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Breeding Distribution of Nashville and Virginia's Warblers

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Breeding Distribution of Nashville and Virginia's Warblers THE AUK A QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF ORNITHOLOGY VoL. 93 Avail 1976 No. 2 BREEDING DISTRIBUTION OF NASHVILLE AND VIRGINIA'S WARBLERS N•t> K. Jou•so• Accuv•T• definition of the breedingranges of the western race of the NashvilleWarbler (Vermivoraruficapilla ridgwayi) and of Virginia's Warbler (Vermivoravirginae) is of morethan ordinaryinterest for several reasons.Although Phillips et al. (1964: 148) arguefor the conspecificity of thesetwo warblers,descriptions of nestingdistributions in the current literature(e.g.A.O.U. 1957) implybreeding sympatry in Idaho and Utah. Mayr and Short (1970: 73) also expressconcern for possibleoverlap and interactionof V. ruficapilla and V. virginiaein the same region,in view of their general distributionand close relationshipas probable members of the same superspecies(Mengel 1964). In this paper I review the basis for the publishedstatements on the breedingranges of the westernrace of the Nashville and Virginia's Warblers, especiallywhere they occur in proximity, and correct and update these descriptionswith recordsfrom recent fieldwork. Many specimensexamined for this study are in the Museum of VertebrateZoology, University of California, Berkeley (MVZ). Other useful material is in the United States National Museum of Natural History, Washington(USNM); California Academyof Sciences,San Francisco(CAS); San Diego Natural History Museum (SDNHM); Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology, Los Angeles (WFVZ); Museumof Biology,University of Nevada, Reno (UNMB); University of Utah, SaltLake City (UU); andUtah StateUniversity, Logan (USU). In the text, initials are used to identify the collectioncontaining a specimenthat documentsoccurrence at a particularlocality. The initials "NKJ" followrecords of breedingbirds unsupported by specimens.My field notes (MVZ) fully describethese observations. 219 The Auk 93: 219-230. April 1976 220 Nwi>K. Joxx•so• [Auk, Vol. 93 CURRENTLY ACCEPTED DESCRIPTIONS OF BREEDING RANGES Accordingto the "Check-listof North Americanbirds" (A.O.U. 1957: 484), V. r. ridgwayi breeds "from southern interior British Columbia (Pemberton,Revelstoke, Creston) and northwesternMontana (Fortine) south through Washington(west to Tacoma), Oregon,and Idaho to interiornorthwestern and central California (Mount Sanhedrin,Greenhorn Mountains),central western Nevada (Incline), and northernUtah (Wa- satchMountains)." The closely-relatedVermivora virginiae, breeds "from central Nevada (Toiyabe Mountains), southeasternIdaho (Cassia County), northeasternUtah (Salt Lake City, Vernal), and central northernColorado (Estes Park) southto southeasternCalifornia (White Mountains,Clark Mountain), southernNevada (PotosiMountain), cen- tral and southeasternArizona (Hualpai, Santa Rita, and Chiricahua mountains), and central-northernNew Mexico (Sandia Mountains, Glorieta)." These descriptions,that imply nearly contiguousallopatry and local sympatryof the Nashvilleand Virginia's Warblers,have been followed by all authors of recent important literature concerningthe species(Griscom and Sprunt 1957, Mengel 1964, Lowery and Monroe 1968, Stein 1968). The map (Fig. 1) showsbreeding localities for the two speciesbased on a reevaluationof evidencefrom museumspecimens and records from the regional literature. I emphasizelocalities that define the perimeter of each breeding range. BI•EDISO DISTRmUTIOSOX* Vermivora ruficapilla ridgwayi British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon.--The Nashville Warbler breeds acrosssouthern British Columbia (Godfrey 1966), through the CascadeMountains, OkanoganHighlands, and Blue Mountains of Wash- ington (Jewett et al. 1953), and on both slopesof the CascadeMountains and in the Blue Mountains of Oregon (Gabrielson and Jewett 1940). The speciesis unrecordedin summer across a broad swath of south central Washington and virtually all of Oregon east of the Cascades except for the mountainousregion of the northeastcorner of the state. Considerableforested country occursin north central Oregon, where at least small populationsof V. ruficapilla may breed, and this region is queried on the map. California and Nevada.