Governing Uranium in Australia
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In Situ Leach (ISL) Mining of Uranium
In Situ Leach (ISL) Mining of Uranium (June 2009) l Most uranium mining in the USA and Kazakhstan is now by in situ leach methods, also known as in situ recovery (ISR). l In USA ISL is seen as the most cost effective and environmentally acceptable method of mining, and Australian experience supports this. l Australia's first ISL uranium mine is Beverley, which started operation late in 2000. The proposal for Honeymoon has government approval and it is expected to be operating in 2008. Conventional mining involves removing mineralised rock (ore) from the ground, breaking it up and treating it to remove the minerals being sought. In situ leaching (ISL), also known as solution mining, or in situ recovery (ISR) in North America, involves leaving the ore where it is in the ground, and recovering the minerals from it by dissolving them and pumping the pregnant solution to the surface where the minerals can be recovered. Consequently there is little surface disturbance and no tailings or waste rock generated. However, the orebody needs to be permeable to the liquids used, and located so that they do not contaminate ground water away from the orebody. Uranium ISL uses the native groundwater in the orebody which is fortified with a complexing agent and in most cases an oxidant. It is then pumped through the underground orebody to recover the minerals in it by leaching. Once the pregnant solution is returned to the surface, the uranium is recovered in much the same way as in any other uranium plant (mill). In Australian ISL mines (Beverley and the soon to be opened Honeymoon Mine) the oxidant used is hydrogen peroxide and the complexing agent sulfuric acid. -
About Uranium Mining in South Australia Foreword
The Facts about uranium mining in South Australia Foreword South Australia has been a major producer of uranium since 1988. We are proud of our track record and our global reputation for excellence. The South Australian Government thoroughly To achieve that aim we need to challenge assess mining lease proposals, and through the perceptions of unacceptable hazards stringent conditions, rigorously upholds the associated with the uranium industry. Risks highest standards for monitoring and safety. associated with nuclear energy are judged harsher than competing energy sources. The enduring strength of this State’s leadership in uranium mining is an insistence Access to information and education is on world’s best practice for managing our the key to challenging these perceptions. resources. Uranium – The Facts is just that, the facts that should be the basis for any informed debate Our global reputation enables us to attract about uranium and South Australia’s current the world’s leading uranium miners and role in the global nuclear fuel cycle. lead the country in annual production. Uranium produced in South Australia is equivalent to delivering CO2-free power to 20 million people. Yet with more than 80% of Australia’s total Hon Tom Koutsantonis MP, uranium resource, there remains considerable Minister for Mineral Resources and Energy scope to expand. It’s not enough that we produce exports from the world’s largest uranium deposit at Olympic Dam, we want to unlock the full potential of all South Australia’s uranium assets. How we regulate The Foreign Investment Review The Australian regulatory framework Board examines foreign investment for the uranium industry is widely proposals to ensure the investment is recognised as world’s best practice. -
Arkaroola Protection Area: a Field Guide to Selected Geological Features
Arkaroola Protection Area: A field guide to selected geological features Graeme L. Worboys and Stephen B. Hore arkaroola.com.au environment.sa.gov.au Citation: Worboys, G. L. and Hore, S.B. (2013) Arkaroola Protection Area: A field guide to selected geological features. Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary and Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Adelaide. Copyright: © This work is copyright. Apart from any use permitted under the Australian Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced by any process, nor may any other exclusive right be exercised without the express permission of the authors. Acknowledgements: Many individuals and organisations contributed to the development of this Field Guide. The text has been sourced predominantly from the Arkaroola National Heritage Listing nomination jointly submitted to the Australian Government by the South Australian Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources and Margaret and Douglas Sprigg of the Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary. Appreciation is expressed for the use of this material. The Field Guide also sourced technical geological quotes from a 2004 field guide developed by John Drexel and Stephen Hore and appreciation is extended for the use of this material. Thanks are particularly extended to Margaret and Douglas Sprigg, Lorraine Edmunds and Dennis Walter of Arkaroola Wilderness Sanctuary; Jason Irving of the South Australian Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources; Tim Baker of the Geological Survey of South Australia; the Geological Society of Australia (South Australia Division); Jim Gehling and Joël Brugger of the South Australian Museum; the University of Adelaide; Malcolm William Wallace of the University of Melbourne; Malcolm Walter of the University of New South Wales; Narelle Neumann of Geoscience Australia; and Paul O’Brien of Helivista Helicopters (South Australia) for their assistance in the development of this material. -
