DOCSLIB.ORG

Two New Cave-Dwelling Species of the Short-Tailed Whipscorpion

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Two New Cave-Dwelling Species of the Short-Tailed Whipscorpion Two New Cave-Dwelling Species of the Short-Tailed Whipscorpion Genus Rowlandius (Arachnida: Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from Northeastern Brazil, with Comments on Male Dimorphism Adalberto J. Santos1*, Rodrigo Lopes Ferreira2, Bruno A. Buzatto3 1 Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Cieˆncias Biolo´gicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 2 Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil, 3 Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Animal Biology (M092), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia Abstract Two new species of the arachnid order Schizomida, Rowlandius ubajara sp.nov. and Rowlandius potiguar sp.nov., are described based on both male and female specimens collected in caves from northeastern Brazil. Rowlandius ubajara is known only from the Ubajara Cave, in the state of Ceara´; R. potiguar is recorded from 20 caves of the Apodi Limestone Group, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. A remarkable dimorphism in male pedipalp length is described and analyzed in R. potiguar. The distribution of male pedipalp length is clearly bimodal in the species, but the two male morphs (homeomorphic and heteromorphic) present some overlap in the sizes of this structure. Moreover, males show a steeper allometry in pedipalp length than females, indicating that this trait is under a different selective regime in males and in females. Citation: Santos AJ, Ferreira RL, Buzatto BA (2013) Two New Cave-Dwelling Species of the Short-Tailed Whipscorpion Genus Rowlandius (Arachnida: Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from Northeastern Brazil, with Comments on Male Dimorphism. PLoS ONE 8(5): e63616. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0063616 Editor: Donald James Colgan, Australian Museum, Australia Received November 4, 2012; Accepted April 3, 2013; Published May 22, 2013 Copyright: ß 2013 Santos et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This study was financially supported by grants from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico(CNPQ) (www.cnpq.br; Procs. 300498/2009–8) and Instituto Nacional de Cieˆncia e Tecnologia dos Hymenoptera Parasito´ides da Regia˜o Sudeste Brasileira (http://www.hympar.ufscar.br/) to AJS and CNPq (www.cnpq.br; procs. 477712/2006-1) to RLF. BAB was supported by the University of Western Australia through an International Postgraduate Research Scholarship (http://www.scholarships.uwa.edu.au/search?sc_view = 1&id = 454&page = 1&q = IPRS&s = 1&old_key = 0). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. * E-mail: [email protected] Introduction 54 species of the genus [2,6,7,8,9,10] occur in Caribbean islands, mainly Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola (see for instance The arachnid order Schizomida, the short-tailed whipscorpions, [11,12,13,14,15]). The genus is represented in continental South is represented in South America mainly in northern forested areas. America by one species in Venezuela (R. arduus Armas, Villareal & Besides its great diversity and broad distribution in Central Colmenares, 2009), one in the eastern Brazilian Amazonia (R. sul America and the West Indies, in the continental South America it Cokendolpher & Reddell, 2000) and another, recently described can be considered a poorly-known Amazonian group. Until very species from the northeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest (R. recently, the only species known from southern parts of the linsduarteae Santos, Dias, Brescovit & Santos, 2008) [8]. In this subcontinent was Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin, 1922 [1,2], a study, two new species are described based on specimens collected widespread and synanthropic species. However, the scarcity of in cave habitats in northeastern Brazil. Most caves from which schizomid species outside the Amazonian forest can be attributed, specimens were retrieved are imbedded in the caatinga, a at least in part, to collecting bias. This happens because schizomids northeastern Brazilian, semi-arid biome [16], an unexpected occur mostly in poorly sampled habitats, like the soil leaf litter, habitat for a group mostly considered as a humid forest dweller. termite and ant nests, and caves [2,3]. Subterranean habitats in Several species of Rowlandius and other genera of schizomids are particular can harbor large schizomid