DOCSLIB.ORG

L-Theanine in the Adjunctive Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder A

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
L-Theanine in the Adjunctive Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder A Journal of Psychiatric Research 110 (2019) 31–37 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Psychiatric Research journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jpsychires L-theanine in the adjunctive treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A T double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial ∗ Jerome Sarrisa,b, , Gerard J. Byrnec, Lachlan Cribbb, Georgina Oliverb, Jenifer Murphyb, Patricia Macdonaldc, Sonia Nazarethc, Diana Karamacoskaa, Samantha Galeab, Anika Shortc, Carolyn Eea, Yoann Birlinga, Ranjit Menonb, Chee H. Ngb a NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW, Australia b The Professorial Unit, The Melbourne Clinic, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Richmond, VIC, Australia c The University of Queensland, Faculty of Medicine, Discipline of Psychiatry, Herston, QLD, Australia ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Keywords: Partial or non-response to antidepressants in Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) is common in clinical settings, L-theanine and adjunctive biological interventions may be required. Adjunctive herbal and nutraceutical treatments are a Anxiety novel and promising treatment option. L-theanine is a non-protein amino acid derived most-commonly from tea Sleep (Camellia sinensis) leaves, which may be beneficial in the treatment of anxiety and sleep disturbance assug- GAD gested by preliminary evidence. We conducted a 10-week study (consisting of an 8-week double-blind placebo- Randomised controlled trial controlled period, and 1-week pre-study and 2-week post-study single-blinded observational periods) involving 46 participants with a DSM-5 diagnosis of GAD. Participants received adjunctive L-theanine (450–900 mg) or matching placebo with their current stable antidepressant treatment, and were assessed on anxiety, sleep quality, and cognition outcomes. Results revealed that adjunctive L-theanine did not outperform placebo for anxiety reduction on the HAMA (p = 0.73) nor insomnia severity on the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI; p = 0.35). However, LT treated participants reported greater self-reported sleep satisfaction than placebo (ISI item 4; p = 0.015). Further, a separation in favour of L-theanine was noted on the ISI in those with non-clinical levels of insomnia symptoms (ISI ≤ 14; p = 0.007). No significant cognitive effects (trail making time and the modified emotional Stroop) were revealed. While this preliminary study did not support the efficacy of L-theanine in the treatment of anxiety symptoms in GAD, further studies to explore the application of L-theanine in sleep dis- turbance are warranted. 1. Introduction increasingly being considered as novel adjunctive options in psychiatric disorders, due to their potential efficacy and acceptable tolerability Effective first-line treatments for Generalized Anxiety Disorder (Sarris et al., 2016, 2010). (GAD) include psychotherapy such as Cognitive Behavioural Therapy L-theanine (n-ethylglutamic acid; LT) is a non-proteinogenic amino (Carpenter et al., 2018) and pharmacotherapies such as antidepressants acid derived almost exclusively from tea leaves (Camellia sinensis), with and anxiolytic agents (Reinhold and Rickels, 2015). With anti- the highest concentrations found in green, oolong, and Pu-erh tea (Syu depressant treatments, the remission rates are typically in the realm of et al., 2008). A natural ethylamide analogue of glutamate, preclinical 30–50% (Reinhold et al., 2011). As such, adjunctive agents (such as studies have found LT to pass freely through the blood-brain barrier, benzodiazepines, pregabalin and/or antipsychotics) are often used to reduce presynaptic glutamate release (Kakuda et al., 2008), increase enhance the effectiveness of antidepressants in those who are non-re- inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, and enhance glycine and dopamine sponsive (Latas et al., 2018). A common co-occurrence with GAD is release (Kakuda et al., 2008; Kimura and Murata, 1971; Shen et al., insomnia (Ferre Navarrete et al., 2017), and subjectively reported sleep 2011; Yamada et al., 2007, 2005). Although the direct effects of LT on disturbance is an important part of GAD symptomology (Cox and GABA pathways is not well understood, a recent study has shown dif- Olatunji, 2016). Nutraceuticals and ‘phytoceuticals’, pharmaceutical ferential decreases of cortical and hippocampal GABA in mouse models grade nutrients or plant-based compounds with bioactive effects, are (Schallier et al., 2013). A comprehensive review of LT's ∗ Corresponding author. NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, 2145, Australia. E-mail address: [email protected] (J. Sarris). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.014 Received 26 August 2018; Received in revised form 6 December 2018; Accepted 7 December 2018 0022-3956/ © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. J. Sarris et al. Journal of Psychiatric Research 110 (2019) 31–37 neuropharmacology has also highlighted its neuroprotective effects, as 2.3. Measures well as the ability to increase alpha wave brain activity (Lardner, 2014). Alpha brain-activity is a measure of wakeful relaxation and has been Due to the two major hypothesis-driven clinical areas of inquiry associated with creativity, improved concentration, and decreased an- (anxiety and insomnia), we used dual primary outcome measures: the xiety (Lardner, 2014). Owing to its influence on inhibitory neuro- Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA) was administered according to transmission, as well as promotion of alpha brain wave activity, LT has the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Anxiety Scale (SIGHA) been investigated in animal models of anxiety, demonstrating anxio- for the anxiety outcome (Hamilton, 1959), and the Insomnia Severity lytic as well as antidepressant activity (Ogawa et al., 2018; Unno et al., Index (ISI) for the insomnia outcome (Morin et al., 2011). Secondary 2013a; Wakabayashi et al., 2012). outcome measures included the MADRS (Montgomery and Asberg, While preclinical and clinical evidence (covered in the Discussion) 1979), a clinician reported measure of depression severity, the Beck suggests that LT has anxiolytic and hypnotic properties, clinical trials Anxiety Inventory (BAI) (Beck et al., 1988), Penn State Worry Ques- investigating its therapeutic effects in anxiety disorders are lacking. tionnaire (PSWQ) (Meyer et al., 1990) and World Health Organisation Further, there is a deficit of augmentation studies in GAD, and nostu- Quality of Life-BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) (The WHOQOL GROUP, 1998). dies have investigated the potential usefulness of different doses of LT. A trail making task (measuring time in seconds to complete task) was Thus our current study aimed to elucidate the efficacy and safety of used to determine the effect of LT on cognition. A modified emotional adjunctive LT in the treatment of GAD, with an a priori hypothesis that Stroop task was also undertaken in which participant's response times the compound would reduce participant's anxiety and insomnia se- to name colours of positive, neutral and anxiety-related words (such as verity. An additional aim was to assess whether a titrated high dose of stroke, debts, crazy) was measured. The self-reported Systematic As- LT (900 mg/day) is needed in cases of non-response to the initial sessment for Treatment Emergent Effects (SAFTEE) was used to assess 450 mg/day dose. for the presence and severity of adverse events (Levine and Schooler, 1986). The WHOQOL-BREF, trail making time and the modified emo- tional Stroop were completed at baseline and Week-8. All other mea- 2. Methods sures were completed at each time point. 2.1. Overview 2.4. Treatment intervention This was a phase II, randomised, double-blind, placebo controlled, Eligible participants were initially randomised, via independent multi-centre pilot study comparing adjunctive LT to adjunctive placebo computer-generated block randomisation to receive, in addition to their in individuals with GAD who were non-responsive to their current an- current antidepressant, LT at 450 mg per day (given as one 225 mg tidepressant. The study was conducted between 2016 and 2018 and capsule twice per day, or placebo matched for appearance, taste, and study sites were located in Australia at The Melbourne Clinic scent) for the first four weeks of the study. Participants who didnot (Richmond, Melbourne), The Royal Brisbane and Womens Hospital achieve a ≥35% reduction in their baseline HAMA score at Week-4 (Herston, Brisbane) and NICM Health Research Institute were titrated to two capsules, twice per day (900 mg LT per day, or (Campbelltown, New South Wales). The trial was registered on the matching placebo) for the remaining four weeks of the treatment in- Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ANZCTR # tervention phase. Titration at Week-4 is in line with flexible dosing seen 12616000759493) on 9th June 2016, and Human Research Ethics in clinical practice where some patients, due to individual pharmaco- Committee approvals obtained from each trial site to conduct the study kinetic and pharmacodynamic differences, require a higher dose to (TMCREC 273; UQ MREC 2016000774; WSU HREC H12268). achieve response. Participants ceased taking capsules for the last two weeks of the study (from Week-8 to Week-10) which was used to 2.2. Eligibility criteria monitor for any potential ongoing therapeutic activity or withdrawal effect from the LT. Eligible participants met the following criteria: aged between 18 and 75 years; primary diagnosis of GAD at study entry (DSM-5;
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Guide to Glutamate Receptors
