PLANT COMMUNITY FIELD GUIDE

Introduction to

Coastal Communities Table of Contents

(click to go to page)

HCCREMS Mapping ...... 3

Field Data Sheet ...... 4

Which of the following descriptions best describes your site? ...... 5

Which community is it? ...... 9

Common Coastal Plant Communities in the Lower Hunter ...... 11

Common Coastal Vegetation ...... 13

HCCREMS Extant Vegetation Mapping (Coastal Zone) ...... 15

MU34 Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath, MU34a Heath ...... 17

A picture guide to in MU34 Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland- Heath, MU34a Heath ...... 19

Threatened Species ...... 22

Useful Resources ...... 29

Useful People ...... 29

References ...... 29

Acknowledgements...... 29

Image Credits ...... 29

2 HCCREMS Extant Vegetation Mapping

Vegetation communities in this guide have been classified and mapped ac- cording to Hunter Central Coast Regional Environment Management Strat- egy (HCCREMS) Vegetation Survey, using Mapping Units (MU). For more comprehensive and up-to-date information on this survey please contact HCCREMS. http://www.hccrems.com.au

When you are starting out in regenerating a bushland site, it may be that you don't know a lot of native species, but if you can provide a council vegetation officer, community support officer or local native plant nursery with some of the information from the Field Data sheet, it is likely that they would be able to identify the broader vegetation community.

The Site Orientation Booklet in this series has a useful contact list including: Coastcare Officers Landcare and Community Support Officers National Parks Officers

Land Managers

3 Field Data Sheet

Habitat Type: please circle

River bank Wetland Floodplain Drainage line

Disturbed / Grazed Open Forest Closed Forest Rainforest (Livestock)

Shrub(2-4m) Heath (< 2m) Grassland Other:

Position on Slope :please circle Altitude in metres

Watercourse Flat Lower Slope Upper Slope Crest Dune

Geology Aspect: please circle N NE E SE S SW W NW

Soil Description

Colour Type pH Sand

Clay Loam

Vegetation Description

Vegetation community, association, type Weed Invasion: please circle High Medium Low

Dominant upper storey species Species diversity: please circle High Medium Low

Dominant middle storey species Species diversity: please circle High Medium Low

Dominant lower storey/groundcover species Species diversity: please circle High Medium Low

4 Which of the following descriptions best describes your site? A Bushland that is mostly undisturbed with a good mix of tree ages, with natu- ral regeneration occurring on site, where the understorey is comprised of native grasses and herbs or native shrubs, and which contains a range of habitats for native fauna (such as logs, shrubs, tree hollows and leaf litter), or

B Moderately disturbed bushland with some regeneration of trees and shrubs, where there may be a regrowth area with trees of even age, where native shrubs and grasses are present in the understorey even though there may be some weed invasion, or

C Highly disturbed bushland where the native understorey has been removed, where there may be significant weed invasion and where dead and dying trees are present, where there is no natural regeneration of trees or shrubs, but where the land is still capable of being rehabilitated.

D This category includes parks, sportsgrounds, native gardens, extremely de- graded sites e.g. Wyee Tyre Dump, quarry sites, SQID sites and some school grounds.

The above Site Classifications are important in determining which regeneration strategy/strategies are appropriate to your site. If your site, or zones within your site, would best fit into either an A or B cate- gory, then usually a Weeding Program would be all that is necessary, as the site resilience would be sufficient for native plants to re-establish themselves from the seedbank without a Planting Program. This is also true of mulching. Introduced mulch to bushland reserves can bring the problem of inadvertently bringing weed seed and inappropriate na- tive plant seed.

Mulch is also often promoted as a means of inhibiting weed regrowth, which is true, but mulch also inhibits native plant regrowth if there is an existing seed- bank on your site.

5 For A and B sites, mulching and planting should be restricted to edge zones, or degraded zones within the site where there is no site resilience. Monitoring of a site for 6 to 12 months after a weeding program should give a good indication of whether na- tive plants will regenerate from the seedbank or not.

6 If your site fits into a C or D category, then it is likely that you will have to adopt an Assisted Regeneration Strategy incorporating both a Weeding and a Planting Program. The focus should still be on any remnant native species, and any Planting Program should attempt to reconstruct the original native plant community except where site conditions are so changed that replanting of the original species is im- practical.