populations [3], and are a known by the remarkable variation in the length of male pedipalp. promising source of undescribed species. Depending on the species, the length of the male pedipalp can Among South American countries, Brazil is known for its vary from approximately the same size as those of the female to up abundance of caves, which are scattered in several geological to three times as long (e.g. [11,15]). Authors describing species of formations [4]. Despite the richness of cave habitats, the Brazilian these genera usually discriminate males in two categories, namely subterranean fauna is mostly unknown [5], though it is currently homeomorphic males and heteromorphic males, for specimens attracting the interest of many biologists. with short and long pedipalps, respectively [11]. This classification The genus Rowlandius Reddell and Cokendolpher, 1995, the is based on the assumption that two discrete male morphs can be focus of this study, is a good example of how little is known about recognized based on the pedipalp size, relative to total body size. the schizomids and the cave fauna of Brazil. The majority of the Male dimorphism has been described for several groups of PLOS ONE | www.plosone.org 1 May 2013 | Volume 8 | Issue 5 | e63616 New Species and Male Dimorphism in Schizomida arthropods, like insects [17], crustaceans [18] and, among This parameterization was performed in SAS version 9.2 (SAS arachnids, spiders [19], mites [20], pseudoscorpions [21] and Institute 2004) with code kindly provided by J.M. Rowland and harvestmen [22,23]. This phenomenon has been attributed to C.R. Qualls. Finally, the likelihood of belonging to each male intrasexual selection pressures favoring a conditional strategy with morph was computed from the mixture models for each male different tactics for small and large males [24]. However, the based on their pedipalp length. detection of male dimorphism can be statistically challenging, Simple linear models were fitted to the allometric relationship especially when the differences between the morphs are subtle between pedipalp length and prosoma length for females and for [25]. For schizomids, no criteria have been proposed to each male morph separately, through standard major axis discriminate between homeomorphic and heteromorphic males, regression using package ‘lmodel2’ [34] in R version 2.14.2 [35]. and this distinction is generally based on small sample sizes, For this last step of the analysis, males were classified as usually no more than five or six specimens. In this study, we take homeomorphic or heteromorphic when their likelihood of advantage of a large sample of specimens to evaluate whether or belonging to one particular male morph (computed from the not it is possible to recognize discrete male morphs in one of the mixture models) was higher than 95%. Males with less than 95% newly described species. chances of belonging to either male morph were left out when adjusting the allometric relationships between pedipalp length and Materials and Methods prosoma length for homeomorphic and heteromorphic males. Specimens and Laboratory Procedures Nomenclatural Acts The specimens examined for this study were collected in several The electronic edition of this article conforms to the require- caves in two states in northeastern Brazil (Fig. 1) and were ments of the amended International Code of Zoological Nomen- deposited in the arachnid collections of Colec¸a˜o de Invertebrados clature [36], and hence the new names contained herein are Subterraˆneos de Lavras, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras available under that Code from the electronic edition of this (ISLA, curator R.L. Ferreira); Colec¸o˜es Taxonoˆmicas da UFMG, article. This published work and the nomenclatural acts it contains Belo Horizonte (UFMG, A.J. Santos); Departamento de Zoologia, have been registered in ZooBank, the online registration system for Universidade de Brası´lia, Brası´lia (DZUB, P.C. Motta) and the ICZN. The ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers) can be Instituto Butantan, Sa˜o Paulo (IBSP, D.M. Barros-Battesti). Field resolved and the associated information viewed through any collecting permits were issued to R.L. Ferreira by SISBIO/ CECAV (license n. 14783-1). Cave geographic coordinates were standard web browser by appending the LSID to the prefix obtained through CECAV’s database (available at http://www4. "http://zoobank.org/". The LSID for this publication is: (urn:l- icmbio.gov.br/cecav/index.php?id_menu = 228). Specimens were sid:zoobank.org:pub:4882594A-5176-4668-A8B3- illustrated in a Leica MZ12.5 stereomicroscope with a camera 20DFFDD4DA73). The electronic edition of this work was lucida and measured in an Olympus SZ40. Female genitalia were published in a journal with an ISSN, and has been archived and excised, temporarily mounted in slides with clove oil and is available from the following digital
