau of Dairy livered by farmers to their cooperative critically with the above methods or with of the blade with the sterile edge of · , has been appointed to repre cheese factories. The premium obtained the various rinse methods, it is felt that test tube. The agar slice is place · the Bureau in its cooperative program for high-quality cheese is reflected in the it has some advantages in regard to ease desired without touching the ute~il the Ohio Agricultural Extension farmer's milk check. In 1938 the Ohio and speed of operation. the blade. The slice should to improve the quality of Ohio factories using the methods recommended down with the blade in order cheese. by the Bureau specialist paid their mem METHOD bers an average of 30 cents a hundred close contact of slice and 'Will succeed R. E. Hardell, who which the disc is removed by more for their milk than the factories Preparation of materials: Straight-edged recently to accept a position with blade between disc and utensil using the old methods. test tubes of a convenient size (%" to 1", commercial cheese company. outside diameter) are selected and a small in a salve box contact side up. Mr. Farrar, whose appointment became opening· made in the bottom of each. The should be examined at 24-hoW? state and federal program is aq effective April 1, will have his head- 165 164 OHIO SWISS CHEESE quarters at Sugarcreek. From there he percentage of high-grade chee~e: . Fo,l! will make periodic visits to the cooper this work he will have the factlthes o! ative factories to assist the cheesemakers a portable modern ~esea~ch_ laboratory, itlie fA General Consideration of Thermoduric and Thermophilic equipment for whtch ts mstalled tn an in diagnosing their problems and in ~sing .l:)rganisms as a Source of Contamination of the Milk Supply* a scientific procedure to assure a htgher automobile truck. D. M. Rudig Chicago Board of Health Laboratories, Chicago, Ill. Since many of the duties of the milk F.) or more. Others will not grow in idSpectbr confine his attention to the field agar unless some selective nutrient sub V{ork, he seldom has an opportunity to stance is added to the medium. opserve and become intimately acquainted These heat-loving and heat-resistant w:ith laboratory procedure in studying the organisms are not considered to be able to characteristics of microbic life. I shall produce disease, but they do affect the tty.~ to present to you a few general funda palatability of the milk. mental factors which I hope may prove They survive the pasteurization temper ap~licable to your work in the field. atures in milk plants. Their control re ~hen bacteria are exposed to tempera quires supervision of the milk as received ture below the minimum required for their prior to pasteurization. growth, their activities are decreased, but This takes the problem into the field thl!}l may not be otherwise injured unless where it requires the help of dairy in acroally frozen for a certain time. When spectors. The controlling of these organ exwsed to higher temperatures than the A traveling Swiss-cheese laboratory tued by t~e l!· S. Bureat~ of JJ_airyh Industry, isms will demand a persistant, daily, care for demonstratitzg the advantages of screntrfic co11 trol 111 Swus-c eese :· ma:riinum allowed for their growth, the ful, and thorough cleaning of all equip manufacture in Obio. :'"orJ1:am~;ms are more or less quickly killed. ment. This should then be treated with marked changes in temperature hot water at least above 180° F. or by aetrimental to bacteria. steam after the equipment has been '}3ie equilbrium and number of the thoroughly cleaned. types of bacterial flora of milk A thermophilic organism was recently on the initial contamination, the isolated in the 'Chicago laboratories, able of the milk, and especially on the to withstand a temperature of 170° F. at which it has been kept. for 20 minutes but which was killed when The locating of high counts in a mixed exposed to the same temperature for 30 supply presents many problems. minutes. This fact should help amplify the one is especially interested in lo importance of heating the equipment the thermophilic types of organ- above 180° F. for a prolonged period. as it is applied to pasteurized milk, agar plate and microscopic examina Inspectors use fluid disinfectants to ad must supplement each other. One vantage in the field. The point to em intelligently proceed by the use of phasize is the daily enforcement of the ~Pethod alone. The agar plate technique selected. The trained tech may show the presence of just a few nician 0r inspector, directly or indirectly, . . and yet in the milk there may plays an important role in the bacterial milhons of them living. Some of control of any milk supply. ~·F.;Qu•ou•~ will grow in agar plates The efficiency in producing and main 140°-145 ° c. (184-293 ° taining a better controlled product will be FIGURE 2 in keeping with the measure of inspection States Milk Sani· Interior of the traveling Swiss-~;heese laboratory. efforts. The job is a big one. 166 ~y crystallization of the lactose. In this lactic