7 Good examples of C and D class sites in the urban context are the many narrow reserves around what would originally have been ephemeral creek lines in Open Forest com- munities. Usually such reserves are surrounded by housing on the upslope, the gully floor has a high level of disturbance

because that's where the sewer Sandpaper Fig, Ficus coronata main has been constructed, and the creek carries more water and nutri- In highly disturbed sites like this, you are ents than it did in the past. limited by the sort of indigenous species that will tolerate the changed con- ditions: it is likely that you would have to plant more mesic species like Creek Lillipilly, Sandpaper Fig and Cheese Tree to displace the weed species. This may upset some purists, but it is better to have a reconstructed in- digenous (if not original) plant com- munity than a weed-infested reserve.

Cheese Tree , Glochidion ferdinandi

Regeneration a b c d

Tree decline 8 Which plant community is it?

Let's use a hypothetical example: you have a site somewhere in the Port Stephens, Newcastle, or Lake Macquarie Local Gov- ernment Area. It's on a ridgeline with an open aspect. There are tall trees so you think it's probably an Open Forest, and there is a clay soil. You don't know the botanical names of native plants, but you know the big trees are Spotted Gums and Ironbarks. If you take this information to one of your friendly support officers, they should be able to tell you that it is likely to be HCCREMS Map Unit 15 (MU15) Coastal Foothills Spotted Gum- Ironbark Forest, and provide you with a Species List from the Map Unit Profiles. This will give you a generic list of canopy, mid-storey and ground- cover species, and possible Rare/Endangered Species. This is a good starting point until you can get a site-specific species list completed.

9 Corymbia maculata Spotted Gum has a very distinctive spotty looking bark.

Syncarpia glomulifera Turpentine is often found in this plant com- munity as well. It has a very distinctive fruit.

Ironbarks have dark , hard and deeply fis- sured bark that forms long stiff ridges along the trunk.

10 Common Coastal Plant Communities in the Lower Hunter

The dunal system within the Lake Macquarie, Newcastle and Port Stephens region has been subjected to extensive disturbance through urban development, through in- appropriate recreational activity, through sand-mining, and dune reconstruction works and planting and post sand-mining activi- ties.

Urban encroachment in Newcastle (above)and the sand mining scars in Lake Macquarie (right)

Within Lake Macquarie, restoration Landcare/Dunecare activities work commenced at are designed to be compatible  Redhead [1977], with the POMs  Frenchman’s Beach [1988]  Caves Beach [1989],  Blacksmith’s Beach [1993], and  Catherine Hill Bay [1996].

Plans of Management (PoM) exist for Active Landcare/  Catherine Hill Bay [September, 2001], Dunecare groups are  Caves Beach [September, 2001], currently [2007] working  Swansea Heads [September, 2001], zones within most of  Dudley Bluff [September, 2001], these sites and Lake  Blacksmiths Beach [September 2001] and Macquarie City Council  a LMCC Landscape Plan and POM is rele- provides funds through vant to Redhead Beach and Webb Park. the Landcare Resource Office for professional dune maintenance.

11

A substantial area of the coastline from the clifftop at Redhead Bluff to Murdering Gully near Merewether is managed by the National Parks and Wildlife Service within Awabakal Nature Reserve and Glenrock State Conservation Area. Some reserves on Dudley Bluff are currently being worked by Trees In Newcastle bush regeneration team through Lake Macquarie City Council, with an eventual aim of incorporating them into the National Park.

The Newcastle coastline has suffered greatly through urban development to the extent that no natural dune profiles exist on Merewether, Dixon Park, Bar, Newcastle, Nobbys or Stockton Beaches. Much of the coast is also infested with Bitou Bush. Trees In Newcastle has been involved in coastal project work through Newcastle City Council since 2003 at Burwood Beach, Mere- wether Beach, the Trig Point, and King Edward Park. Other Dunecare work is active at Merewether Beach, Horseshoe Beach, and Stockton Beach, and Conservation Volunteers are currently involved in a du- nal project at Nobbys Beach. Most of this work involves reinstatement of native vegetation communities, rather than protection and enhancement of existing vegetation communities. There is a Coastline Management Plan that should guide community volunteer activities.