Load more

Recommended publications
  • (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) with Notes on the Taxonomy of the Indian Fauna
    TAPROBANICA , ISSN 1800-427X. October, 2012. Vol. 04, No. 02: pp. 65-68. © Taprobanica Private Limited, 146, Kendalanda, Homagama, Sri Lanka. DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS OF INDIAN SHORT-TAILED WHIP-SCORPIONS (SCHIZOMIDA: HUBBARDIIDAE) WITH NOTES ON THE TAXONOMY OF THE INDIAN FAUNA Sectional Editors: James Cokendolpher & Mark Harvey Submitted: 23 July 2012, Accepted: 24 Sept. 2012 Mandar L. Kulkarni ‘Aashirvad’, L. I. C. Colony-2, Near Rajiv Gandhi School, Latur- 413512, Maharashtra, India E-mail: [email protected] Abstract Indian hubbardiids which were recently described but had doubtful generic placements are revised. The new genus Gravelyzomus is described here for Schizomus chalakudicus Bastawade, 2002. A new combination is proposed for Schizomus chaibassicus Bastawade, 2002 which is newly transferred to the genus Burmezomus. Key words: Gravelyzomus, Burmezomus chaibassicus, Arachnida, taxonomy, India. Introduction The Indian species of the arachnid order to unusual morphology of female genitalia. Schizomida are very poorly characterized and Bastawade (2004) studied some species represented by only six species: Tritheryus deposited by Gravely in the Zoological Survey sijuensis Gravely, 1925; Ovozomus lunatus of India (ZSI), and redescribed six species (Gravely, 1911); “Schizomus” kharagpurensis using criteria developed by Reddell & Gravely, 1912; Schizomus chaibassicus Cokendolpher (1995), of which only two Bastawade, 2002; Schizomus chalakudicus species were reported from India. Although Bastawade, 2002; and Neozomus tikaderi
    [Show full text]
  • PEARCE-SELLARDS SERIES NUMBER 47 Redescription of Schizomus Crassicaudatus (Pickard-Cambridge) and Diagnoses of Hubbardia Cook
    Pearce-Sellards Series No. 47 PEARCE-SELLARDS SERIES NUMBER 47 Redescription of Schizomus crassicaudatus (Pickard-Cambridge) and diagnoses of Hubbardia Cook, Stenochrus Chamberlin, and Sotanostenochrus new genus, with description of a new species of Hubbardia from California (Arachnida: Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) James R. Reddell Texas Memorial Museum University of Texas at Austin 2400 Trinity Austin, Texas 78705, U.S.A. James C. Cokendolpher 2007 29th St. Lubbock, Texas 79411, U.S.A. The Pearce-Sellards Series is an occasional. miscellaneousseries ofbrief reports of Museum and Museum associated field investigations and other research. All manuscripts are subjected to extramural peer review before being accepted. The series title commemorates the first two directors of the Texas Memorial Museum: Dr. J. E. Pearce, Professor of Anthropology, The University of Texasat Austin, and Dr. E. H. Sellards, Professor of Geology, The University of Texas at Austin. Both professors are now deceased. © 1991 by Texas Memorial Museum The University of Texas at Austin All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America This is Publication No. N.S.-18 of the Texas Memorial Museum. 1991 Schizomida: Hubbardiidae 1 ABSTRACT Schizomus crassicaudatus (Pickard-Cambridge) from Sri Lanka is redescribed from the type series, and lectotypes of Nyctalops crassicaudata and A. tenuicaudata are designated. Hubbardia Cook, previously considered a synonym of Schizomus Cook, is considered valid and rediagnosed to include species from California and Arizona (U.S.A.). The family Hubbardiidae Cook has priority and therefore is used rather than Schizomidae Hansen and Sorensen. Likewise, Hubbardiinae Cook is substituted for Schizominae Hansen and Sorensen. Additional descriptive notes and records are provided and a lectotype is designated for Hubbardiapentapeltis Cook.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomechanics and Functional Morphology of Amblypygid Predation C J MCLEAN