    A guide to glutamate receptors 1 Contents Glutamate receptors . 4 Ionotropic glutamate receptors . 4 - Structure ........................................................................................................... 4 - Function ............................................................................................................ 5 - AMPA receptors ................................................................................................. 6 - NMDA receptors ................................................................................................. 6 - Kainate receptors ............................................................................................... 6 Metabotropic glutamate receptors . 8 - Structure ........................................................................................................... 8 - Function ............................................................................................................ 9 - Group I: mGlu1 and mGlu5. .9 - Group II: mGlu2 and mGlu3 ................................................................................. 10 - Group III: mGlu4, mGlu6, mGlu7 and mGlu8 ............................................................ 10 Protocols and webinars . 11 - Protocols ......................................................................................................... 11 - Webinars ......................................................................................................... 12 References and further reading . 13 Excitatory synapse pathway
    [Show full text]
  • S Efficacy in Treating Bipolar Depression: a Longitudinal Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study
    Neuropsychopharmacology (2009) 34, 1810–1818 & 2009 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0893-133X/09 $32.00 www.neuropsychopharmacology.org Decreased Glutamate/Glutamine Levels May Mediate Cytidine’s Efficacy in Treating Bipolar Depression: A Longitudinal Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study Sujung J Yoon*,1, In Kyoon Lyoo2,3, Charlotte Haws4,5, Tae-Suk Kim1, Bruce M Cohen2,6 and 4,5 Perry F Renshaw 1Department of Psychiatry, Catholic University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; 2Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 3Brain Imaging Center and Clinical Research Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea; 4Department of 5 Psychiatry, The Brain Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs VISN 19 MIRECC, Salt Lake City, UT, 6 USA; Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA Targeting the glutamatergic system has been suggested as a promising new option for developing treatment strategies for bipolar depression. Cytidine, a pyrimidine, may exert therapeutic effects through a pathway that leads to altered neuronal-glial glutamate cycling. Pyrimidines are also known to exert beneficial effects on cerebral phospholipid metabolism, catecholamine synthesis, and mitochondrial function, which have each been linked to the pathophysiology of bipolar depression. This study was aimed at determining cytidine’s efficacy in bipolar depression and at assessing the longitudinal effects of cytidine on cerebral glutamate/glutamine levels. Thirty-five patients with bipolar depression were randomly assigned to receive the mood-stabilizing drug valproate plus either cytidine or placebo for 12 weeks. Midfrontal cerebral glutamate/glutamine levels were measured using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after 2, 4, and 12 weeks of oral cytidine administration.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Glutamate Receptors I: Current Understanding of Their Biology
    J Toxicol Pathol 2008; 21: 25–51 Review A Review of Glutamate Receptors I: Current Understanding of Their Biology Colin G. Rousseaux1 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Abstract: Seventy years ago it was discovered that glutamate is abundant in the brain and that it plays a central role in brain metabolism. However, it took the scientific community a long time to realize that glutamate also acts as a neurotransmitter. Glutamate is an amino acid and brain tissue contains as much as 5 – 15 mM glutamate per kg depending on the region, which is more than of any other amino acid. The main motivation for the ongoing research on glutamate is due to the role of glutamate in the signal transduction in the nervous systems of apparently all complex living organisms, including man. Glutamate is considered to be the major mediator of excitatory signals in the mammalian central nervous system and is involved in most aspects of normal brain function including cognition, memory and learning. In this review, the basic biology of the excitatory amino acids glutamate, glutamate receptors, GABA, and glycine will first be explored. In the second part of this review, the known pathophysiology and pathology will be described. (J Toxicol Pathol 2008; 21: 25–51) Key words: glutamate, glycine, GABA, glutamate receptors, ionotropic, metabotropic, NMDA, AMPA, review Introduction and Overview glycine), peptides (vasopressin, somatostatin, neurotensin, etc.), and monoamines (norepinephrine, dopamine and In the first decades of the 20th century, research into the serotonin) plus acetylcholine. chemical mediation of the “autonomous” (autonomic) Glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the mammalian nervous system (ANS) was an area that received much central nervous system (CNS) was slowly established over a research activity.