12 Large areas of the Port Stephens coastline are included in the National Parks and Wildlife Service estate, either within Tomaree National Park or the new Worimi Conservation Lands, jointly administered by the NPWS and the traditional owners. As such these areas will be subject to POMs, which should determine regeneration activities on site

Common Coastal Vegetation

Scaevola In areas where natural calendu- lacea vegetation communities remain or have been Scented Fan Flower reinstated, foredune ar- eas are fairly well vege- tated with Spinifex, Scaevola, Carpobrotus and Acacia, while the hind -dunes are generally a mix of native plant spe- cies; integrifolia, , Leptospermum spp., Monotoca elliptica, Melaleuca nodosa, Allocasuarina distyla.

Carpobrotus Pigface

13

In some cases, at Redhead and Frenchman’s Beach for example, the Acacia sophorae--Leptospermum laevigatum dune thicket has been reconstructed over large areas and Bitou Acacia sophorae weed control has formed a Coastal Wattle substantial component of dune maintenance work.

In these reconstructed na- tive plant communities, low species diversity is a common issue, though the opportunity now exists for enrichment planting of mo- saics of unrepresented lo- cal dunal communities to be established as part of Landcare/Dunecare’s fol- low-up of dune mainte- nance and weed control Banksia integrifolia works. Coastal Banksia

Leptospermum laevigatum Coastal Tea tree

Chrysanthemoides monilifera Bitou Bush Before and after Bitou Bush removal 14 HCCREMS Extant Vegetation Mapping

The following summary does not include the NPWS lands- Wallarah, Awabakal, Glenrock, Worimi Conservation Lands or Tomaree. NPWS have their own vegetation mapping, management recommendations, and support officers for volunteer workers. Any volunteer group contemplating work within any of the NPWS estate should first contact the relevant NPWS officer .Contact details are in the Site Ori- entation workbook

HCCREMS mapping lists the following vegetation communities for the coastal zone:  Catherine Hill Bay (east of Flowers Drive) MU34 Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath MU53 Beach Spinifex  Caves Beach/Hams Beach (east of Pacific Drive), Frenchman’s Beach, Crabs Creek, Swansea Heads MU34 Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath MU50 Coastal Sand Scrub  Blacksmiths MU34 Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath  Redhead MU34a Heath MU34 Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath MU37 Swamp Mahogany-Paperbark Forest MU50 Coastal Sand Scrub MU53 Beach Spinifex  Dudley MU1 Coastal Wet Gully Forest MU6 Coastal Narrabeen Moist Forest MU15 Coastal Foothills Spotted Gum Ironbark Forest MU48 Coastal Clay Heath MU51 Coastal Headland Complex  Stockton Bight MU33 Coastal Sand Apple- Blackbutt Forest-Beach Sand/ Sand

Remember that working any part of our coast or coastal lake or estuary system is likely to involve working on a site of potential Aboriginal heritage. A starting point for any project is consultation with the LALC, and you need to remember that grant funding usually allows for a cultural assessment of your site by an appro- priate officer.

15 As the Map Unit Profiles are necessarily generalizations, the accu- racy of this mapping is questionable in some sites, and there is no mapping as such for the immediate Newcastle coastal zone. There are important omissions of quite small remnants of some significant vegetation communities: Endangered Ecological Community- Littoral Rainforest There are some small disconnected remnants of littoral rainforest communities at Swansea Heads- at Little Beach on the slope from the headland down to the beach, at Illawong Park a remnant dwarfed to three metres by wind-shear, at Crabs Beach as a regrowth mo- saic beneath Casuarina and Banksia, and at Salts Bay. There are similar disconnected remnants on Dudley Bluff. Endangered Ecological Community- Themeda grasslands on seacliffs and coastal headlands There are poorly managed remnants of this community at Illa- wong Park, at Swansea Heads near the Coastguard station, at Dud- ley Bluff, and at King Edward Park. Trees In Newcastle is currently working in and near the remnant in King Edward Park with funding through Newcastle City Council.