    Biomechanics and Functional Morphology of Amblypygid Predation C J MCLEAN PhD 2020 1 Biomechanics and Functional Morphology of Amblypygid Predation Callum McLean A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Science and the Environment Faculty of Science and Engineering The Manchester Metropolitan University 2020 2 Contents General Abstract - Acknowledgments - Chapter 1: Introduction - Introduction to Amblypygids - Arachnid Pedipalps - Amblypygid Pedipalps - Development of Sexual Dimorphism in Arachnids - Prey Capture in Arachnids - Prey Capture in Amblypygids - Summary and Thesis Aims - References - Chapter 2: Sexual Dimorphism in the Arachnid Orders - Abstract - Introduction - Aim/Survey Methodology - Standard figure abbreviations - Acari - 3 Amblypygi - Araneae - Palpigradi - Pseudoscorpiones - Opiliones - Ricinulei - Schizomida - Scorpiones - Solifugae - Uropygi - Discussion - Trends in SD across Arachnida - Selective pressures for SD in Arachnida - Conclusion - References - Appendix i - Supplementary material 1 - Supplementary material 2 - 4 Chapter 3: Sexual dimorphism in the size and shape of the raptorial pedipalps of Giant Whip Spiders (Arachnida: Amblypygi) - Abstract - Introduction - Materials and Methods - Results - Discussion - References - Appendix i - Supplementary material - Chapter 4: The Application of Elliptical Fourier Analysis to Quantify Patterns of Pedipalp Shape Complexity in a Diverse Sample of Amblypygid
    [Show full text]
  • Schizomida: Hubbardiidae)
    RECORDS OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM 26 202–208 (2011) DOI: 10.18195/issn.0312-3162.26(2).2011.202-208 Notes on some Old World schizomids of the genera Ovozomus and Schizomus (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) Mark S. Harvey Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australian 6986, Australia. Email: [email protected]. Research Associate: Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, New York 10024–5192, USA. Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94103–3009 USA. Adjunct: School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia. ABSTRACT – To clarify the systematic status of several Asian schizomid species, type specimens of several species were examined. Schizomus (Trithyreus) lunatus Gravely from India is transferred to Ovozomus Harvey, forming the new combination Ovozomus lunatus (Gravely). Schizomus similis Hirst from India, and S. remyi Lawrence from Réunion are new junior synonyms of O. lunatus, which is newly recorded from Christmas Island and Cook Islands. Schizomus (Trithyreus) peradeniyensis Gravely from Sri Lanka is redescribed and transferred to the genus Ovozomus, forming the new combination Ovozomus peradeniyensis (Gravely). Schizomus perplexus Gravely from Sri Lanka, recently moved to Notozomus Harvey, is returned to the genus Schizomus. Trithyreus suboculatus Pocock (from Sri Lanka) is designated as a nomen dubium as the holotype is an unidentifi able juvenile. KEYWORDS: taxonomy, morphology, new synonyms, new combinations, Trithyreus. INTRODUCTION 2000s (Armas 2002; Armas and Colmenares 2006; The Old World schizomid fauna is poorly known.
    [Show full text]
  • Schizomida: Hubbardiidae)
    RECORDS OF THE WESTERN AUSTRALIAN MUSEUM 26 202–208 (2011) Notes on some Old World schizomids of the genera Ovozomus and Schizomus (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) Mark S. Harvey Department of Terrestrial Zoology, Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 49, Welshpool DC, Western Australian 6986, Australia. Email: [email protected]. Research Associate: Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, 79th Street at Central Park West, New York, New York 10024–5192, USA. Department of Entomology, California Academy of Sciences, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, California 94103–3009 USA. Adjunct: School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia. ABSTRACT – To clarify the systematic status of several Asian schizomid species, type specimens of several species were examined. Schizomus (Trithyreus) lunatus Gravely from India is transferred to Ovozomus Harvey, forming the new combination Ovozomus lunatus (Gravely). Schizomus similis Hirst from India, and S. remyi Lawrence from Réunion are new junior synonyms of O. lunatus, which is newly recorded from Christmas Island and Cook Islands. Schizomus (Trithyreus) peradeniyensis Gravely from Sri Lanka is redescribed and transferred to the genus Ovozomus, forming the new combination Ovozomus peradeniyensis (Gravely). Schizomus perplexus Gravely from Sri Lanka, recently moved to Notozomus Harvey, is returned to the genus Schizomus. Trithyreus suboculatus Pocock (from Sri Lanka) is designated as a nomen dubium as the holotype is an unidentifi able juvenile. KEYWORDS: taxonomy, morphology, new synonyms, new combinations, Trithyreus. INTRODUCTION 2000s (Armas 2002; Armas and Colmenares 2006; The Old World schizomid fauna is poorly known. Armas and Teruel 2002; Bastawade 2004; Cokendolpher Of a total world fauna of 272 species, only 114 species and Reddell 2000; Harvey 2000a, 2001a, 2001b, 2006; are described from the Old World with nearly half (52 Harvey et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Schizomida: Hubbardiidae), with Description of Five New Species from Chiapas, Mexico