    [Show full text]
  • 2580.Full.Pdf
    The Journal of Neuroscience, Arpil 15, 2001, 21(8):2580–2588 Minocycline, a Tetracycline Derivative, Is Neuroprotective against Excitotoxicity by Inhibiting Activation and Proliferation of Microglia Tiina Tikka,1 Bernd L. Fiebich,3 Gundars Goldsteins,1 Riitta Keina¨ nen,1 and Jari Koistinaho1,2 1A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland, 2Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland, and 3Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical School, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany Minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline derivative, protects microglia cultures, and these responses were inhibited by mi- brain against global and focal ischemia in rodents. We exam- nocycline. In both SC and pure microglia cultures, excitotoxins ined whether minocycline reduces excitotoxicity in primary activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) neuronal cultures. Minocycline (0.02 ␮M) significantly increased exclusively in microglia. Minocycline inhibited p38 MAPK acti- neuronal survival in mixed spinal cord (SC) cultures treated with vation in SC cultures, and treatment with SB203580, a p38 500 ␮M glutamate or 100 ␮M kainate for 24 hr. Treatment with MAPK inhibitor, but not with PD98059, a p44/42 MAPK inhibi- these excitotoxins induced a dose-dependent proliferation of tor, increased neuronal survival. In pure microglia cultures, glu- microglia that was associated with increased release of tamate induced transient activation of p38 MAPK, and this was interleukin-1␤ (IL-1␤) and was followed by increased lactate inhibited by minocycline. These findings indicate that the pro- dehydrogenase (LDH) release. The excitotoxicity was enhanced liferation and activation of microglia contributes to excitotoxic- when microglial cells were cultured on top of SC cultures.
    [Show full text]
  • Neurobiological Effects of the Green Tea Constituent Theanine and Its Potential Role in the Treatment of Psychiatric and Neurodegenerative Disorders
    Review Neurobiological effects of the green tea constituent theanine and its potential role in the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders Anne L. Lardner St Vincents University Hospital, Elm Park, Dublin 4, Ireland Theanine (n-ethylglutamic acid), a non-proteinaceous amino acid component of green and black teas, has received growing attention in recent years due to its reported effects on the central nervous system. It readily crosses the blood–brain barrier where it exerts a variety of neurophysiological and pharmacological effects. Its most well-documented effect has been its apparent anxiolytic and calming effect due to its up- regulation of inhibitory neurotransmitters and possible modulation of serotonin and dopamine in selected areas. It has also recently been shown to increase levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. An increasing number of studies demonstrate a neuroprotective effects following cerebral infarct and injury, although the exact molecular mechanisms remain to be fully elucidated. Theanine also elicits improvements in cognitive function including learning and memory, in human and animal studies, possibly via a decrease in NMDA-dependent CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) and increase in NMDA-independent CA1-LTP. Furthermore, theanine administration elicits selective changes in alpha brain wave activity with concomitant increases in selective attention during the execution of mental tasks. Emerging studies also demonstrate a promising role for theanine in augmentation therapy for schizophrenia, while animal models of depression report positive improvements following theanine administration. A handful of studies are beginning to examine a putative role in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and theoretical extrapolations to a therapeutic role for theanine in other psychiatric disorders such as anxiety disorders, panic disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), and bipolar disorder are discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Glycine Receptor Α3 and Α2 Subunits Mediate Tonic and Exogenous Agonist-Induced Currents in Forebrain
    Glycine receptor α3 and α2 subunits mediate tonic and PNAS PLUS exogenous agonist-induced currents in forebrain Lindsay M. McCrackena,1, Daniel C. Lowesb,1, Michael C. Sallinga, Cyndel Carreau-Vollmera, Naomi N. Odeana, Yuri A. Blednovc, Heinrich Betzd, R. Adron Harrisc, and Neil L. Harrisona,b,2 aDepartment of Anesthesiology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032; bDepartment of Pharmacology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032; cThe Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712; and dMax Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany Edited by Solomon H. Snyder, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, and approved July 17, 2017 (received for review March 14, 2017) Neuronal inhibition can occur via synaptic mechanisms or through Synaptic GlyRs are heteropentamers consisting of different α tonic activation of extrasynaptic receptors. In spinal cord, glycine subunits (α1–α4) coassembled with the β subunit (28), which is mediates synaptic inhibition through the activation of heteromeric obligatory for synaptic localization due to its tight interaction glycine receptors (GlyRs) composed primarily of α1andβ subunits. with the anchoring protein gephyrin (29). GlyR α subunits exist Inhibitory GlyRs are also found throughout the brain, where GlyR in many higher brain regions (30) and may include populations α2andα3 subunit expression exceeds that of α1, particularly in of homopentameric GlyRs expressed in the absence of β subunits forebrain structures, and coassembly of these α subunits with the (31, 32). β subunit appears to occur to a lesser extent than in spinal cord.