Salts Bay stabilisation work

16 A description of a plant community Abridged from http://www.lhccrems.com.au/biodiversity/mu32_34.html#mu34 MU34 Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath MU34a Heath Canopy Label: / Corymbia gummifera / Angophora co- stata Structural Classification (Specht): Low Open Forest- Low woodland- Heathland

Description This dry woodland - heath assemblage is marked by the dominance of Wallum Banksia (Banksia aemula). It occurs largely on Pleistocene sands across the Tomago Coastal Plain, perched dunes of Bouddi Pen- insula (Mc Rae, 1990) and coastal headlands east of Lake Macquarie. Structurally, this community varies from heathland in exposed areas of low relief and to low open forest in areas of increased shelter. As Heathland (mapped as MU34a where API delineates structural varia- tion), a shrub layer of Banksia aemula, Leptospermum trinervium, anemonifolius, and Ricinocarpus pinifolius to a height of 2 me- tres dominates this community. Where it forms a woodland Angophora costata and Corymbia gummif- era emerge above the heathland as low trees to a height of 10 metres. Where this community occurs as low open forest, the canopy can also include Eucalyptus piperita, and Eucalyptus signata. A large example of this form is found in Port Stephens across the Tomago Sandbeds. Where this occurs the understorey is somewhat less dense than the heathland variation, it still contains Wallum Banksia however includes shrubs such as Leptospermum trinervium, Acacia uli- cifolia and formosa. Where fire is frequent Pteridium esculen- tum can dominate the understorey. This community type is related to Map Unit 33: Coastal Sand Apple Blackbutt Forest which occurs on higher dunes of deeper soils. Close similarity with Map Unit 49 Wallum Clay Heath is apparent. However it is distinguished by its marked abundance of Melaleuca sieberi and mois- ture tolerant sedges in the lowest stratum. Map Unit 36: Tomago Sand Swamp Woodland merges with Coastal Sand Wallum Heath around Williamtown. The absence of Banksia ae- mula, and presence of Eucalyptus Parramattensis subsp decadens and Melaleuca nodosa are indicative of the differences .

17 MU34 coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath MU34a Heath

% in Stratum Scientific name community Common name

Tallest Angophora costata 43 Corymbia gummifera 36 Eucalyptus piperita 20 Eucalyptus signata 13 Eucalyptus pilularis 6 Eucalyptus camfieldii 3 Eucalyptus capitellata 1 Mid Banksia aemula 83 76 Ricinocarpos pinifolius 66 Leptospermum trinervium 63 Leucopogon ericoides 56 Acacia ulicifolia 53 Acacia terminalis 36 36 Ochrosperma lineare 6 Allocasuarina distyla 30 Lowest (<1m) Bossiaea ensata 70 Gonocarpus teucrioides 66 Monotoca scoparia 56 Pimelea linifolia 56 Pteridium esculentum 56 Aotus ericoides 53 Eriostemon australasius 53 Bossiaea heterophylla 50 Lomandra glauca 50 Dillwynia retorta 46 Leucopogon deformis 10 Vines and Cassytha glabella forma gla- 53 Epiphytes bella

18 A picture guide to Plants in MU34 Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath MU34a Heath

Tall Trees

Angophora costata Smooth- barked Apple

H. Jolley H. Jolley Marita Marita Macrae

Corymbia gummifera D. Hardin D. Red Bloodwood

Eucalyptus piperita Sydney Peppermint

Plantnet

19 A picture guide to Plants in MU34 Coastal Sand Wallum Woodland-Heath MU34a Heath

Mid Storey

Banksia aemula Wallum Banksia

Isopogon anemonifolius Drumsticks

Acacia ulicifolia Prickly Moses

Allocasuarina distyla Scrub She-oak

20 A picture guide to Plants in MU34 coastal Sand Wallum Woodland- Heath MU34a Heath Lowest Storey

Gonocarpus teucroides

Raspwort

Pteridium esculentum Bracken Fern

Bossiaea 2007 fisher Elsa

heterophylla

Variable

Bossiaea Elsafisher 2007

Dillwynia retorta Eggs and Bacon

21 Threatened Species The National Parks and Wildlife Service Atlas has a site that allows you to search for all the plants and animals in your Local Government Area. It will also tell you what the Threatened Species are in your area, the site is http://wildlifeatlas.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/wildlifeatlas/watlas.jsp Many of the species also have information sheets that go with them including pic- tures and detailed information which are associated with the Threatened Species site http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx

Endangered, vulnerable or extinct? Schedule 1 of the Threatened Species Conservation( TSC) Act lists threatened species, populations and ecological communities and species that are endangered or pre- sumed extinct. Schedule 2 lists vulnerable species and Schedule 3 lists key threat- ening processes.

