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Gaust75003.Pdf COPYRIGHT 1975 By Hilburn 0. Hillestad and John R. Bozeman THE ECOLOGY OF THE CUMBERLANDISLAND NATIONAL SEASHORE CAMDEN COUNTY' GEORGIA By 1 Hilburn 0. Hillestad 2 John R. Bozeman 1 A. Sydney Johnson 3 C. Wayne Berisford 4 J. I. Richardson May 1975 Report to National Park Service under contract number 1910P2ll57 to the Institute of Natural Resources The U. S. Government is authorized to produce and distribute reprints for governmentalpurposes not withstanding any copyright notation that may appear hereon. 1 Institute of Natural Resources,University of Georgia, Athens 2 Department of Biology, Georgia Southern College, Statesboro 3 Department of Entomology, University of Georgia, Athens 4 Department of Zoology, University of Georgia, Athens PREFACE A study of this scope must draw upon a variety of disciplines and requires the cooperation of numerous agencies and their personnel. We gratefully acknowledge the organizations which provided equipment and services and those persons who generously contributed in various ways to this report. The National Park Service initiated the study with a grant Contract Number 1910P21157! to the Institute of Natural Resources, University of Georgia. This grant supported much of the field work. Primary financial support was provided by the Institute of Natural Resources. This report is published as a part of the Georgia Marine Science Center's Technical Report series under Sea Grant ¹04-5-158-4, issued by the Georgia Sea Grant Program. The U. S. Government is authorized to pro- duce and distribute reprints for governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright notation that may appear hereon. S. P. Weems, R. Herman and J. W. Larson of the National Park Service assisted in the administrative coordination of the project. Special appre- ciation is extended to Park Ranger E. Phillips, who arranged transporta- tion to and from Cumberland and housing on the island for members of the research team. He and Rangers W. Riggins and J. Hudick provided services at critical times, greatly facilitating the field work. The Game and FiSh DiViSiOn, GeOrgia Department of Natural ResourceS, provided transportation to the island on occasions and the use of their vehicle on the island during emergencies. We acknowledge the assistance of conservation officers J. L. Steptoe and W. B. Vaughn. The Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Georgia, provided a vehicle for use on Cumberland Island during 1973. R. L. Davis provided dock facilities, assisted with logistic support, and shared his observations on the island. Thanks are due E. H. Lebetkin, J. W. Compton, J. L, Landers, and G. G. Hammes, University of Georgia, for assistance in collection and CompilatiOn of data. T. D. Atkeson, University of Georgia, deserves specia1. acknowledgement for assistance in the collection of vegetation and entomo- logical data. E. P. Cheatum, Southern Methodist University, and R W. Fullington, Dallas Museum of Natural History, identified the gastropods. R. J. Beshear and J. O. Howell, Georgia Agricultural Experiment Station, identified certai~ groups of arthropods and provided species lists. T. C. Barr, University of Kentucky, identified all carabids; R. E. Woodruff, Florida Department of Agriculture and ConsumerServices, identified membersof the Scarabaeidae; and L, L. Pechuman, Cornell University, identified the Tabanidae. E. L. Cheatum, University of Georgia, reviewed the manuscript, conducted gastropod collections and provided assistance during many phases of the study. R. M. North, University of Georgia, provided assistance in designing the study. C. Hart and M. Rosier, Georgia Department of Archives and History, J. E. Godley, Woodbine, Georgia; R. V. Wood, Belmont, Massachusetts; and relatives of M. R. Bullard cooperated in many ways to enhance the com- pilation of historical records. The Soil Conservation Service, USDA, conducted for this study a survey of the soils of Little Cumberland and Cumberland islands. The soils information contained in this report is adapted from a report by T. A. Rigdon. Soil survey field work was conducted by T. A. Rigdon, M. M. Blevins and R. L. Wilkes. J. M. Flanders assembledthe survey team and arranged for W. C. Young to visit Cumberland in 1973. C. Ruckdeschel,Cumberland Island, contributed observations on many species and results of her sea turtle tagging studies for 1974. H. B. Jordan, National Park Service Collaborator, provided a list of reptiles and amphibians based on her collections on Cumberland, and assisted wi th various phases of the project. J. P. Kilgo and R. L. Carlton, University of Georgia, contributed editorial suggestions on sections of the manuscript. Special acknowledge- ment is madeof the thorough editing of the manuscript by R. Rivers. Sin- cere