    Zootaxa 3915 (4): 451–490 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) www.mapress.com/zootaxa/ Article ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2015 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3915.4.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7BC2D981-BCBC-448B-8F85-4D1DD1097BDD Taxonomic revision of the genus Mayazomus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995 (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae), with description of five new species from Chiapas, Mexico RODRIGO MONJARAZ-RUEDAS1,2,3 & OSCAR F. FRANCKE2 1Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Av. Universidad 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México 2Colección Nacional de Arácnidos, Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. 3er. Circuito exterior s/n. Apartado Postal 70-153, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México, Distrito Federal, México 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Table of contents Abstract . 451 Resumen . 452 Introduction . 452 Material and methods . 453 Pedipalp setae nomenclature . 453 Taxonomy . 454 Family Hubbardiidae Cook, 1899 . 454 Subfamily Hubbardiinae Cook, 1899 . 454 Genus Mayazomus Reddell and Cokendolpher, 1995 . 454 Identification key for species of Mayazomus Reddell and Cokendolpher, 1995. 456 Mayazomus infernalis (Rowland, 1975) . 457 Mayazomus hoffmannae (Reddell and Cokendolpher, 1986) . 461 Mayazomus tzotzil, new species . 465 Mayazomus aluxe, new species . 469 Mayazomus kaamuul, new species . 475 Mayazomus yaax, new species . 478 Mayazomus loobil, new species . 483 Discussion . 487 Acknowledgments . 489 Literature cited . 489 Abstract The genus Mayazomus currently contains two species from southeastern Mexico. It was originally characterized by a strongly elongated pedipalp trochanter, united in its entire width to the femur; the patella strongly curved; the tibia with a large mesal apophysis opposable to tarsus; the spermathecae with two pairs of thin lobes subequal in length; and the pres- ence of four or more setae on tergite II.
    [Show full text]
  • Schizomida De Sudamérica (Chelicerata: Arachnida)
    Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.), nº 46 (2010) : 203234. SCHIZOMIDA DE SUDAMÉRICA (CHELICERATA: ARACHNIDA) Luis F. de Armas Apartado Postal 4327, San Antonio de los Baños, La Habana 32500, Cuba [email protected] Resumen: La fauna sudamericana de esquizómidos está integrada por una familia (Hubbardiidae), 12 géneros y 45 especies, incluidos tres géneros inéditos y 11 especies aún no descritas, la mayoría en el género Surazomus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995. Solo Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin, 1922 no constituye un endemismo de este subcontinente. Los géneros más diversificados son Surazomus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995, con 21 especies (incluidas ocho aún no descritas) y Hansenoch- rus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995, con 12 especies; ambos géneros contienen, en conjunto, 75% del total de especies suda- mericanas conocidas. El país con mayor diversidad es Venezuela (siete géneros y 10 especies), seguido por Brasil, Colombia y Ecuador. Cuatro géneros (Adisomus Cokendolpher & Reddell, 2000, Tayos Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995, Stenoschizomus González-Sponga, 1997 y Wayuuzomus Armas & Colmenares García, 2006), son monotípicos y exclusivos de Sudamérica: el primero, de Brasil; el segundo, de Ecuador; y los otros dos, de Venezuela. Sin embargo, esta composición taxonómica solo re- presenta una pequeña fracción de la fauna que realmente vive en este extenso territorio del trópico americano. Palabras clave: Schizomida, Hubbardiidae, taxonomía, Neotrópico, Región Andina. Schizomida of South America (Chelicerata: Arachnida) Abstract: The order Schizomida is represented in South America by one family (Hubbardiidae), 12 genera and 45 species, in- cluding three undescribed genera and 11 undescribed species, most of them in the genus Surazomus Reddell & Cokendolpher, 1995. Only one species, Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin, 1922 is not endemic to this subcontinent.
