DOCSLIB.ORG

Air Pollution Due to Opencast Coal Mining and It's Control in Indian Context M K Ghose • and S R Maj Ee Centre of Mining Environment

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Air Pollution Due to Opencast Coal Mining and It's Control in Indian Context M K Ghose • and S R Maj Ee Centre of Mining Environment Jou rn al of Scientific & Industrial Research Vol. 60, October 200 I, pp 786-797 Air Pollution due to Opencast Coal Mining and It's Control in Indian Context M K Ghose • and S R Maj ee Centre of Mining Environment. In dian School of Mines, Dhanb ad 826004, India Received: 29 Janu ary 200 I; accept ed : 29 June 200 I Open cast mining dominates th e coal production scenario in India. It creates more serious air pollution prob le m in the area. Coal producti on scenari o and its impact on air quality is descri bed. To maint ain th e energy demand in opencast min ing i~ growing at a phenomenon rate. There is no wcll-clefinccl method for assess in g the impact on air qu alit y clu e to minin g projects. An investi gati on is condu cted to evalu ate th e impact on ai r enviro nment due to opcncast coal mining. Emi ssion fac tor dat a arc utili zed for computati on of du st ge neration due to different mining ac ti viti es. Approach for the selec ti on of work zo ne and ambient air monitoring stations arc cl cscribccl. Work zone air qu alit y, ambient air qu alit y, and seasonal va riati ons arc di sc ussed. whi ch shows hi gh po llution potential clue to SPM. The statu s of air pollution clue to opencast mining is evaluated and its impac t on air environment is assessed. Characteristics SPM show a great concern to human hea lth . Air pollu tio n control measures involve pl anning and implementati on of a series of preventi ve and suppressive measures in addi ti on to du st ex trac tion system. The study reveals that th ere is a need for wider appli ca ti on of du st co ntrol chemi ca ls and an in depth techno-economic survey i ~ essential. Different abatement measures for co nt ro l of air pollution arc enumerated . Air pollution cont rol by trees. rrees tolerant to dillerent ai r pollutants and pl ant species useful for co ntrolling air polluti on is di sc ussed. The meth odology adopted could be utili zed on industrial sca le for various sites. Introduction coal production was 75 Mt/y the share of opencast mining was 20 per cent. By 2000 AD when the total coal Coal is the primary source of energy'. The develop­ producti on was 4 17Mt th e sha re by opencast mining ment of various industri es has a cascad ing affect on th e reached about 70 per cent and th e future plan envisages demand of coal. With the rapid rate of growth of larger share by opencast mining. industries, the future demand of coal will be very hi gh.2 But th e utili zation of coal would be limited by In opencast mining, a mass ive overburden will ha ve environmental di sruption, including deteri oration of air to be removed to reach the mineral deposits. Thi s may quality due to the emission of particulate matter and other require excavators, transporters, loaders, conveyer belts, gaseous pollutants from various mining operati ons , etc., which will results in massive discharge of fin e wh ich , in general , have adverse environ mental impacts . particulate from th e overburden materials. Similarly The magnitude and significance of air pollution, caused normal operations will a lso require excavati on, by mining, depends on method of mining, sca le and transportation, loading, unl oading, size reduction, stock 4 conc entration of mining activities, geolog ical and piling etc . All of th ese will generate particul ate geomorphological setting of th e area. In India, coal matter ' · The volume and variety of air borne du st production will have to be increased to meet the energy particles in the ambient air is ever increasin g and causing demand at the rate of 20-25 Mt/y (ref 3). In underground air pollution problem in th e surrounding areas. Cowherd r' coal mining humans suffer from coal mining inside has reported that vehicul ar traffic on haul road of underground workings but opencast mining creates much mechanized opencast mines can contribute as mu ch as more air quality deterioration in res pect of dust and 80 per cent of the du st emitted. Chadwick et of. 7 ha ve gaseous pollutants in and around th e mining complexes. estimated that about 50 per cent of total coal dust released Opencast mining dominates the coal producti on scenario during journey time on an unpaved haul road, while 25 in India due to the techno-economi c factor, better safety, per cent for both during loading and unl oading of dumper. etc. At the time of nationali zation in 1973, when th e total Drilling is perhaps th e next important source of fu giti ve dust K. Another major source of fugi tive dust is wind · Auti1or for corresponclcn cc eros ion from coal stockpiles. GHOSE & MAJEE: AIR POLLUTION DUE TO OPEN CAST M INING 787 13 O ver e xpl o ita ti o n o f na ture in th e na me o f Control Board (CPCB) , Governme nt of India. T he industri alizati on and