    [Show full text]
  • Minocycline As a Candidate Treatment
    Behavioural Brain Research 235 (2012) 302–317 Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect Behavioural Brain Research j ournal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/bbr Review Novel therapeutic targets in depression: Minocycline as a candidate treatment a,b c,d c,d f,g Joanna K. Soczynska , Rodrigo B. Mansur , Elisa Brietzke , Walter Swardfager , a,b,e b b Sidney H. Kennedy , Hanna O. Woldeyohannes , Alissa M. Powell , b a,b,e,f,∗ Marena S. Manierka , Roger S. McIntyre a Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada b Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada c Program of Recognition and Intervention in Individuals in at Risk Mental States (PRISMA), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil d Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Clinical Neurosciences (LINC), Department of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil e Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada f Departments of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada g Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Canada h i g h l i g h t s Regional cell loss and brain atrophy in mood disorders may be a consequence of impaired neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity is regulated by neurotrophic, inflammatory, oxidative, glutamatergic pathways. Abnormalities in these systems are implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders. Minocycline exerts effects on neuroplasticity and targets these interacting systems. Evidence indicates that minocycline may be a viable treatment option for mood disorders. a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: Mood disorders are marked by high rates of non-recovery, recurrence, and chronicity, which are insuf- Received 1 December 2011 ficiently addressed by current therapies.
    [Show full text]
  • World of Cognitive Enhancers
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH published: 11 September 2020 doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.546796 The Psychonauts’ World of Cognitive Enhancers Flavia Napoletano 1,2, Fabrizio Schifano 2*, John Martin Corkery 2, Amira Guirguis 2,3, Davide Arillotta 2,4, Caroline Zangani 2,5 and Alessandro Vento 6,7,8 1 Department of Mental Health, Homerton University Hospital, East London Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom, 2 Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse, and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom, 3 Swansea University Medical School, Institute of Life Sciences 2, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom, 4 Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy, 5 Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy, 6 Department of Mental Health, Addictions’ Observatory (ODDPSS), Rome, Italy, 7 Department of Mental Health, Guglielmo Marconi” University, Rome, Italy, 8 Department of Mental Health, ASL Roma 2, Rome, Italy Background: There is growing availability of novel psychoactive substances (NPS), including cognitive enhancers (CEs) which can be used in the treatment of certain mental health disorders. While treating cognitive deficit symptoms in neuropsychiatric or neurodegenerative disorders using CEs might have significant benefits for patients, the increasing recreational use of these substances by healthy individuals raises many clinical, medico-legal, and ethical issues. Moreover, it has become very challenging for clinicians to Edited by: keep up-to-date with CEs currently available as comprehensive official lists do not exist. Simona Pichini, Methods: Using a web crawler (NPSfinder®), the present study aimed at assessing National Institute of Health (ISS), Italy Reviewed by: psychonaut fora/platforms to better understand the online situation regarding CEs.
    [Show full text]
  • Interactions Between the Glycine and Glutamate Binding Sites of the NMDA Receptor
    The Journal of Neuroscience, March 1993, 73(3): 1068-1096 Interactions between the Glycine and Glutamate Binding Sites of the NMDA Receptor Robin A. J. Lester,” Gang Tong, and Craig E. Jahr Vellum Institute and the Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon 9720 l-3098 The interactions between the glycine and glutamate binding ceptor is controversial (see Thomson, 1991). In whole-cell re- sites of the NMDA receptor have been studied in outside- cordings from hippocampal neurons, saturating concentrations out patches and synapses from hippocampal neurons in cul- of glycine prevent, for the most part, desensitization of NMDA ture using rapid drug application techniques. Desensitization receptor-mediated currents (Mayer et al., 1989). They proposed of NMDA receptor-mediated currents elicited by glutamate that the binding of an agonist at the NMDA binding site causes in newly excised outside-out patches was reduced in the an allosteric reduction in the affinity of the receptor for glycine. presence of saturating concentrations of glycine. This sug- As glycine is required for channel opening, at low concentrations gests that the glutamate and glycine binding sites of the of glycine the NMDA receptor current declines with a time NMDA receptor are allosterically coupled as has been re- course that reflects reequilibration of glycine with its binding ported in whole-cell preparations. A glycine-insensitive form site. Raising the level of glycine reduces this form of desensi- of desensitization increased rapidly over the first few min- tization by overcoming the decrease in affinity (Benveniste et utes of recording and largely occluded the glycine concen- al., 1990; Vyklicky et al., 1990).