acid has retarded the growth of this p.Eocess, sucrose is added to skim milk in industry. f.be proper proportion, and the mixture is A considerable quantity of lactic acid Summary of the Report of the Chief of the q>ocentrated uncle~ a. vacuum to a point is now used in making plastics, but since Bureau of Dairy Industry, 1939 * at which crystallizatiOn of the lactose little acid of sufficient purity for this tdli:es place on cooling. Since the su pur>pose is made in this country most of it mary gland tissue in the affected ~uarter, crese prevents excessive thickening, the is imported. In attempting to extend the DAIRY HERD-IMPROVEMENT and that milk may be secreted m such l~dtose crystals may be removed by cen outlet for lactic acid, the Department INVESTIGATIONS quarters at calving t-ime, but that the tnifuging in t~e us~al way to make ~ self recognized the need for a better method This work in the United States is at an occlusion of the outlet makes the re preserving sk1m-mtlk product that IS low of purifying, under commercial condi all-time peak. During 1938 the number moval of the milk impossible wiUi the in lactose. This product permits the tions, the crude acid produced in this of associations increased 122, or 11 per result that involution of the ma~ ry JDS..ijUf ~ cture of an ice cream with a better country. Such a method was developed cent The association cows produced gland tissue in that quarter soon follows. t~e and a higher nutritive value. The and tested on a pilot-plant scale in a on ~n average, 7,832 pounds of milk and metibod was used by one ice-cream manu commercial plant with such success that 317 pounds of butterfat per co:', where CANCEROUS GROWTHS RARE IN ~W.ij!J! facturer this year with very satisfactory the plant is now taking steps to put it in as all cows milked in the Umted States COW UDDER results. operation. The capacity of the plant will averaged only 4,359 pounds of milk and It is particularly noteworthy that, be materially increased, and it will then 170 pounds of butteDfat per cow. The .tmong the hundreds of udders sedioned, INDUSTRIAL BYPRODUCTS be in a position to produce an acid of former cows consumed only 91c worth of no lesions have been found that appred & sein fiber has not been found to be sufficient purity for any use to which feed per ·each 100 pounds of milk they to be cancerous. In fact, the w.~ of a ;trong as wool, but it has the same lactic acid may be put. produced 10 comparison with $1.22 for number of investigators and the c~!Wlna- · and takes the same dyes. In A large number of esters and other the others. Since the cost of feed usually tion of many millions of cattle sl ~~g~tter«:d near future this product is not likely combinations of lactic acid have been represents approximately one-hal.f the subject to meat inspe~tio~ by bec:ome a competitor of wool. It may made. The roost notable success has been total cost of producing milk, a cow should of Animal Industry, md!Cate mixed with wool to sell at lower in the preparation of a polymethylacry return more than $2.00 for each one dol in the udder of the cow is · The method developed in the late, from lactic acid, a water-dear resin lar's worth of feed to be profitable. existent-the few cases on record ~VItFnJmeJo.t laboratories has been tested with remarkable elasticity and other prop invaded the udder from carcinpJDi a semiplant scale and is considered to UDDER INJURIES erties which make it valuable for impreg originated in the skin. _In vi of sUfficiently advanced to warrant its use nating cloth, dressing leather, insulation, The four quarters of a cow's udder high incidence of cancer m the . :biiUID.erci·all~ The latter requires the and probably m~ny other uses which can .develop from entirely independent, tu?u glands of humans and of certatU' equipment and technical experience not be foreseen. This resin is now made lar formations which are present at buth species, it is ~iffi.cult. to understand · needed for rayon. It is re by a synthetic process but at a cost which and remain independent th_rough life, so rarity of the disease m the ud~er of that a plant will be built at once limits its use. The lower cost of making far as their secretory and ductal systems cow especially since that organ Is so manufacture of a casein fiber by it from lactic acid should encourage its are concerned. One quarter, therefore, ly developed functionally, of~e~ ef developed privately. wider use in various industries. may be injured and its activity compl~te mous size, and subjected to fnction, is being continued on deriva ly destroyed without the others becommg tion and bruising. compounds of casein with the FOOD BYPRODUCTS impaired. of improving the strength of the In nearly every case in which udder Last year, the Department reported a fiber, and an investigation has been new method of separating the constitu infection was found in the calf or young to develop a means of simplifying heifer the affected quarters were abnor ents of whey based on the removal of the of making a good grade of lactose from concentrated whey by alco mal i~ development