development is causing degradati on sampling was continued twice a week for four weeks in of our environment. At the same time, we do relali se a month of each season covering winte r (January), that we cannot stop the development in the name of summe r (M ay-June), monsoon (August) and post­ 14 saving environment onl y. A balance between sustainable mo nsoon (O c tobe r) seasons. · Air samples were development and environment management is the need coll ected for 24h in three 8h shi fts correspond ing to of the hour. E nvironmental impact assessment (EIA) daytime, evening, and ni ghttime. Micrometeorological 1 pl ays a crucial role in resolvin g the conflicts' . Thus, it is data were coll ected on sampling days with respect to necessary to assess the impacts on air environment due w ind directi o n, w ind veloc it y, humidity a nd 15 to ope ncast coal mining so th at prope r me ti gati ve temperature. · "'. SODAR data were coll ected from a measures could be implemented . However there is no monostati c and Doppler SODAR make M/s Ramtech, well-defined method of assessing the impacts on air France in stall ed at Central Mining Research Station environment due to opencast coal projects. To evalu ate (CMRI), Dhanbad . The parameters studied were wi nd the impact on air environment a fact-finding survey is speed and direction, mi xing height, ventilati on coefficient essentia l. In this study atte mpts have been made to (VC). develop a methodology to evaluate the statu s of air For the coll ecti on of samples of suspended parti culate pollution due to opencast coal mining and to suggest matter (SPM), glass fibre ambient (GF/ A) filter paper control measures for the control of air pollution. was used in a hi gh volume sample r (HYS) and fo r Materials and Methods respirabl e dust parti culate matter (RPM) GF/ A was used T he study area was one of the largest opencast coal in respirable dust sampler (RDS) at a flow rate of 1. 1 to projects (OCP) fo r coking coal in Jhari a Coalfields (JCF). 1.5 m'/min that all ows th e SPM to deposit on the filter It has 34.6 Mt quarri able reserve of coal. T he project paper. Particul ate with size range of 0. 1 to I 0011 m was 17 coll ected by HYS . The cut-point diam of RDS was less report was sanctioned in the year 1982 for a targeted production of 2.5 Mt/y and the li fe of the project was th an I 011 m. Both, HVS and RDS were manu factured by M/s Envirotech Ltd, New Delhi . HYS, havin g impi ngers 17 y. The quarry was bein g worked in two patc hes (bubbl e r tra in s) in seri es w ith sodium th rough separate box cuts. Working depth during th e study peri od was about 60 m in box cut three secti ons. tetrachl oromercurate as absorb in g solutio n, were operated at a n average fl ow rate of 0.5L /m in fo r Working was goin g on in X seams havin g seam thi ckness coll ecti on of SO (as per IS: 5 182, Patt II 1969) fo r 24h.fn of 9.62 m. The project is located in the north-west of JCF in Dhanbad di strict of Jharkhand State. It covers an the case of coll etti on of NO sodium hydroxid e was used as absorbing soluti on and coll ected at an average flow area of about 6.8 sq km It is located between latitudes rate of 0.5L /min fo r 24h (as per IS: 5 182, Part IV 1976). 23°46'30"N and 23°47'4"N and longitudes 86° 10'47"E The impinger samples were put in ice boxes immediately and 86° 13 '3 1"E . It is surrounded by many open cast and after sampling and transferred to a refri gerator pri or to underground coal mines. a na lyse. The samples were a na lysed spectra­ Work zone a ir qua lity monitoring stati ons we re photometrically.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Soil Contamination and Human Health: a Major Challenge For
    Soil contamination and human health : A major challenge for global soil security Florence Carre, Julien Caudeville, Roseline Bonnard, Valérie Bert, Pierre Boucard, Martine Ramel To cite this version: Florence Carre, Julien Caudeville, Roseline Bonnard, Valérie Bert, Pierre Boucard, et al.. Soil con- tamination and human health : A major challenge for global soil security. Global Soil Security Sympo- sium, May 2015, College Station, United States. pp.275-295, 10.1007/978-3-319-43394-3_25. ineris- 01864711 HAL Id: ineris-01864711 https://hal-ineris.archives-ouvertes.fr/ineris-01864711 Submitted on 30 Aug 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Human Health as another major challenge of Global Soil Security Florence Carré, Julien Caudeville, Roseline Bonnard, Valérie Bert, Pierre Boucard, Martine Ramel Abstract This chapter aimed to demonstrate, by several illustrated examples, that Human Health should be considered as another major challenge of global soil security by emphasizing the fact that (a) soil contamination is a worldwide issue, estimations can be done based on local contamination but the extent and content of diffuse contamination is largely unknown; (b) although soil is able to store, filter and reduce contamination, it can also transform and make accessible soil contaminants and their metabolites, contributing then to human health impacts.