 The TSC Act defines 'endangered' as a species, population or ecological com- munity that is likely to become extinct or is in immediate dan- ger of extinction.  A species that is 'presumed extinct' has not been located in nature during the preced- ing fifty years despite the searching of known and likely habitats.  A 'vulnerable' species is likely to become endangered unless the circumstances and fac- tors threatening its survival or evolutionary development cease to operate.

V -- Vulnerable (Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995) E1 - Endangered (Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995) E2 - Endangered (Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995) E4 - Presumed Extinct (Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995) P - Protected (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1974) P13 - Protected Plants (National Parks and Wildlife Act, 1974) U – Unprotected

22 Port Stephens Threatened Species

Common Name Scientific Name Status

AMPHIBIANS Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea E1 Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula V BIRDS Speckled Warbler Pyrrholaemus sagittatus V Osprey Pandion haliaetus V Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis V Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa V Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata V Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus V Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis V Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius E1 Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum V Glossy Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami V Greater Sand-plover Charadrius leschenaultii V Lesser Sand-plover Charadrius mongolus V Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus E1 Brown Treecreeper Climacteris picumnus V Ptilinopus magnificus Wompoo Fruit-Dove V Superb Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus superbus V Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus V Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris V Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea V Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia E1 Grey-crowned Babbler Pomatostomus temporalis temporalis V (eastern subspecies) Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor E1 Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella V Painted Snipe (Australian subspecies) Rostratula benghalensis australis E1

Barking Owl Ninox connivens V Grass Owl Tyto capensis V Powerful Owl Ninox strenua V Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae V REPTILES

Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta E1 Green Turtle Chelonia mydas V

23 Port Stephens Threatened Species MAMMALS Southern Right Whale Eubalaena australis V Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae V Eastern Pygmy-possum Cercartetus nanus V Spotted-tailed Quoll Dasyurus maculatus V Brush-tailed Phascogale Phascogale tapoatafa V Dugong Dugong dugon E1 Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat Saccolaimus flaviventris V Eastern Freetail-bat Mormopterus norfolkensis V New Zealand Fur-seal Arctocephalus forsteri V Diuris arenaria Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis V Sand Doubletail Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis V

Koala Phascolarctos cinereus V Long-nosed Potoroo Potorous tridactylus V Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus V Large-eared Pied Bat Chalinolobus dwyeri V Eastern False Pipistrelle Falsistrellus tasmaniensis V Golden-tipped Bat Kerivoula papuensis V Little Bentwing-bat Miniopterus australis V Eastern Bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis V Large-footed Myotis Myotis adversus V Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii V Pandion haliaetus PLANTS Osprey Common name Scientific Name Status Black-eyed Susan Tetratheca juncea V Sand Spurge Chamaesyce psammogeton E1 Villous Mint-bush Prostanthera densa V Charmhaven Apple Angophora inopina V Netted Bottle Brush Callistemon linearifolius V Heart-leaved Stringybark Eucalyptus camfieldii V Slaty Red Gum Eucalyptus glaucina V Eucalyptus parramattensis subsp. decadens V Grove's Paperbark Melaleuca groveana V Leafless Tongue Orchid Cryptostylis hunteriana V Sand Doubletail Diuris arenaria E1 Rough Double Tail Diuris praecox V Small-flower Grevillea parviflora subsp. parviflora V

Dwarf Kerrawang Rulingia prostrata E1

24 Newcastle Threatened Species Common name Scientific name Status AMPHIBIANS Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea E1 Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura V BIRDS Osprey Pandion haliaetus V Blue-billed Duck Oxyura australis V Freckled Duck Stictonetta naevosa V Magpie Goose Anseranas semipalmata V Australasian Bittern Botaurus poiciloptilus V Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis V Bush Stone-curlew Burhinus grallarius E1 Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum V Greater Sand-plover Charadrius leschenaultii V Lesser Sand-plover Charadrius mongolus V Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus E1 Wompoo Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus magnificus V Rose-crowned Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus regina V Superb Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus superbus V Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans E1 Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus V Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris V Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea V Little Tern Sterna albifrons E1 Black-chinned Honeyeater (eastern sub- Melithreptus gularis gularis V species) Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia E1 Southern Giant Petrel Macronectes giganteus E1 Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor E1 Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella V Painted Snipe (Australian subspecies) Rostratula benghalensis australis E1

Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris V Broad-billed Sandpiper Limicola falcinellus V Black-tailed Godwit Limosa limosa V Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus V Barking Owl Ninox connivens V Powerful Owl Ninox strenua V Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae V

25 Newcastle Threatened Species

MARINE MAMMALS

Humpback Whale Megaptera novaeangliae V

Dugong Dugong dugon E1

MAMMALS

Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat Saccolaimus flaviventris V

Eastern Freetail-bat Mormopterus norfolkensis V Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis V Koala Phascolarctos cinereus V Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus V Ninox Little Bentwing-bat Miniopterus australis V strenua Powerful Miniopterus schreibersii Eastern Bentwing-bat V Owl oceanensis

Large-footed Myotis Myotis adversus V

Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii V

PLANTS

Common Name Scientific Name Status

Heath Wrinklewort Rutidosis heterogama V

Black-eyed Susan Tetratheca juncea V

Netted Bottle Brush Callistemon linearifolius V

Magenta Lilly Pilly Syzygium paniculatum V

Rough Double Tail Orchid Diuris praecox V Diuris praecox Zannichellia palustris E1

Rough Double Tail

Diggins 2006 A. A.

Syzygium paniculatum Tetratheca juncea Magenta Lillipilly Black-eyed Susan

26 Lake Macquarie Threatened Species

Common Name Scientific Name Status AMPHIBIANS Green and Golden Bell Frog Litoria aurea E1 Green-thighed Frog Litoria brevipalmata V Littlejohn's Tree Frog Litoria littlejohni V Wallum Froglet Crinia tinnula V Stuttering Frog Mixophyes balbus E1 Giant Barred Frog Mixophyes iteratus E1 Red-crowned Toadlet Pseudophryne australis V BIRDS Speckled Warbler Pyrrholaemus sagittatus V Square-tailed Kite Lophoictinia isura V Osprey Pandion haliaetus V Black Bittern Ixobrychus flavicollis V Gang-gang Cockatoo Callocephalon fimbriatum V Glossy Black-Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus lathami V Greater Sand-plover Charadrius leschenaultii V Lesser Sand-plover Charadrius mongolus V Black-necked Stork Ephippiorhynchus asiaticus E1 Brown Treecreeper Climacteris picumnus V Rose-crowned Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus regina V Superb Fruit-Dove Ptilinopus superbus V

Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans E1 Black-browed Albatross Thalassarche melanophris V Sooty Oystercatcher Haematopus fuliginosus V Pied Oystercatcher Haematopus longirostris V Comb-crested Jacana Irediparra gallinacea V Little Tern Sterna albifrons E1 Sooty Tern Sterna fuscata V Regent Honeyeater Xanthomyza phrygia E1 Hooded Robin Melanodryas cucullata V Swift Parrot Lathamus discolor E1 Turquoise Parrot Neophema pulchella V Painted Snipe (Australian subspecies) Rostratula benghalensis australis E1 Great Knot Calidris tenuirostris V Terek Sandpiper Xenus cinereus V Barking Owl Ninox connivens V Powerful Owl Ninox strenua V Masked Owl Tyto novaehollandiae V Sooty Owl Tyto tenebricosa V

27 Lake Macquarie Threatened Species

MARINE MAMMALS Southern Right Whale Eubalaena australis V Dugong Dugong dugon E1 MAMMALS Spotted-tailed Quoll Dasyurus maculatus V Yellow-bellied Sheathtail-bat Saccolaimus flaviventris V

Brush-tailed Rock-wallaby Petrogale penicillata E1 Eastern Freetail-bat Mormopterus norfolkensis V Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis V Squirrel Glider Petaurus norfolcensis V Koala Phascolarctos cinereus V Grey-headed Flying-fox Pteropus poliocephalus V Large-eared Pied Bat Chalinolobus dwyeri V Eastern False Pipistrelle Falsistrellus tasmaniensis V Little Bentwing-bat Miniopterus australis V Eastern Bentwing-bat Miniopterus schreibersii oceanensis V Large-footed Myotis Myotis adversus V Greater Broad-nosed Bat Scoteanax rueppellii V Eastern Cave Bat Vespadelus troughtoni V REPTILES Loggerhead Turtle Caretta caretta E1 Green Turtle Chelonia mydas V Stephens' Banded Snake Hoplocephalus stephensii V Rosenberg's Goanna Varanus rosenbergi V