for a time, but "filled that it will 'become more nearly out" about the same as the unaffected hol. [See J. Milk Tech. 2, 294 (1939)]. quarters before calvi~g tim~. After cal~ Enough work was done on a pilot-plant ing, however, it was 1mposstble to obtam 928, the Department published the scale this year to indicate that the method milk from the affected quarters, and a o.f the first of a series of investi will work on a commercial basis and that marked decrease in size of those quarters snowing that the lactose of whey substantially all of the akohol may be converted into lactic acid in a recovered. The concentrated whey is soon followed. It appears, as a ~esult ICE CREAM INVESTIGAq1!0NS of autopsical find ings, that an ear_ly mfec On the basis of this informa then freed from alcohol in a vacuum tion or injury does not necessanly cause A few years ago a metl:i:ed commercial manufacture of lac drier, and a white water-soluble powder a cessation of the development of mam- veloped by which t~e !ltom whey was successfully es is obtained, containing about 40 percent in an ice cream mtx While manufacturers have had of protein, largely in the form of lactal _ in selling all the acid pro bumin. After the reaction of the filtrate • Editor-The original report c'?vers 46 pages from without danger of the ODJJt:u<~,,..-•. which are selected the followmg subJects of par· texture in the ice cream, the -somewhat limited market for is adjusted and a short time has been a·!- ticular interest to dairy technologtsts. 168 BUREAU OF DAIRY INDUSTRY REPORT JoURNAL OF MILK TECHNOLOGY 169 lowed for crystallizati~n, the la~tose is uses for whey solids in bakery goods, a Where is an even greater opportunity and that it was obliged to compete with removed by centrifugmg an~ lS suffi field which offers a potentia:! outlet fon a fQ.!i marketing Cheddar cheese in this imported cheese ·for the small business that ciently pure to meet the reqmrements of large volume of dairy pro.ducts. A very fc11f11· The v~lume. of Cheddar cheese was available. Notwithstanding these ob the pharmaceutical grade. The alcohol satisfactory canned puddmg was made ~ed in sandwiChes 1s much greater than stacles, the business is now on a profitable from ine~pensive ingredients, incluCling in the filtrate from the centrifuge is re that of Swiss cheese, and it is very evi basis. coYered by distillation, leaving a residue whey solids in place of eggs, but further dent that the lunch-counter proprietor work is necessary to overcome a slow which contains in a concentrated form would be glad to pay the extra cost of DAIRY-SANITATION INVESTIGATIONS most of the water-soluble vitamins that change in texture, the results of wJllch sli G:ihg and canning for the convenience A new method was developed for using were in the original milk. are somewhat similar to the change which of ~the package. Cheddar cheese has the takes place in the staling of bakery goods. ad~~ntage of being susceptible to ripen the Hotis test for Streptococctls agalactiae The possibility of using the . soluble ing in the can. The curd may be pressed in milk, improving its usefulness without powder containing the ~~bu~en 1.n some A start has been made in comhifiing involving much additional work. The skimmed milk with potatoes to make a loaves of the proper cross-section size food ·product is now betng mvestigated. shape, sliced, and sealed in cans as test is set up with bromo-cresol purple new product having some of the Veterinary medicine or veterinary scien~e board of veterinary medical examiners located New Books and Other Publications deals with the care and treatment of domestic at the State capital. ~anagement of Dairy Plants. by M. animals and p-oultry, and the supply_ and con VETERINARY EDUCATION J.lo({ortensen. Revised edition. The Mac <;>f the general characteristics of milk and trol of food and other products. de~Ive~ from 1ts products. them for man's use. The vetenna~Ian IS par The first veterinary school was establisHed !lllillan Company, New York. 1938. 396 ticularly concerned with the preventive ~n~ c_ur in Lyons, France, in 1761._ In the T!I~ted pages. $3.00. . For ·those seeking additional informa ative treatment of animal disea~es ~nd lfiJUIIes. States little attention was gtven to veten~ ~~~:y tion, reference reading lists are given in He is also called upon for. a~vice m regard to education until 11155-1860 w:?en ~hort4ived The material presented in this book is an appendix. Qu-estions for teacher and breeding, feeding, and hygienic mana~ement. of schools appeared in Boston and m Phtla~elJ2hia . stated "by the author to have been col pupils are likewise available. livestock including poultry. There IS a wtde Since then schools have sprung up, laste JOURNAL OF MILK TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL OF MILK TECHNOLOGY As THEIR OFFICIAL ORGAN Official Publication of the CALIFORNIA ASSOCIATION OF DAIRY AND MISSOURI ASSOCIATION OF MILK SANITARIANS International Association of Milk Sanitarians MILK INSPECTORS President, J. Moffatt...... Sedalia Mo 'p. esidml, J. J. Garland ...... Redwood City, CaL (Association Organized 1911) 1 Vice-President, J. W. Burns ...... Nevad~, Mo: J?.ice-President, L. E. HolL...... Pasadena, Cal. Secretary-Treasurer, G. M. Young, State Board Secretary-Treasurer, L. E. Nesson, 2707 L. of Health, Jefferson City, Mo. Editors . Str(\et, Eureka, Cal. J. H. SHRADER, Edit.or CENTRAL STATES MILK SANITARIANS NEW YORK STATE AssOCIATION W. B. PALMER, Mat~aging Editor Wollaston, Mass. Orange, N. J. p,residetlt, William Dotterer, ...... Barrington, Ill. OF DAIRY AND MILK INSPECTORS W "Doctor Jones" Says - Endicott Times Editor Speaks Out By editorial which appeared in why you can't park in front of a fire hydran!, Paul B. Brooks, M. D. Times of January 4 speaks for it- altho that is quite often the o~ly space l!