    [Show full text]
  • What's in the Air Gets Around Poster
    Air pollution comes AIR AWARENESS: from many sources, Our air contains What's both natural & manmade. a combination of different gasses: OZONE (GOOD) 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen, in the is a gas that occurs forest fires, vehicle exhaust, naturally in the upper plus 1% from carbon dioxide, volcanic emissions smokestack emissions atmosphere. It filters water vapor, and other gasses. the sun's ultraviolet rays and protects AIRgets life on the planet from the Air moves around burning Around! when the wind blows. rays. Forests can be harmed when nutrients are drained out of the soil by acid rain, and trees can't Air grow properly. pollution ACID RAIN Water The from one place can forms when sulfur cause problems oxides and nitrogen oxides falls from 1 air is in mix with water vapor in the air. constant motion many miles from clouds that form where it Because wind moves the air, acid in the air. Pollutants around the earth (wind). started. rain can fall hundreds of miles from its AIR MONITORING: and tiny bits of soil are As it moves, it absorbs source. Acid rain can make lakes so acidic Scientists check the quality of carried with it to the water from lakes, rivers that plants and animals can't live in the water. our air every day and grade it using the Air Quality Index (AQI). ground below. and oceans, picks up soil We can check the daily AQI on the from the land, and moves Internet or from local 2 pollutants in the air. news sources. Greenhouse gases, sulfur oxides and Earth's nitrogen oxides are added to the air when coal, oil and natural gas are CARS, TRUCKS burned to provide Air energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Improving Air Quality for Operators of Mobile Machines in Underground Mines
    atmosphere Article Improving Air Quality for Operators of Mobile Machines in Underground Mines Andrzej Szczurek 1, Monika Maciejewska 1,*, Marcin Przybyła 2 and Wacław Szetelnicki 2 1 Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrze˙zeWyspia´nskiego27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected] 2 Centrum Bada´nJako´scisp. zo. o., ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 62, 59-301 Lubin, Poland; [email protected] (M.P.); [email protected] (W.S.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-7132-028-68 Received: 12 November 2020; Accepted: 9 December 2020; Published: 18 December 2020 Abstract: In underground mines, mobile mining equipment is critical for the production system. The microenvironment inside the mobile machine may cause exposure to strongly polluted mine air, which adversely affects the health and working performance of the operator. Harmful pollutants may access the cabin together with the ventilation air delivered from the machine’s surroundings. This work proposes a solution that is able to ensure that the air for the machine operator is of proper quality. The proposal emerged from an analysis of the compliance of cabins of mobile machines working underground in mines with occupational health and safety (H&S) standards. An analytical model of air quality in a well-mixed zone was utilized for this purpose. The cabin atmosphere was investigated with regard to the concentration of gaseous species in the surrounding air, the cabin ventilation rate, and human breathing parameters. The analysis showed that if currently available ventilation approaches are used, compliance with multiple H&S standards cannot be attained inside the cabin if standards are exceeded in the surroundings of the machine.