--Breedinglocalities for the Nashville Warbler extend through the higher mountainsof northern California, southward along the Inner Coast Range to as far as Mount Sanhedrin,Mendocino County (Grinnell and Miller 1944); St. John Mountain, Glenn County (NKJ); and Crockett Peak, Lake County (NKJ); and from eastern April 1976] Nashville and Virginia's Warblers 221 Nashville Warbler Fig. I. Breeding distribution of the western race of the Nashville Warbler (Vermivora ruficapilla ridgwayi) and Virginia's Warbler (Vermivora virginiae) in westernNorth America. Representativelocalities where the specieshave been recorded during the nestingperiod are shown (circles for V. ruficapilla, dots for V. virginiae). Considerablehabitat within the heavy line that marks the perireenter of the main range of each speciesis unsuitable for nesting and is unoccupiedin summer. Six small and peripheral populations of Virginia's Warbler are outlined individually. Modoc County (Pine Creek, 5200 feet, Warner Mountains; MVZ), southwardat numerouslocalities, especially along the west slopeof the SierraNevada, to as far as Kern County (8 mileswest of Isabella, 5500 feet; MVZ). Although Grinnell and Miller (1944) mention no specific nestinglocalities for the specieson the east side of the Sierra Nevada, it also breedslocally in eastern Nevada County (2 miles east of Hobart Mills; MVZ), in the Lake Tahoe Basin (Ward Creek, Placer County; CAS), and on both slopesof the Carson Range of western Nevada (4 222 Ne• K. Jomvso•v [Auk, Vol. 93 miles south of Verdi, 6000 to 6500 feet; Sand Harbor, Lake Tahoe, 6500 to 6800 feet; UNMB and NKJ). The specieshas been recorded in summer 25 miles to the southeast of the Lake Tahoe area at Bryant Creek, 6400 feet, Douglas County, Nevada, near the Alpine County, Californialine (NKJ). Presumablythe speciesalso occupiesthe forested region betweenBryant Creek and Lake Tahoe. The Nashville Warbler doesnot breed elsewherein Nevada. Farther southeastward,along the east side of the Sierra Nevada, the speciesis unrecordedexcept at a singlelocality, Twin Lakes,Mono County, California,where J. B. Dixon collecteda set of eggs 14 June 1940 (WFVZ). Montana, Idaho, and Utah.--The NashvilleWarbler apparentlybreeds locallyin northwesternMontana at Fortine, Lincoln County (Wedemeyer 1934). The speciesalso may nest irregularly near Missoula (Hoffmann et al. 1959), accordingto recentobservations (R. L. Hand, R. E. Johnson, and P. D. Skaar, in litt.). In his accountof the Nashville Warbler in Idaho, Burleigh (1972) describedthe speciesas a "ratherlocal summer resident over most of the state." He repeatedthat "It undoubtedlybreeds throughout the state, but there are only a few publishedrecords for its occurrence,a further indicationof its peculiarlyspotted distribution." But careful study of his publishedrecords shows no breedinglocalities for the speciesin the southerntwo-fifths of Idaho, the southernmostdefinite nestinglocalities beingin WashingtonCounty (East BrownleeCreek, 30 milesnorthwest of Cambridge(Burleigh 1972: 330) andsouthwest slope Cuddy Mountain, 4000 feet (MVZ)) and in Lemhi County(vicinity of Shoup(Burleigh 1972: 330)). In responseto my query concerningthe distributionof V. ruficapillain Idaho, the late Thomas Burleighkindly sent a letter (dated 16 February1970 and written while his book on Idaho birds wasin press)that containeda map delimitingthe southernmostnesting localitiesin the state. His plottingis identicalto that of Fig. 1. Further, he wrote that the map "would appear to confirm your opinion that ruficapilladoes not breedin southernIdaho, but as suitablehabitat existsfuture field work might revealan occasionalpair." Althoughthe NashvilleWarbler may breedsomewhat farther southin centralIdaho than presentrecords indicate, I questionwhether any significantarea of suitablenesting habitat exists in the statesouth of the SnakeRiver. The southwesternpart of the stateis unsuitable,being arid and essentially unforested. And in the forested highlands of southeasternIdaho, the favoredhabitat of this warbler--warm, dry, and open forestsof ponderosa pines or woodlandsof oaks, with a brushy understorynecessary for nesting(Grinnell and Miller 1944, Kilgore 1971)--is lacking (Critchfield and Little 1966: 80). The descriptionsof Davis (1939) indicate that April 1976] Nashville and Virginia's Warblers 223 much of the coniferous habitat in the mountains of southeastern Idaho is unsuitable for the Nashville Warbler. Furthermore Rust (1917) did not find this speciesin FremontCounty, nor is it known from adjacent southwesternMontana or Wyoming. Therefore,until evidenceto the contrary emerges,acceptance of the breedingdistribution in Idaho as plotted in Fig. 1 is the only justifiablechoice. Breedingof the Nashville Warbler in northernUtah is also unlikely and the putative recordsin the literature that supportthis supposition will now be evaluated. At least three old recordsare relevant, any one or all of which couldhave providedthe basisfor the inclusionof northern Utah in the breedingrange of the speciesin the A.O.U. Check-list (1957): (1) Allen (1872: 175), without specifyingdetails, listed Helmin- thophaga(= Vermivora)ruficapilla as a summerresident of the "Wahsatch [sic] Mtns." of Utah. But becauseAllen, in keepingwith commonpractice of hisday, failedto publishsupporting evidence for his reportof breeding statusfor V. ruficapillain the WasatchMountains, the recordis without proper documentationand should
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