    [Show full text]
  • DHEA and the Brain Nutrition, Brain and Behaviour
    DHEA and the Brain Nutrition, brain and behaviour Edited by Chandan Prasad, PhD Professor and Vice Chairman (Research) Department of Medicine LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA Series Editorial Advisory Board Janina R.Galler, MD Director and Professor of Psychiatry and Public Health Center for Behavioral Development and Mental Retardation Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA R.C.A.Guedes, MD, Phd Departmento de Nutrição Centro de Ciências Da Saúde Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Recife/PE, BRASIL Gerald Huether, PhD Department of Psychiatric Medicine Georg-August-Universität Göttingen D-37075 Göttingen, Germany Abba J.Kastin, MD, DSc Editor-in-chief, PEPTIDES Endocrinology Section, Medical Service, V.A. Medical Center, 1601 Perdido Street, New Orleans, LA, USA H.R.Lieberman, PhD Military Performance and Neuroscience Division, USARIEM Natick, MA, USA DHEA and the Brain Edited by Robert Morfin Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Conservatoire National des Arts et Métiers Paris, France London and New York First published 2002 by Taylor & Francis 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Taylor & Francis Inc, 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Toylor & Francis Group This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2005. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge's collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2002 Taylor & Francis All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.
    [Show full text]
  • A Double-Blind, Randomized Study of Minocycline for the Treatment of Negative and Cognitive Symptoms in Early-Phase Schizophrenia
    Levkovitz et al A Double-Blind, Randomized Study of Minocycline for the Treatment of Negative and Cognitive Symptoms in Early-Phase Schizophrenia Yechiel Levkovitz, MD; Shlomo Mendlovich, MD; Sharon Riwkes; Yoram Braw, PhD; Hana Levkovitch-Verbin, MD; Gilad Gal, PhD; Shmuel Fennig, MD; Ilan Treves, MD; and Shmuel Kron, MD Submitted: August 25, 2008; accepted November 24, 2008. Online ahead of print: November 3, 2009 (doi:10.4088/JCP.08m04666yel). Background: Current antipsychotics have only a Corresponding author: Yechiel Levkovitz, MD, The Emotion-Cognition limited effect on 2 core aspects of schizophrenia: nega- Research Center, The Shalvata Mental Health Care Center, POB 94. tive symptoms and cognitive deficits. Minocycline is Hod-Hasharon, Israel ([email protected]). a second-generation tetracycline that has a beneficial effect in various neurologic disorders. Recent findings in animal models and human case reports suggest its potential for the treatment of schizophrenia. These inocycline is a second-generation tetracycline that findings may be linked to the effect of minocycline on exerts anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects the glutamatergic system, through inhibition of nitric M 1 while having a distinct neuroprotective profile. It has excel- oxide synthase and blocking of nitric oxide–induced neurotoxicity. Other proposed mechanisms of action lent brain tissue penetration, is well tolerated, and is almost include effects of minocycline on the dopaminergic completely absorbed when taken orally. These properties, as system and its inhibition of microglial activation. well as its beneficial effect in animal models of neurologic Objective: To examine the efficacy of minocycline disorders, led investigators to suggest its potential in the as an add-on treatment for alleviating negative and treatment of schizophrenia.1,2 cognitive symptoms in early-phase schizophrenia.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comprehensive Analysis Identified Hub Genes and Associated Drugs in Alzheimer’S Disease
    Hindawi BioMed Research International Volume 2021, Article ID 8893553, 10 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8893553 Research Article A Comprehensive Analysis Identified Hub Genes and Associated Drugs in Alzheimer’s Disease Qi Jing,1 Hui Zhang,1 Xiaoru Sun,1,2 Yaru Xu,1 Silu Cao,1 Yiling Fang,1 Xuan Zhao ,1 and Cheng Li 1,2 1Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200072, China 2Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Shanghai Fourth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200434, China Correspondence should be addressed to Xuan Zhao; [email protected] and Cheng Li; [email protected] Received 17 September 2020; Revised 21 November 2020; Accepted 17 December 2020; Published 11 January 2021 Academic Editor: Bing Niu Copyright © 2021 Qi Jing et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease among the elderly and has become a growing global health problem causing great concern. However, the pathogenesis of AD is unclear and no specific therapeutics are available to provide the sustained remission of the disease. In this study, we used comprehensive bioinformatics to determine 158 potential genes, whose expression levels changed between the entorhinal and temporal lobe cortex samples from cognitively normal individuals and patients with AD. Then, we clustered these genes in the protein-protein interaction analysis and identified six significant genes that had more biological functions.
    [Show full text]