    [Show full text]
  • Indoor Air Quality
    Indoor Air Quality Poor indoor air quality can cause a stuffy nose, sore throat, coughing or wheezing, headache, burning eyes, or skin rash. People with asthma or other breathing problems or who have allergies may have severe reactions. Common Indoor Air Pollutants Poor indoor air quality comes from many sources, including: » Tobacco smoke » Mold » Pollen » Allergens such as those from cats, dogs, mice, dust mites, and cockroaches » Smoke from fireplaces and woodstoves » Formaldehyde in building materials, textiles, and furniture » Carbon monoxide from gas furnaces, ovens, and other appliances » Use of household products such as cleaners and bug sprays » Outdoor air pollution from factories, vehicles, wildfires, and other sources How to Improve Indoor Air Quality » Open windows to let in fresh air. • However, if you have asthma triggered by outdoor air pollution or pollen, opening windows might not be a good idea. In this case, use exhaust fans and non-ozone-producing air cleaners to reduce exposure to these triggers. » Clean often to get rid of dust, pet fur, and other allergens. • Use a vacuum cleaner equipped with a HEPA filter. • Wet or damp mopping is better than sweeping. » Take steps to control mold and pests. » Do not smoke, and especially do not smoke indoors. If you think poor indoor air is making you sick, please see or call a doctor or other health care provider. About CDC CDC is a federal public health agency based in Atlanta, GA. Our mission is to promote health and quality of life by preventing and controlling disease, injury and disability. For More Information We want to help you to stay healthy.
    [Show full text]
  • Monitoring of Airborne Contamination Using Mobile Equipment
    STUK-A130 FEBRUARY 1996 9- Monitoring of Airborne Contamination Using Mobile Equipment T. Honkamaa, H. Toivonen, M. Nikkinen 1 0 r 1 v. f STUK-A130 FEBRUARY 1996 Monitoring of Airborne Contamination Using Mobile Equipment T. Honkamaa, H. Toivonen, M. Nikkinen FINNISH CENTRE FOR RADIATION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY P.O.BOX 14 FIN-00881 HELSINKI Finland Tel. +358 0 759881 NEXT PAGE(S) left BLANK FINNISH CENTRE FOR RADIATION STUK-A130 AND NUCLEAR SAFETY T. Honkamaa, H. Toivonen, M. Nikkinen. Monitoring of Airborne Contamination Using Mobile Equipment. Helsinki 1996, 65 pp. ISBN 951-712-094-X ISSN 0781-1705 Key words Radioactive particles, in-field gamma-ray spectrometry, emergency preparedness ABSTRACT Rapid and accurate measurements must be carried out in a nuclear disaster that releases radioactive material into the atmosphere. To evaluate the risk to the people, .external dose rate and nuclide-specific activity concentrations in air must be determined. The Finnish Centre for Radiation and Nuclear Safety (STUK) has built an emergency vehicle to accomplish these tasks in the field. The present paper describes the systems and methods to determine the activity concentration in air. Airborne particulate sampling and gamma-ray spectrometric analysis are quantitative and sensitive tools to evaluate the nuclide-specific concentrations in air. The vehicle is equipped with a pump sampler which sucks air through a glassfiber filter (flow about 10 1 s"1). Representative sampling of airborne particles from a moving vehicle is a demanding task. According to the calculations the total collection efficiency in calm air is 60 -140% for the particle size range of 0.1 - 30 um.
    [Show full text]
  • 4 Air Pollution Impacts on Forests in a Changing Climate
    GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES 4 Air Pollution Impacts on Forests in a Changing Climate Convening lead author: Martin Lorenz Lead authors: Nicholas Clarke and Elena Paoletti Contributing authors: Andrzej Bytnerowicz, Nancy Grulke, Natalia Lukina, Hiroyuki Sase and Jeroen Staelens Abstract: Growing awareness of air pollution effects on forests has, from the early 1980s on, led to intensive forest damage research and monitoring. This has fostered air pollution control, especially in Europe and North America, and to a smaller extent also in other parts of the world. At several forest sites in these regions, there are first indications of a recovery of forest soil and tree conditions that may be attributed to improved air quality. This caused a decrease in the attention paid by politicians and the public to air pollution effects on forests. But air pollution continues to affect the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems not only in Europe and North America but even more so in parts of Russia, Asia, Latin America, and Africa. At the political level, however, attention to climate change is focussed on questions of CO2 emission and carbon sequestration. But ecological interactions between air pollution including CO2 and O3 concentrations, extreme temperatures, drought, insects, pathogens, and fire, as well as the impact of ecosystem management practices, are still poorly under- stood. Future research should focus on the interacting impacts on forest trees and ecosystems. The integrative effects of air pollution and climatic change, in particular elevated O3, altered nutrient, temperature, water availability, and elevated CO2, will be key issues for impact research. An important improvement in our understanding might be obtained by the combination of long-term multidisciplinary experiments with ecosystem-level monitoring, and the integration of the results with ecosystem modelling within a multiple-constraint framework.