-vail able and there isn't any lire m town either. "'Tne Voice with a Smile'-when the But 'you are forced to inconvenience yourself no li~tle, and drive several blocks out of your telephone company put that out as a "I'll Take Mine PaJteut·ized!" of proper supervision of the milk way. Why? Well THERE MIGHT BE A slogan several years ago, you remember congested population area is being FIRE! You see, government protection of the how it sort of caught on? It did with demonstrated thruout the State by rights of all at the expense of the individu_al's me, anyway. And I always figured one of most of these areas from serious unlimited freedom enters the field of possible reason it went over so strong: the oper There still remain the negative dem- damage to others as well as actual. That's the "'I however, where the same lesson is way it is with raw milk. It. may be all !igh~. " I ators-they didn't overdo it. Their voices But the government's regulatiOns concermng It e.' Just a few weeks I.'I just sounded pleasant: as i.f they were glad broke out in Hoc- are based on the fact tha·t past e:x;perience war you called, instead of mad about it. Of 25th issue of 'Health rants the assumption that i·t may be all wrong! ~~ ll course I don't know how they felt but, account of some eighty cases "Now I haven't heard of anyone kicking n anyway, it gave the impression of sin in Frewsburg, traced to a about his individual liberty being tampered e with because he can't buy arsenic without gov I cerity. A smile that's a smirk, you not ernment authority. But if you take arsenic aJ;~d I only don't take it at its face value but it's die, you're the only one that gets bur!. Arsenic I apt to make you kind of suspicious. Like poisoning isn't infectious or contagiOus. But I the wolf that ate up Little Red Riding these milk-borne epidemics don't stay within the limits of 'individual liberty.' They tres .I Hood's grandma.: he showed his teeth too pass on the realm of individual liberty other ' much. people set up, who try to protect their own "What made me think of it, there's health and that of others by the use of pro one or two of these fellows on the radio ducts KNOWN to be safe. That's why there's more reason why the government should inter they get to talking about toothpaste or fere with the 'milk guessers' than the purchasers soup or pills or whatever they're hired to of arsenic. I haven't rheard anybody attack/the talk about and they put so much sweetness illegal aspects of suicide. For it is aga!nst in their voices-well, it reminds me of a the law to commit suicide. But the law agamst relative of mine that took her first sea m1.1rder is even more desirable. And when a fellow wilfully ignores the danger signals on trip. She was out in a deck chair and milk that may be infected, and introduces into getting along pretty good 'til the steward his community an epidemic that may kill a gave her some tea with too much sugar number of people before it runs its course, in it. They say one swallow don't make what are you going to call him? I say to you Mr. Middletown editor, that he is no more a summer but it made her spring-and blameless than the man who points a gun at she just made it. another and pulls the trigger, killing 'him 'acci "It's some like these diplomatic ex dentally' because he didn't know it was loaded! changes we've been hearing about the now let's take a l-ook at all sides to It must be pretty obvious from the result that I never saw a question that HE DIDN'T KNOW IT WAS'NT LOADED! last couple of years : some of 'em are so sides. If it doesn't have two And the victim is just as dead as if his slayer a question. I'll match my en- had slaughtered him intentionally. individual liberty against the editor's any time. And 'I'm just "That's the answer to the Times Herald in , I these statements: 'You know the farmer you ' Control of Typhoid. Gaylord W. Atldet'JOtl. nothing in common until unwarranted governmental inter individual freedom as any man patronize. You are familiar with his herd and The Commonhealth-MaJJa~huJettJ Departmetlt down with typhoid told of barns. He is clean. His premises are clean. of Publi~ Health, Vol. 26, No. 3, July, August, restaurant run by a woman But I put the emphasis on Past experience with epidem You don't have to take the word of a bureau September, 1939, pp. 167-169. Pub. Health