4 Pages on U Mining by End of October, See Pol D
URANIUM MINING IN AUSTRALIA Friends of the Earth, Australia foe.org.au/anti-nuclear January 2013 With Australia holding 30-40% of the world's uranium mining was overturned in 2012. In WA, known conventional uranium reserves, the the Liberal government supports uranium mining uranium mining industry hopes to significantly but the Labor opposition opposes any new increase production. However the Coalition uranium mines (but might permit mines that have government, in power from 1996-2007, succeeded received prior approvals). In NSW, the Liberal in establishing only one new mine. The Beverley government supports uranium exploration but has mine in South Australia began commercial not (yet) moved to permit uranium mining. production in 2001. The tiny Honeymoon mine in SA began production in 2011 but in May 2012 joint A 2003 report by a federal Senate References and venture partner Mitsui announced that it was Legislation Committee found "a pattern of under- withdrawing from the Honeymoon project as it performance and non-compliance" in the uranium "could not foresee sufficient economic return from mining industry. It identified many gaps in the project." knowledge and found an absence of reliable data on which to measure the extent of contamination As at January 2013, there is bipartisan support for from the uranium mining industry, and it uranium mining at the federal level and in SA and concluded that changes were necessary "in order the NT. In Queensland, a long-standing ban on to protect the environment and its inhabitants from serious or irreversible damage". The history of secret nuclear weapons research, and committee concluded "that short-term states stockpiling 'civil' plutonium. -
Davidite and Other Early Events in Australia's Uranium Story
Journal & Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales, Vol. 140, p. 1–9, 2007 ISSN 0035-9173/07/01001–9 $4.00/1 Davidite and Other Early Events in Australia’s Uranium Story david branagan Abstract: The uranium-bearing mineral davidite was named for T.W. Edgeworth David. The controversy about its validity as a true mineral lasted some years. Significant studies of radioactivity and age determinations were carried out at Sydney University during the years 1904 to 1930. Keywords: Edgeworth David, davidite, age determinations, Sydney University INTRODUCTION ent substances, and he suspected there might be a new mineral present. Alderman (1967) With the present interest in the use of uranium makes the point that Mawson had not only as a source of energy, it is an appropriate time a deep interest in minerals, but also an ency- to present a few snippets of early Australian clopaedic knowledge. ‘He displayed the hall- research on that subject. The first scientific mark of the great mineralogist–that uncanny studies in Australia on radioactivity were car- ability to recognise almost instantly whether a ried out more than one hundred years ago. Al- mineral is unusual or “new” ’. though not himself an experimenter in this field, Mawson described the ‘new’ substance as T.W. Edgeworth David (1858–1934), Professor cuboid crystals of a black mineral with specific of Geology at the University of Sydney between gravity about 4, having a brilliant lustre and 1891 and 1924, through his encouragement and glassy fracture, containing over 50% of TiO2, a support of various students, played a signifi- large quantity of iron and a notable amount of cant part in the development of this research. -
The Legal Regime for the Road Transport of Uranium Oxide in Western Australia
YELLOWCAKE ROAD: THE LEGAL REGIME FOR THE ROAD TRANSPORT OF URANIUM OXIDE IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA EMILY BELL BACHELOR OF LAWS / BACHELOR OF CRIMINOLOGY MURDOCH UNIVERSITY This thesis is presented for the Honours degree of Bachelor of Laws of Murdoch University, 2017. WORD COUNT: 19,620 (Excluding footnotes, bibliography and appendices) DECLARATION I, Emily Bell, declare this thesis is my own account of my research and contains as its main content, work which has not been previously submitted for a degree at any tertiary education institution. ii COPYRIGHT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I acknowledge that a copy of this thesis will be held at the Murdoch University Library. I understand that, under the provisions of s51.2 of the Copyright Act 1968, all or part of this thesis may be copied without infringement of copyright where such a reproduction is for the purposes of study and research. This statement does not signal any transfer of copyright away from the author. Signed: ………………………………. Degree: Bachelor of Laws / Bachelor of Criminology Thesis Title: Yellowcake Road: The Legal Regime for the Road Transport of Uranium Oxide in Western Australia Author: Emily Bell Year: 2017 iii ABSTRACT Uranium is a contentious and emotive commodity. Attitudes towards uranium and the nuclear fuel cycle have, overall, been negative. Distrust of the nuclear industry and misunderstandings about the level of risk posed by the transport of uranium oxide (also known as yellowcake) has influenced a policy ban prohibiting uranium exports from Western Australian ports. Western Australia has a nascent uranium industry, with four major projects at various stages of government approval. When these mines commence production, producers will be forced to truck the uranium oxide by road to either Port Adelaide or Port Darwin for export. -
Uranium Mining and Nuclear Facilities (Prohibitions) Repeal Bill 2019
LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL STANDING COMMITTEE ON STATE DEVELOPMENT Uranium Mining and Nuclear Facilities (Prohibitions) Repeal Bill 2019 Report 46 March 2020 www.parliament.nsw.gov.au LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL Standing Committee on State Development Uranium Mining and Nuclear Facilities (Prohibitions) Repeal Bill 2019 Ordered to be printed 4 March 2020 according to Standing Order 231 Report 46 - March 2020 i LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL Uranium Mining and Nuclear Facilities (Prohibitions) Repeal Bill 2019 New South Wales Parliamentary Library cataloguing-in-publication data: New South Wales. Parliament. Legislative Council. Standing Committee on State Development. Uranium Mining and Nuclear Facilities (Prohibitions) Repeal Bill 2019 / Standing Committee on State Development. [Sydney, N.S.W.] : the Committee, 2020. – [xiv, 150] pages ; 30 cm. (Report no. 46 / Standing Committee on State Development) Chair: Hon. Taylor Martin, MLC. “March 2020” ISBN 9781920788599 1. New South Wales. Parliament. Legislative Council—Uranium Mining and Nuclear Facilities (Prohibitions) Repeal Bill 2018. 2. Uranium mines and mining—Law and legislation—New South Wales. 3. Nuclear industry—Law and legislation—New South Wales. 4. Nuclear energy—Law and legislation—New South Wales. I. Martin, Taylor. II. Title. III. Series: New South Wales. Parliament. Legislative Council. Standing Committee on State Development. Report ; no. 46 622.349 (DDC22) ii Report 46 - March 2020 STANDING COMMITTEE ON STATE DEVELOPMENT Table of contents Terms of reference vi Committee details vii Chair’s foreword -
Radium Hill, South Australia in 1906 by Arthur Smith
Dear Sir, The attached submission is relevant to the evidence being presented to the Royal Commission hearings into the uranium industry. I trust this information will help the Commission in its deliberations. Kindest regards Kevin R Kakoschke OAM 'NUKE' OR POLLUTE? Recent editions of the 'Advertiser', Saturday Dec. 13, and the 'Australian', Saturday Dec. 13, 2014, highlighted two contentious environment issues, namely the reduction of carbon emissions and nuclear energy. The production of electricity using nuclear energy as the power source was an option for reducing carbon emissions. But what of the radioactive waste? Where did the nuclear dilemma in Australia begin? Radioactive uranium/radium was discovered at Radium Hill, South Australia in 1906 by Arthur Smith. The use of radium for producing electricity was highlighted way back in 1906. A newspaper article stated; 'that one ounce of it is equal to one hundred thousand nominal horsepower'. ...and that small quantity would be sufficient to drive or propel three of the largest battleships afloat for a period of two thousand years. By 1912, there were thirty-five miners working in the mine at Radium Hill extracting the uranium/radium bearing ore which was concentrated before being dispatched to Hunters Hill in Sydney for further processing into radium bromide (350mgms) and uranium (150kgms). Many of these men had links with Broken Hill. In 1913 an article in the 'Adelaide Register' newspaper claimed, 'It will mean that foreign nations will be obliged to seek from us the power wherewith to heat and light their cities, and find means of defence and offence,...The small space for storing radium would be infinitesimally small in comparison to that required for the storing of oil, coal or coke,.. -
….News Bulletin…
…THE… ….NEWS BULLETIN…. For information of ex-Radium Hill Community and families Official Organ of the Radium Hill Historical Association Inc. February 2021 CONTENTS Hello There, BIRTHS Hello there, Birthdays 1 Well, 2021 saw the sixtieth year They say that 40 is the old age of Our Achievements 2 since the closure of the Radium youth and that 60 is the youth of Hill uranium mine. A sad time for old age. Where do you fit in? the hundreds of people who lived Radium Hill Visits and 2 and worked there. What a year 1961 was at the Access Update A.I.M. Hospital, the last year that Miss Radium Hill 3 Many folk have been in touch this babies were born in Radium Hill past year from around the world, including; Closing down 4 with news, advice, and best wishes. Thanks to all of you. Kym Pudler, Atillio Scopel, Paul Glandore Reunion 2021 5 Bertocchi, Steven Westover, Pier R. H. School Fete photo 6 It has been a mixed year, Scalet, Brian Ford, Cynthia Wade, comprising the good and the not so Michael Clayton, Kathryn Lawrie, good. and Graham Paull. Townsite Layout map 6 Entry to our old town of Radium Hill and cemetery, via the “old Gee, how time flies. th track” through both Tikalina and Happy 60 birthday to you all. CONTACT NAMES Maldorky stations is still restricted. Kevin Kakoschke (President) Hopefully this state of affairs will Graham Paull, who at number 32A Mortimer Street, change in the not too distant 117, was the last babe born at the KURRALTA PARK future. -