    [Show full text]
  • WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality : Selected Pollutants
    WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY: WHO GUIDELINES FOR INDOOR AIR QUALITY: This book presents WHO guidelines for the protection of pub- lic health from risks due to a number of chemicals commonly present in indoor air. The substances considered in this review, i.e. benzene, carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, naphthalene, nitrogen dioxide, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (especially benzo[a]pyrene), radon, trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethyl- ene, have indoor sources, are known in respect of their hazard- ousness to health and are often found indoors in concentrations of health concern. The guidelines are targeted at public health professionals involved in preventing health risks of environmen- SELECTED CHEMICALS SELECTED tal exposures, as well as specialists and authorities involved in the design and use of buildings, indoor materials and products. POLLUTANTS They provide a scientific basis for legally enforceable standards. World Health Organization Regional Offi ce for Europe Scherfi gsvej 8, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Tel.: +45 39 17 17 17. Fax: +45 39 17 18 18 E-mail: [email protected] Web site: www.euro.who.int WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: selected pollutants The WHO European Centre for Environment and Health, Bonn Office, WHO Regional Office for Europe coordinated the development of these WHO guidelines. Keywords AIR POLLUTION, INDOOR - prevention and control AIR POLLUTANTS - adverse effects ORGANIC CHEMICALS ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE - adverse effects GUIDELINES ISBN 978 92 890 0213 4 Address requests for publications of the WHO Regional Office for Europe to: Publications WHO Regional Office for Europe Scherfigsvej 8 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark Alternatively, complete an online request form for documentation, health information, or for per- mission to quote or translate, on the Regional Office web site (http://www.euro.who.int/pubrequest).
    [Show full text]
  • Table 9. Major U.S. Coal Mines, 2019
    Table 9. Major U.S. Coal Mines, 2020 Rank Mine Name / Operating Company Mine Type State Production (short tons) 1 North Antelope Rochelle Mine / Peabody Powder River Mining LLC Surface Wyoming 66,111,840 2 Black Thunder / Thunder Basin Coal Company LLC Surface Wyoming 50,188,766 3 Antelope Coal Mine / Navajo Transitional Energy Com Surface Wyoming 19,809,826 4 Freedom Mine / The Coteau Properties Company Surface North Dakota 12,592,297 5 Eagle Butte Mine / Eagle Specialty Materials LLC Surface Wyoming 12,303,698 6 Caballo Mine / Peabody Caballo Mining, LLC Surface Wyoming 11,626,318 7 Belle Ayr Mine / Eagle Specialty Materials LLC Surface Wyoming 11,174,953 8 Kosse Strip / Luminant Mining Company LLC Surface Texas 10,104,901 9 Cordero Rojo Mine / Navajo Transitional Energy Com Surface Wyoming 9,773,845 10 Buckskin Mine / Buckskin Mining Company Surface Wyoming 9,699,282 11 Spring Creek Coal Company / Navajo Transitional Energy Com Surface Montana 9,513,255 12 Rawhide Mine / Peabody Caballo Mining, LLC Surface Wyoming 9,494,090 13 River View Mine / River View Coal LLC Underground Kentucky 9,412,068 14 Marshall County Mine / Marshall County Coal Resources Underground West Virginia 8,854,604 15 Bailey Mine / Consol Pennsylvania Coal Company Underground Pennsylvania 8,668,477 16 Falkirk Mine / Falkirk Mining Company Surface North Dakota 7,261,161 17 Mc#1 Mine / M-Class Mining LLC Underground Illinois 7,196,444 18 Tunnel Ridge Mine / Tunnel Ridge, LLC Underground West Virginia 6,756,696 19 Lively Grove Mine / Prairie State Generating Company
    [Show full text]
  • Indoor Air Quality in Commercial and Institutional Buildings
    Indoor Air Quality in Commercial and Institutional Buildings OSHA 3430-04 2011 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 “To assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women; by authorizing enforcement of the standards developed under the Act; by assisting and encouraging the States in their efforts to assure safe and healthful working conditions; by providing for research, information, education, and training in the field of occupational safety and health.” This publication provides a general overview of a particular standards-related topic. This publication does not alter or determine compliance responsibili- ties which are set forth in OSHA standards, and the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. More- over, because interpretations and enforcement poli- cy may change over time, for additional guidance on OSHA compliance requirements, the reader should consult current administrative interpretations and decisions by the Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission and the courts. Material contained in this publication is in the public domain and may be reproduced, fully or partially, without permission. Source credit is requested but not required. This information will be made available to sensory- impaired individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 693-1999; teletypewriter (TTY) number: 1-877- 889-5627. Indoor Air Quality in Commercial and Institutional Buildings Occupational Safety and Health Administration U.S. Department of Labor OSHA 3430-04 2011 The guidance is advisory in nature and informational in content. It is not a standard or regulation, and it neither creates new legal obligations nor alters existing obligations created by OSHA standards or the Occupational Safety and Health Act.