could sympathize with him JaS inspector for that. His animals also are clean Engh1. Ab1. xx, Mi. 16. typhoid. Examination showell traced to infected raw milk give for limiting the distribu and, on the word of a regularly visiting veter The author tells of three typhoid fever out carrier. After she quit the inarian, entirely healthy.' breaks. One commun·ity had forty-four cases typhoid stopped. I ha ven'·t forgotten that of typhoid during the live years preceding the Several cases of typhoid gcaurred scarlet fever in Owego a year or "Wha•t guarantee concerning the safety of village board there appear to have milk is there in your acquaintance with the discovery of a carrier, while only live cases streets in a manufacturing settl!;lne~lr; were reported during the live years following. connection between the it wouldn't be forgotten, also, farmer? Every dairyman that ever sold a quart It was discovered that a farmer who had had and a polluted lire raw milk: For you see it has of infected milk must have been known by a typhoid a number of years ago was selling but check valve between the two policy of government in Amer- great many people. You'll get just as sick on ter in the city. Studies showed him to be a to be held open by a pair individual when the exercise of infected milk jf the dairyman is your best 'rights' interfered with the friend as you will if he is a total stranger to carrier-farmer had gall bladder removed. An had heen sucked up from .,.,,_,._,.,. ·~"• other community had ten cases of typhoid dur lire pumps weekly test. citizens. That's why you you. How do you know his premi.ses are cl~an ? ing a single year. The cases apparently had broken and the typhoid rlisliDD4!81'~ th~ lc:ft side of the road. That's When diseases are caused by micro-organisms 180 "I'LL TAKE MINE PASTEURlZED" so small that high-powered microscopes are That's a worthy objective toward which to necessary to enahle the human eye to recognize work! Of course, that isn't what he means a colony of them, what sort of gimlet-eyed What he really means is that the fellow insid~ marvel are you to pass on the cleanliness of the line should have equal privileges to men. the premises! Not even the trained health in ace his family's health and that of his neigh. bors as the law allows the chap outside. ~d spector can do it with confidence. That's why I don't agree on that ! he insists on playing safe by pasteurizing the "It is assumed that municipal boundaries en. milk! After he's done his best, he still isn't close a thickly populated area where con!acts wdling to stake his reputation on the safety of with infection are enforced upon the citizeos raw milk. Why should you stake the health because of the proximity of residences. Of of yourself, your family, and your community course, I know that a great many municipalities on your superficial verdict of cleanliness? 'You do extend their boundaries as far out .ID< the are familiar with his herd and barns.' Listen, country as possible! But generally speakin mister, I don't care if you're even in love with the municipality deals with the problem ~ the innocent-looking brown-eyed Jersey in his congested population. If a fellow lives on a herd and on speaking terms with all the rest. farm, and there's scarlet fever there you don't That doesn't hav~ a continental thing to do have to go there. But if he Jives in the other with whether the milk is safe or not! And side of the same house with you, that's a dif. the visiting veterinarian can't give you a clean ferent story! That's why I think th.l! State bill of health FOR ANY HERD THAT WILL should set up sanitary districts on the basis of BE EFFECTIVE FOR TWENTY-FOUR d_ensity of population, regardless of municipal HOURS AFTER HE'S MADE HIS EXAMIN !Jnes. ATION! Don't forget that. That's why "I used to be a very sincere defender of in pasteurization is urged. It takes care of what dividual liberty as it affects raw mil " But the best-trained eye can't see; and it takes I had to face facts. The rest of my former care of conditions that arise between visits of colleagues will have to face them soo ~er or the veterinarian. And most of us know that, later, also. Heating milk to temperatfu:e of of necessity, his visits can't be too frequent. 143 to 145 degrees and holding it there fur a "Now one more point; the Middletown edi period of thirty minutes, isn't too difficult. 14 tor states that if you live outside the 'imagin ~he face of milk-borne epidemics in the State ary' line marking the municipal boundaries you from 1917 to 1938 which affected the heilth of can buy all the raw milk you like ar>d it's all 8,382 people and involved 1,203 cases of right. But if you cross that line you are guilty typhoid, 123 cases of diphtheria, 1,4~ cases of a misdemeanor. He says the fellow on the of scarlet fever, 4,452 cases of septic sore other side of the line is entitled to equal pro throat, 311 cases of dysentery, 11 cases of tectiun with the chap inside the line. Now polio, and 840 cases of gastroenteritis, I'll take that's one point on which I can agree with him. mine pasteurized!"