Consultancy Report Radioactive Waste Store Feasibility Study
ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AUTHORITY Consultancy report Radioactive Waste Store Feasibility Study - Stage Three This report has been prepared by consultants for the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) and the views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the EPA. The EPA cannot guarantee the accuracy of the report, and does not accept liability for any loss or damage incurred as a result of relying on its accuracy. R E P O R T Radioactive Waste Store Feasibility Study - Stage Three Prepared for Environmental Protection Authority GPO Box 2607 Adelaide SA 5001 3 November 2005 42656131 URS Australia Pty Ltd Project Manager: ………………………………….. 25 North Terrace Malcolm Wedd Hackney SA 5069 Associate, Environmental Management Project Director: ………………………………….. Vic Farrington Senior Principal Environmental Engineer Date: 3 November 2005 Reference: 42656131 Status: Final Rev 1 21-NOV-05 Contents Executive Summary-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ES-1 1 Introduction------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1-1 1.1 Background 1-1 1.2 Feasibility Study Topics 1-1 1.3 Feasibility Study Scope 1-2 2 Interim Store Location --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2-1 2.1 Introduction 2-1 2.2 Olympic Dam 2-2 2.2.1 Background 2-2 2.2.2 Potential Interim Store Site Description 2-2 2.2.3 Interim Store Selection Criteria 2-5 2.2.4 The Quantity of Radioactive Waste 2-10 2.2.5 Potential Risks to People and the Environment -
Managing Environmental and Health Impacts of Uranium Mining
Nuclear Development 2014 Managing Environmental and Health Impacts of Uranium Mining Managing Environmental Managing Environmental and Health Impacts of Uranium Mining NEA Nuclear Development Managing Environmental and Health Impacts of Uranium Mining © OECD 2014 NEA No. 7062 NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT The OECD is a unique forum where the governments of 34 democracies work together to address the economic, social and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Republic of Korea, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Commission takes part in the work of the OECD. OECD Publishing disseminates widely the results of the Organisation’s statistics gathering and research on economic, social and environmental issues, as well as the conventions, guidelines and standards agreed by its members. This work is published on the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the Organisation or of the governments of its member countries. -
Radiation Workers' Handbook
Radiation Workers’ Handbook Radiation Control in the Mining & Mineral Processing Industry Uranium Mineral Sands Rare Earths NORM 1 Radiation Workers’ Handbook Contents: Quick-Start Summary 1 Introduction: Radioactive Ores, their Uses & Control 2 History of Radiation & Discovery of the Health Risks 3 History of Australian Uranium Mining 4 Radiation Basics: Atoms; Alpha, Beta & Gamma rays; Activity and Dose Units 5 Health Effects of Radiation 6 Natural Background Radiation & comparisons with Medical Doses 7 Sources of Radiation in the Resources Industries, U-238 & Th-232 decay chains 8 Dose Limit Philosophy & History 9 Regulatory Regime in Australia 10 Dose Control Methods for Different Situations: Mining: Open Pit, Underground, In Situ Leach Processing: Uranium, Mineral Sands, Rare Earths NORM: Oil / Gas, Fertilizer Plants, Coal Washeries, Sinter Plants, Smelters 11 Environmental Controls 12 Transport 13 Surface Contamination Controls & Clearances 14 Radiation Monitoring Plans & Personal Dose Calculations 15 Your Role, Responsibilities, & Required Competencies 16 Comparison with Other Hazards 17 Conclusion Glossary Further Resources & Contributors Image Credits PLEASE NOTE: This booklet has been written about the hazard of radiation and its controls. Other hazards have not been discussed in detail. Safety manuals are available at mines and mills which deal specifi cally with other hazards. Radiation has been given a booklet of its own, not because it is the greater hazard, but because it is invisible and not widely understood. 2 3 Quick-Start Summary: Radiation Dose Delivery Pathways, their monitoring and control As a worker in the mining and resources industries who mines or processes radioactive materials, or treats radioactive wastes, you can be exposed to radiation.