    [Show full text]
  • REFERENCE GUIDE to Treatment Technologies for Mining-Influenced Water
    REFERENCE GUIDE to Treatment Technologies for Mining-Influenced Water March 2014 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation EPA 542-R-14-001 Contents Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 2 Acronyms and Abbreviations ......................................................................................................... 5 Notice and Disclaimer..................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 8 Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 9 Passive Technologies Technology: Anoxic Limestone Drains ........................................................................................ 11 Technology: Successive Alkalinity Producing Systems (SAPS).................................................. 16 Technology: Aluminator© ............................................................................................................ 19 Technology: Constructed Wetlands .............................................................................................. 23 Technology: Biochemical Reactors .............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Air Pollution and Its Impact on the Elements of Soil and Plants in Helwan Area
    Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci. (2018). 5(6): 38-59 International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences ISSN: 2348-8069 www.ijarbs.com DOI: 10.22192/ijarbs Coden: IJARQG(USA) Volume 5, Issue 6 – 2018 Research Article DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22192/ijarbs.2018.05.06.004 Air Pollution and its Impact on the Elements of Soil and Plants in Helwan Area S. A. Alkhdhairi*, Usama K. Abdel-Hameed*, A. A. Morsy*, Mohamed E. Tantawy* *Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt Abstract Over the past two decades, the threat of environmental pollution elements has attracted attention as much as the air pollution. Concentrations of many trace elements in the environment have been significantly affected by man’s activities. The present study was made to evaluate the potential effects of ambient air pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO and PM10) on Calotropis procera and soil in Helwan city. The study also aimed to evaluate the damaging effect of human activities on soil and some plants, where samples would have collected from industrials, traffic and domestic sources in Helwan city. Sampling and measurements were based on the environmental protection agency (EPA) and the American Standard test methods (ASTM). Evaluation of air pollutants (SO2, NO2, CO and PM10) was measured by Miran Gas Analyzer and Thermo Dust Meter. It was found that all metals were belonging to very high contamination category at all sites near the factories except iron. the internal parts of the leaf and shoot in the Calotropis procera are not affected by concentrations of air pollutants found in Helwan industrial area air or even high concentrations in soil Keywords: Calotropis procera ; Air Pollution; Heavy Metals; Soil; Helwan.
    [Show full text]
  • Coal and Coal Mining in Washington
    State of Washington ARTHUR B. LANGLIE, Governor Department of Conservation and Development ED DAVIS , Director DIVISION OF MINES AND MINING SHELDON L. GLOVER, Supervisor • Report of Investigations No. 4 Coal and Coal Mining in Washington By STEPHEN H. GREEN OLYMPIA STA1'E PRINTING PL ANT 19'1 (' CONTENTS Page Foreword .. 3 Introduction . • . 5 Selected bibliography . 6 Historical . 7 Coal areas of the State. 8 :Northwestern Washington ..................................... 8 King County . 9 Pierce County . 10 Southwestern Washington ..................................... 11 Kittitas County .. ............ .. ........................... 11 Anthracite . 12 Whatcom County ............................ .................... 12 Lewis County ........ ................... ....................... 13 Coal production ..................................... .. ..... ........ 18 Coal mining methods.. 20 Coke industry ...... ·.... -· ................ , ......... : ................ 16 Conditions affecting mining.. 20 Carbonization and hydrogenation of coal. ............................... 17 Fuel briquets . 16 :New prospects and developments.. 41 Present status of the coal mining industry ............................... 24 Properties operating in 1943. 25 King County . 26 Kittitas County . 38 Lewis County . 36 Pierce County . 33 Thurston County . 35 Whatcom County .......................... ..... ................ 25 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure 1. Map showing principal coal areas of Washington ........ Facing 8 Figure 2. Graph of production 1860-1942, inclusive .
    [Show full text]