PLANTS Common name Scientific Name Status White-flowered Wax Plant Cynanchum elegans E1

Tetratheca glandulosa V Black-eyed Susan Tetratheca juncea V Epacris purpurascens var. purpurascens V Sand Spurge Chamaesyce psammogeton E1 Coast Headland Pea Pultenaea maritima V Bynoe's Wattle Acacia bynoeana E1 Charmhaven Apple Angophora inopina V Netted Bottle Brush Callistemon linearifolius V Heart-leaved Stringybark Eucalyptus camfieldii V

Biconvex Paperbark Melaleuca biconvexa V Magenta Lilly Pilly Syzygium paniculatum V Leafless Tongue Orchid Cryptostylis hunteriana V Rough Double Tail Diuris praecox V Small-flower Grevillea Grevillea parviflora subsp. parviflora V 28 Useful Resources DIPN (2003) CPR– Coastal Plant Regeneration– CD (ISBN 0 7347 5315 2) LMCC ( 2004) Lake Macquarie Coastal Planting Guide TIN (2005) Caring for our coast (pamphlet)

Useful People The Site Orientation Booklet in this series has a useful contact list including Coastcare Officers Landcare and Community Support Officers National Parks Officers Land Managers

References Hunter Councils Inc (2003) Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional En- vironmental Strategy http://www.lhccrems.nsw.gov.au/biodiversity/ mu15_17.html#mu15, (Accessed 07.06.07) Hunter Councils Inc (2003) Lower Hunter and Central Coast Regional En- vironmental Strategy and http://www.lhccrems.com.au/biodiversity/ mu32_34.html#mu34 (Accessed 07.06.07) Threatened Species lists -Department of Environment and Climate Change (2005) Threatened Species, Populations & Ecological communities of NSW http://www.threatenedspecies.environment.nsw.gov.au/tsprofile/ home_species.aspx (Accessed 12.05.07)

Acknowledgements Carl Fulton for sharing his vast botanical knowledge and understanding of the site orientation and bush regeneration processes by compiling the information contained in this document. Suzanne Pritchard for the layout and desktop publishing All the TIN team, staff and volunteers, who over the years have found new and interesting ways to do things and for sharing their extensive botanical knowledge and being dedicated to empowering through knowledge sharing. Lake Macquarie City Council- Landcare Resource Office for printing the publications Hunter Central Rivers CMA and Natural Heritage Trust for providing the funding through the Environmental Education grants program. (http:// www.hcr.cma.nsw.gov.au) Image credits All plant photographs unless otherwise stated are by Peter Saunderson, TIN volunteer.

29 Bush Regeneration photos are from the TIN collection unless otherwise stated. Cover – Botanical Clip Art -Down Under Collection Deluxe CD–New Horizons Edu- cational Software .www.nh.com.au Page3—Mulching should be avoided from poster ―Natural Regeneration-Do you even need to plant? – AABR http://www.aabr.org.au/images/stories/resources/ posters/NaturalRegeneration060612.pdf (accessed 1/8/07) Page 12- Google Earth Images of Newcastle coastline, Lake Macquarie Coastline, Glenrock SRA (accessed 29/7/07) Page 13– Images of Newcastle Beaches– Newcastle City Council Page 14 Google Earth Image of Port Stephens (accessed 6/8/07) Page 20- Corymbia gummifera : Trunk/sap pic Marita Macrae http:// www.pittwater.nsw.gov.au/environment/plants__and__animals/native_animals/ sugar_gliders (accessed 9/8/07) Page 20 Corymbia gummifera: Gumnuts-Plantnet;Tree photo D. Hardin Dec 2004 ©Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney Australia. http:// plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl? page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Corymbia~gummifera (accessed 9/8/07) Page 20 Eucalyptus piperita Photo H. Jolley Mar 2003 ©Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust, Sydney Australia http://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl? page=nswfl&photo=31&file=23/633/324161.jpg (accessed 9/8/07)

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