    [Show full text]
  • Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from North America Illuminate Biogeography of Shorttailed Whipscorpions in the New World 245- 263 78 (2): 245 – 263 2020
    ZOBODAT - www.zobodat.at Zoologisch-Botanische Datenbank/Zoological-Botanical Database Digitale Literatur/Digital Literature Zeitschrift/Journal: Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny Jahr/Year: 2020 Band/Volume: 78 Autor(en)/Author(s): Monjaraz-Ruedas Rodrigo, Prendini Lorenzo, Francke Oscar F. Artikel/Article: First species of Surazomus (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from North America illuminate biogeography of shorttailed whipscorpions in the New World 245- 263 78 (2): 245 – 263 2020 © Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 2020. First species of Surazomus (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) from North America illuminate biogeography of short- tailed whipscorpions in the New World Rodrigo Monjaraz-Ruedas *, 1, 2, Lorenzo Prendini 3 & Oscar F. Francke 2 1 Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico; Rodrigo Monjaraz-Ruedas * [[email protected]] — 2 Colección Nacional de Arácnidos, Departamento de Zoología, In- stituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 3er. Circuito exterior s/n, Apartado Postal 70-153, C.P. 04510, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Mexico City, Mexico; Oscar F. Francke [[email protected]] — 3 Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY 10024-5192, U.S.A.; Lorenzo Prendini [[email protected]] — * Corre - s pond ing author Accepted on June 20, 2020. Published online at www.senckenberg.de/arthropod-systematics on August 28, 2020. Editors in charge: Monika J.B. Eberhard & Klaus-Dieter Klass Abstract. Three new species of the short-tailed whipscorpion genus Surazomus Reddell & Cokendolpher (Hubbardiidae Cook, 1899) are described from Mexico: Surazomus chiapasensis sp.n., from Chiapas, Surazomus escondido sp.n., and Surazomus peregrinus sp.n., both from Oaxaca.
    [Show full text]
  • 31295015067076.Pdf (11.66Mb)
    CLASSIFICATION, PHTLDSOilY A'MD ZDDffiDSRAPHY Df T-HE AMERICAM ARAOilllOS OF THE DIDO SCfllZDMIDA !by JON WM. KDWLATO, B.S. A iSISSERTATIUN ITkl Subiritted to tte firadiats Faculty of Texas Tecti UniveTsi'ty in Partiiail Fiuilfillment ©f tte Iteqiuiiiirenffiimts for tltne !Die§ree ©f Accepted ©ecenlber, 1575 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Great appreciation is expressed to Dr. Robert W. Mitchell who, by his consistant example of excellence, has constructed and shaped me as a zoologist, and thus shall share credit for production of this dissertation. The remainder of my committee afforded me generously of their time and advice and are here thanked: Dr. Russell W. Strandtmann, Dr. John S. Mecham, Dr. John E. George, and Dr. David E. Foster. Additional advice was provided by Dr. William R. Atchley. I am further indebted to the Society of Sigma Xi for awarding this study a Grand-in-Aid of Research. Fellow students who have contributed significantly to my dissertation are William R. Elliott, Jerry W. Cooke, and D. Craig Rudolf. Mr. James R. Reddell has given freely of his advice and time, and has in all areas contributed his remarkable knowledge of faunistic zoology in general and schizomids in particular. Dan, Verlee, and Phyllis Brashier Rowland saw this venture to completion. n TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ii LIST OF TABLES iv LIST OF FIGURES vi LIST OF MAPS ix I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. MATERIALS AND METHODS 16 III. CLASSIFICATION 22 IV. PHYLOGENETICS 315 V. ZOOGEOGRAPHY 374 BIBLIOGRAPHY 406 111 LIST OF TABLES TABLE Page 1. Comparisons of the species groups of the American members of the genus Schizomus , 39 2.
    [Show full text]