thanks are due S. Vinson and C. Hess for their preparation of the numerous drafts and typing of the final manuscript. The authors and their areas of responsibility are as follows. M. R. Bullard prepared the historical summary. The historical records on the past occupants of Cumberland and their use of its resources are commendably condensed in Chapter II. The geological history and interpretation of dune erosion Chapter III! was prepared by V. J. Henry, R. T. Giles, J. R. Woolsey, andG. Nash and was adapted from their report to the National Park Service, contract CX001-3-0052. The geology mapwas also adapted from their report. H. N. Neuhauser and W. W. Baker compiled the mammal list and contri buted other observations on species occurring within the Seashore. J. R. Bozemanconducted the vegetation survey and analysis, wrote Chapter VI and prepared the vegetation map. C. W. Berisford directed the entomological investigations and wrote those sections dealing with this subject and contributed in numerous other ways. J. I. Richardson conducted the aquatic surveys and contributed the surface water material in Chapter V, original data on sea turtle popula- tions and other information. H. 0. Hillestad and A. S. Johnson wrote all other sections, coordi nated and supervised the study, and organized and edited the report. CONTENTS Page PREFACE LIST OF TABLES 1X LIST OF FIGURES I. Introduction II. Historical occupation of Cumberland Island Aboriginal occupation 000 B.C. 1562 A.D.!. 3 European arrivals 562 1733! English occupation 733 1763! 6 9 Slow settlement on Cumberland Island 763 1786! 12 Plantation era 786 1880! 14 Establishment of private estates 880 1916! 17 Private and public ownership 916 present!. l9 I II . Geology 23 Geological history of Cumberland Island 23 Beach and dune erosion 27 IV. Soils and Nutrients. 32 Nutrient cycling and general characteristics of island soils . 32 Soils of Cumberland and Little Cumberland Islands . 34 V. Water Resources Ground water 45 Surface water 50 VI. Vegetation 63 Methods for vegetational analysis. 64 Plant communities 68 Habitat-Community profiles 68 Descriptions of plant communities 72 Ecological succession 104 Influence of land use 113 VII . Fauna 116 Mammals 116 Page Birds 126 Reptiles and amphibians 131 Fresh and brackish water fish 138 Invertebrates VIII. Management Issues and Considerations 148 Island habitats 148 Beach and dunes 148 Erosion control 148 Interpretive areas 150 Salt Marsh. 151 Upland forests. 152 Fire management 152 Grazing 154 Interpretive areas 154 Aquatic resources j. 56 Ground water 156 Surface water 157 Interpretive areas 157 Island wildlife 161 Protection of vulnerable wildlife 161 Birds 161 Sea turtles 163 Alligators, 164 Control of problem animals 165 Livestock 165 White-tailed deer 166 Raccoons 168 Alligators. 169 Poisonous snakes 169 Blood-feeding arhtorpods 169 Destructive forest insects 171 Reintroduction of extirpated species' 173 wildlife diseases and parasites 174 Monitoring and research 177 IX. Summary . 180 188 LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX I. Vascular plants of Cumberland and Little Cumberland islands, Camden County, Georgia 196 APPENDIX II. Summary tables, vegetation analysis, Cumberland Island, Camden County, Georgia 212 APPENDIX III. Mammals of Cumberland and Little Cumberland islands, Camden County, Georgia 234 Page APPENDIX IV. Checklist of birds known or expected to occur in the Cumberland Island National Seashore, Camden County, Georgia . 24B APPENDIX V. Amphibians and reptiles of Cumberland and Little Cumberland islands, Camden County, Georgia 272 APPENDIX VI. Summary of insect and spider collections on Cumberland Island, Camden County, Georgia 281 LIST OF TABLES Table Page Summary of soil types by acreage and percent of area on Cumberland and Little Cumberland Islands, Camden County, Georgia. 35 2. Chemical analyses of selected soils on Cumberland Island, January 1973 36 3. Surface water systems occurring on Cumberland Island, Georgia. 53 4. Summary of principal vegetation types by acreage and percent of area on Cumberland and Little Cumberland islands, Camden County, Georgia 5. Summary of terrestrial and arboreal wild mammal records for Little Cumberland and Cumberland islands, Georgia. 117 Wild, terrestrial mammal groups presently occurring on I ittle Cumberland and Cumberland islands and the adjacent mainland . , , . 118 Birds expected to nest on Cumberland and Little Cumberland islands according to habitat 127 Generalized food habits of birds expected to occur on Cumberland and Little Cumberland islands 128 Summary of reptile and amphibian groups occurring on Cumberland and Little Cumberland islands and the adjacent mainland . 133 10. Common and scientific names of fish collected on Cumber- land Island, September 1973. ,
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