Investigation Into NMT Facilities in South Africa
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CENTRE FOR TRANSPORT STUDIES MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ENGINEERING SPECIALISING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING Investigation into the Effects of Non-Motorised Transport Facility Implementations and Upgrades in Urban South Africa MAJOR DISSERTATION (CIV5000Z) University of Cape Town PREPARED FOR: A/PROF MARIANNE VANDERSCHUREN PREPARED BY: JENNIFER L BAUFELDT (BFLJEN001) The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. University of Cape Town i ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the Southern Transportation Centre of Development for their financial support of this Masters. A great thank you to Prof Vanderschuren, my supervisor, for always being available, supportive and enthusiastic about my work, as well as including me in various events and projects that helped me to grow both personally and professionally. Furthermore, I would like to thank the City of Cape Town’s NMT division and Transport for Cape Town, especially Teuns Kok and his team, who both have been most forthcoming with information and data. I would like to thank the Writing Centre of the University of Cape Town for all their help, especially Liberty Eaton, who had a major role in reviewing and adding valuable comments on all sections of the work. Additionally, I would like to thank my friends, Scott Badenhorst and Catherine Hutchings for their valuable time and constructive feedback on multiple draft versions. Lastly, I would like to thank my family for their support, especially my father, Richard Baufeldt, for encouraging me to undertake the Master’s program in the first place, as well as being supportive and understanding throughout the whole process. Cover Picture: Pedestrian Facilities Upgrade in the Cape Town CBD Source of Cover Picture: Jennifer Baufeldt Baufeldt, 2016 ii ABSTRACT Non-motorised Transport (NMT), as a mode of transport, is beneficial and sustainable for both developing and developed countries. In urban areas of South Africa, NMT users face various challenges that reduce the attractiveness of selecting NMT trips. Two main concerns are the high risk of injury (or death) and the inadequate provision of NMT facilities, making NMT trips inefficient and dangerous. One strategy of addressing these two challenges is implementing NMT facilities that provide safe, convenient and comfortable routes for NMT users. By improving the quality of NMT facilities and increasing the number of NMT facilities available to NMT users, the quality of service that NMT users experience will increase, while at the same time reducing the levels of concerns regarding safety of NMT trips. These changes should result in fewer NMT fatalities and injuries, and consequently, increase the number and quality of NMT trips. While research in other countries has shown that NMT facilities do indeed have these impacts on NMT trips and NMT fatalities and injuries, limited or no research has been conducted to shows that NMT facilities have similar effects in the urban areas of South Africa. This research, therefore, aims to fill this gap in the literature, by investigating the effects that NMT facilities and implementations have in case study areas in urban South Africa. To investigate the impact that NMT facilities have, in urban areas of South Africa, various investigations and case study infrastructure assessments were carried out. A mixed-methods multi-case study research approach was adopted, in order to combine all the various investigations within one research approach. After identifying the NMT facility implementations that had been implemented, a number of case study and control areas were defined. Data regarding the NMT fatalities and injuries in these areas was then identified and used to calculate the trends within the case study areas and the control areas. Additionally, data from the National Household Travel Surveys (NHTS, 2003 and 2013) helped to determine the changes in the number of NMT trips on a provincial level, as well as within the case study and control areas within Cape Town. The last part of the research, used the information, of where the NMT facility implementations took place, alongside infrastructure assessments to determine whether the quality of the NMT facilities had been improved or not. The findings of all the investigations and assessments were then discussed in a SWOT analysis, which could be used in future decisions regarding the implementations of NMT facilities. Results of the investigations carried out in this research indicate that NMT facilities do have significant impacts on improving the levels of safety for both pedestrians and cyclists in urban South African settlements. Furthermore, the results of the investigations and assessments show that the quality of service for NMT users will also increase through improvements to the NMT facilities. Additionally, it was found that the quality of the design and implementation of the NMT facility heavily impacts on whether the NMT facilities are able to generate their associated benefits. However, Baufeldt, 2016 iii while some NMT facility implementations have improved the level of service to NMT users, based on the principles within the NMT Facility Guidelines of South Africa (NDoT, 2015), there is much room for improvement in design and implementation of NMT facilities so that the maximum benefit from NMT facilities can be generated. Most noticeable was the difference in the level of success between pedestrians and cyclists. In all of the investigations of this research the effective benefits that the NMT facilities were able to support for pedestrians were far greater than those of cyclists. This indicates that the current NMT facilities are not adequately serving cyclists and greater understanding of implementing NMT facilities for cyclists needs to be developed for urban areas in South Africa. This and the other conclusions are based on the findings of the case study infrastructure assessments and quantitative investigations. Baufeldt, 2016 iv SUMMARY The main motivating reason for this research was to determine the impact that NMT (Non-motorised Transport) facilities have in urban areas of South Africa. In South Africa, the main type of NMT users are pedestrians (majority type) and cyclists (minority type). This research aimed to increase the understanding of the effectiveness of NMT facility implementations in urban areas of South Africa. Thus, helping government, stakeholders and practitioners to make better informed decisions when addressing the transport challenges of NMT users in urban areas. The research focused on the two major challenges facing NMT users, namely improving (road) safety and providing adequate facilities to cater for NMT users. The scope of the research was limited to NMT, as a mode of transport in urban areas. Cape Town being used as a case study of an urban South African city. To understand what the potential value NMT trips could be for South Africa, the various benefits that have been documented in various countries are presented. BENEFITS OF NON-MOTORISED TRANSPORT: WHY INVESTIGATE THIS MODE OF TRANSPORT There are various benefits to NMT as a mode of transport. Safety benefits of successful NMT facilities include lower risk of road collisions, injuries and fatalities, while there are also several health benefits of NMT trips, which include lowered levels of stress, obesity and other Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). NMT, as a mode of transport, is one of the most sustainable modes of transport, as it does not rely on fuel and, is one of the cleanest modes of transportation. Additionally, NMT trips have various socio-economic benefits that help to address equality concerns, which are highly relevant for urban (and rural) South Africa. An example, of how improved NMT trips could address equality issues, would be increasing the mobility and accessibility of vulnerable members of society. This can be for socio-economic reasons or physical and mental abilities that influence the individual’s ability to commute. The types of designs that influence the success of NMT trips and the NMT facilities include crossing facilities, link facilities, and amenities. The design of facilities can vary, depending on the local context of the surrounding areas, the types of users and the available resources. The Netherlands is presented as an example of the benefits and impacts that NMT trips and NMT facilities can have if done with best practices. REFLECTION OF NON-MOTORISED TRANSPORT IN URBAN AREAS OF SOUTH AFRICA In order to understand NMT, as a mode of transport in South Africa, the challenges facing NMT and the NMT frameworks of South Africa are discussed. The country has several inherited structural challenges that include a trend of decreasing densities of urban settlements, along with social inequalities and highly skewed levels of access and mobility. The most vulnerable members of South Africa currently carry the majority of the transportation costs and inconveniences. Baufeldt, 2016 v In contrast, the established frameworks that influence South African transportation, are supportive of NMT users and NMT trips. However, the different strategies that have so far been employed to translation the frameworks into practice, have had limited success. Furthermore, implementing NMT facilities as a manner of supporting NMT trips has been largely neglected in South Africa. RESEARCH METHOD In order to determine the impacts of NMT facilities in urban South Africa, areas in Cape Town were selected as case study areas, with various recent NMT facility implementations identified. Control areas were also identified and examined to account for the trends of NMT trips and NMT collision numbers in areas without recent NMT facility implementations. Once appropriate data and information regarding these implementations were identified various investigations into the impact of NMT upgrades and implementations on the case study areas were conducted.