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Proceedings 1 AGILE Phd School REGIONA Regionales Innovationszentrum für nachhaltiges Wirtschaften und Umwelt-/Geoinformation Band 2 Hardy Pundt, Lars Bernard (eds.) Proceedings 1st AGILE PhD School March 13-14, 2012 Wernigerode, Germany Shaker Verlag Aachen 2012 i Preface The Association of Geographic Information Laboratories in Europe (AGILE, http://www.agile- online.org/) seeks to ensure that the views of the geographic information teaching and research community are fully represented in the discussions that take place on future European research agendas. AGILE also provides a permanent scientific forum where geographic information researchers can meet and exchange ideas and experiences at the European level. The activities of AGILE are managed by an eight person council elected by the member organizations. Its main tasks are to develop an organizational structure to release the goals of AGILE, to further develop with the help of the members a European research agenda, to instigate and stimulate AGILE initiatives, to network with other organizations working in the field of Geoinformation and concerning technologies and to organize the yearly AGILE conference on Geographic Information Science. During one of the last meetings, the Council discussed to strengthen the focus on young researchers who are doing challenging scientific work within the more than 80 member laboratories. Therefore, the Council decided to implement a new initiative that is focused specifically on PhD candidates. This decision was the advent of the AGILE PhD School. The first of its kind has now been carried out at the University of Applied Sciences in Wernigerode, Germany. PhD students and senior scientists met in Wernigerode to present their subjects, exchange ideas and to discuss critically experiences, results and challenges. Within this booklet, the selected papers of the PHD students are included, all of them presenting work in progress in different stages of PhD projects covering various fields of Geoinformation Science. The AGILE Council would like to thank the participants who issued in a first step position papers, and afterwards long papers, and took part in the PhD school to give valuable input. The PhD school is financed by AGILE; furthermore the participants get a grant from AGILE which should help to alleviate their costs. Special thanks go to Martin Raubal (University of Zurich, Switzerland) who supported the selection of papers, and Bénédicte Boucher (Institut Géographique National, France) who confronted the PhD students with the theoretical and practical requirements of a National Mapping Agency. Have new insights and make new experiences while reading the challenging papers included in these proceedings. Lars Bernard, Hardy Pundt ii Table of Contents New hypotheses on serial offender’s spatial behaviour Marie Trotta .................................................. 1 Integration of temporal and semantic components into the Geographic Information: Methodology Willington Siabato, Bruno Martins ...................................................................................................... 10 Information Overload Problem in Decision Making Ricardo Filipe Silva ............................................. 29 Semantic description of generalisation web services for on-demand mapping Nicholas Gould ........ 38 Geospatial Ontology Harmonization Heshan Du ................................................................................. 48 Development of a Framework for Uncertainty-Aware Land Cover Change Analyses with Visual Analytics Methods Christoph Kinkeldey .............................................................................................. 56 Modeling and Validation of Spatial Uncertainty as a Context to Provide Ambient Services Anahid Bassiri .................................................................................................................................................... 65 Towards Understanding The Factors of Integrating Spatial Data Infrastructures and Crowdsourced Geographic Data Mark Iliffe ................................................................................................................. 71 Spatial Scale in Digital Soil Mapping Stefano Cavazzi .......................................................................... 77 Ad-hoc-Geoprocessing in Spatial Data Infrastructures – Formalizations for Geooperators Johannes Brauner .................................................................................................................................................. 89 Towards a CityGML based data model for the GRB, the 2D-large scale topographic inventory of Flanders Ine de Cubber, Jos van Orshoven .......................................................................................... 99 Modeling and analysis of migration movement of pre-colonial cultures in the Amazon basin Carolin von Groote-Bidlingmaier, Sabine Timpf ............................................................................................. 110 Crowdsourcing Building Interior Models Julian Rosser ..................................................................... 118 Taking VGI Seriously: The Portuguese Administrative Modernization Agency (AMA) Case Study Antonio José Silva, Jorge Gustavo Rocha ........................................................................................... 126 Context-based geoinformation technologies in e-Tourism Thomas Spangenberg ........................... 134 iii iv New hypotheses on serial offender’s spatial behaviour Marie Trotta University of Liège, Belgium E-Mail: [email protected] Abstract Geographic profiling is a methodology used to delineate a prior search area for a serial offender. Two new hypotheses integrating recent researches on offender’s behaviour are proposed to broaden the appl icability of the techniques of geographic profiling to commuters and irregular patterns of crimes. The journeys- to-crime variance and place attractiveness will be successively integrated in GP methods. In order to evaluate the variance of the journeys-to-crime on real road network, a method based on least square adjustment in raster mode is developed. A real case of serial rapes illustrates the effectiveness of those assumptions for a non-uniform pattern of crimes. Keywords: Geographic Profiling, Crime at tractors and generators, distance decay heuristic, Raster analysis 1 Geographic profiling: its origin, methods and limits In the 1980’s, environmental criminologists stressed the importance of the spatial dimension in crime analysis, and encouraged spatial analysis to become an investigative tool to narrow the offender search area (Brantingham and Brantingham, 1981, LeBeau, 1987). Theories such as routine activity (Cohen and Felson, 1979) and rational choice (Cornish and Clarke, 1986) were used to describe the criminal’s spatial behaviour, which is supposed to be directly influenced by the configuration of its immediate environment. According to the theory of routine activities, an offender is taking advantage of a criminal opportunity during his usual activities such as going to work, visiting relatives, etc. The rational choice postulates that an offender will try to minimise the effort and the risks to commit an offence while maximising the profit. Subsequently, Rossmo transposed Brantingham’s theories into practice with the creation of the geographic profiling (GP). GP was firstly defined as a methodology of investigation that uses the locations of a series of connected crimes to determine the criminal’s most probable area of residence (Rossmo, 2000). It is based on the heuristic that offenders do not travel far to commit their crimes so that the likelihood to commit an offence deceases with the distance to his residence; this is called the “distance decay effect”. This heuristic is supported by both the rational choice and routine activity theories. It requires several crime locations to work effectively, and, therefore, it focuses primarily on crime series. This method is particularly effective at narrowing large pool of suspects (van Koppen et al., 2011) or at constraining an area for DNA investigation. Therefore, GP helps reducing the resources and time spent in investigations. 1 However, Rossmo’s definition of GP is too restrictive with respect to the evolution of the discipline. Indeed, the methodology can highlight any kind of anchor point of the serial offender such as work place, a relative’s residence, etc. Secondly, several locations can be connected to a single offence: the initial contact scene, the offence and disposal/release sites, etc., rendering GP applicable to that kind of single cases (Knabe-Nicol and Alison, 2011). Within this new canvas, GP can be defined as “ a specialized subset of behavioural analysis directed at examining the geographical and temporal decision-making of an offender, in order to provide an investigative advice ” (Knabe-Nicol and Alison, 2011 p127). This definition emphasizes the relationship between the time and space aspects in any decision process. As the investigator tries to understand this process, GP requires making hypotheses on the offender’s behaviour. This hypothesis is often the constraint of proximity between the offence locations and the offender’s anchor point. Besides, this definition broadens the scope of GP to any useful information that could help the investigators. In practise, the ‘spatial distribution’ and ‘spatial interaction’ models are the most commonly used to determine a prior offender's search area. While the former model
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