Noise Reduction Technologies for Turbofan Engines
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Suburban Noise Control with Plant Materials and Solid Barriers
Suburban Noise Control with Plant Materials and Solid Barriers by DAVID I. COOK and DAVID F. Van HAVERBEKE, respectively professor of engineering mechanics, University of Nebraska, Lin- coln; and silviculturist, USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Fort Collins, Colo. ABSTRACT.-Studies were conducted in suburban settings with specially designed noise screens consisting of combinations of plant inaterials and solid barriers. The amount of reduction in sound level due to the presence of the plant materials and barriers is re- ported. Observations and conclusions for the measured phenomenae are offered, as well as tentative recommendations for the use of plant materials and solid barriers as noise screens. YOUR$50,000 HOME IN THE SUB- relocated truck routes, and improved URBS may be the object of an in- engine muffling can be helpful. An al- vasion more insidious than termites, and ternative solution is to create some sort fully as damaging. The culprit is noise, of barrier between the noise source and especially traffic noise; and although it the property to be protected. In the will not structurally damage your house, Twin Cities, for instance, wooden walls it will cause value depreciation and dis- up to 16 feet tall have been built along comfort for you. The recent expansion Interstate Highways 35 and 94. Al- of our national highway systems, and though not esthetically pleasing, they the upgrading of arterial streets within have effectively reduced traffic noise, the city, have caused widespread traffic- and the response from property owners noise problems at residential properties. has been generally favorable. -
Aerospace Engine Data
AEROSPACE ENGINE DATA Data for some concrete aerospace engines and their craft ................................................................................. 1 Data on rocket-engine types and comparison with large turbofans ................................................................... 1 Data on some large airliner engines ................................................................................................................... 2 Data on other aircraft engines and manufacturers .......................................................................................... 3 In this Appendix common to Aircraft propulsion and Space propulsion, data for thrust, weight, and specific fuel consumption, are presented for some different types of engines (Table 1), with some values of specific impulse and exit speed (Table 2), a plot of Mach number and specific impulse characteristic of different engine types (Fig. 1), and detailed characteristics of some modern turbofan engines, used in large airplanes (Table 3). DATA FOR SOME CONCRETE AEROSPACE ENGINES AND THEIR CRAFT Table 1. Thrust to weight ratio (F/W), for engines and their crafts, at take-off*, specific fuel consumption (TSFC), and initial and final mass of craft (intermediate values appear in [kN] when forces, and in tonnes [t] when masses). Engine Engine TSFC Whole craft Whole craft Whole craft mass, type thrust/weight (g/s)/kN type thrust/weight mini/mfin Trent 900 350/63=5.5 15.5 A380 4×350/5600=0.25 560/330=1.8 cruise 90/63=1.4 cruise 4×90/5000=0.1 CFM56-5A 110/23=4.8 16 -
Realisation of the First Sub Shot Noise Wide Field Microscope
Realisation of the first sub shot noise wide field microscope Nigam Samantaray1,2, Ivano Ruo-Berchera1, Alice Meda1, , Marco Genovese1,3 1 INRIM, Strada delle Cacce 91, I-10135 Torino, ∗Italy 2 Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 - I-10129 Torino, Italy and 3 INFN, Via P. Giuria 1, I-10125 Torino, Italy ∗ ∗ Correspondence: Alice Meda, Email: [email protected], Tel: +390113919245 In the last years several proof of principle experiments have demonstrated the advantages of quantum technologies respect to classical schemes. The present challenge is to overpass the limits of proof of principle demonstrations to approach real applications. This letter presents such an achievement in the field of quantum enhanced imaging. In particular, we describe the realization of a sub-shot noise wide field microscope based on spatially multi-mode non-classical photon number correlations in twin beams. The microscope produces real time images of 8000 pixels at full resolution, for (500µm)2 field-of-view, with noise reduced to the 80% of the shot noise level (for each pixel), suitable for absorption imaging of complex structures. By fast post-elaboration, specifically applying a quantum enhanced median filter, the noise can be further reduced (less than 30% of the shot noise level) by setting a trade-off with the resolution, demonstrating the best sensitivity per incident photon ever achieved in absorption microscopy. Keywords: imaging, sub shot noise, microscopy, parametric down conversion 1 INTRODUCTION Sensitivity in standard optical imaging and sensing, the ones exploiting classical illuminating fields, is fundamentally lower bounded by the shot noise, the inverse square root of the number of photons used. -
Journey to a Quiet Night
QUIET NIGHT TOOLKIT Journey to a Quiet Night Strategies to Reduce Hospital Noise and Promote Healing Patient responses to the HCAHPS survey of experience consistently identify noise at night as a dissatisfier in their hospital stay. Only 51% of patients surveyed following discharge from a California hospital report that their hospital room was always quiet at night, compared to 62% of patients nationally. Noise at night is our greatest challenge to create a healing environment of care. Hospitals that have successfully improved this dimension of care have used a few common strategies: informed staff behavior modification, mechanical noise mitigation, environmental noise mitigation, and real time data to drive changes. Drivers for Improvement in Hospital Noise • Educate staff about effects of noise on patient healing Informed Behavior • Engage staff in remediation plan development Modifi cation • Monitor noise in real time HCAHPS Score for “Always Quiet at Night” • “Quiet kits” for patients Mechanical above national average of • Equipment repair Mitigation • Noise absorbing panels or curtains in high traffi c areas AIM • Establish “quiet hours” Environmental 62% • Visual cues, such as signs and dimmed lights at night in patient care areas Mitigation • Utilize white noise options Real Time • Develop system of real time alerts based on patient/family input/feedback Data Learning • Real time reporting mechanism with feedback loop Informed behavior Modifi cation As health care providers, it is imperative that we understand and help to provide our patients with an environment that is optimized for healing. Staff members must be educated about the effects that noise from talking, equipment and other activities has on patients’ healing in the hospital. -
A Comparison of Combustor-Noise Models – AIAA 2012-2087
A Comparison of Combustor-Noise Models – AIAA 2012-2087 Lennart S. Hultgren, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, OH 44135 Summary The present status of combustor-noise prediction in the NASA Aircraft Noise Prediction Program (ANOPP)1 for current- generation (N) turbofan engines is summarized. Several semi-empirical models for turbofan combustor noise are discussed, including best methods for near-term updates to ANOPP. An alternate turbine-transmission factor2 will appear as a user selectable option in the combustor-noise module GECOR in the next release. The three-spectrum model proposed by Stone et al.3 for GE turbofan-engine combustor noise is discussed and compared with ANOPP predictions for several relevant cases. Based on the results presented herein and in their report,3 it is recommended that the application of this fully empirical combustor-noise prediction method be limited to situations involving only General-Electric turbofan engines. Long-term needs and challenges for the N+1 through N+3 time frame are discussed. Because the impact of other propulsion-noise sources continues to be reduced due to turbofan design trends, advances in noise-mitigation techniques, and expected aircraft configuration changes, the relative importance of core noise is expected to greatly increase in the future. The noise-source structure in the combustor, including the indirect one, and the effects of the propagation path through the engine and exhaust nozzle need to be better understood. In particular, the acoustic consequences of the expected trends toward smaller, highly efficient gas- generator cores and low-emission fuel-flexible combustors need to be fully investigated since future designs are quite likely to fall outside of the parameter space of existing (semi-empirical) prediction tools. -
Comparison of Helicopter Turboshaft Engines
Comparison of Helicopter Turboshaft Engines John Schenderlein1, and Tyler Clayton2 University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80304 Although they garnish less attention than their flashy jet cousins, turboshaft engines hold a specialized niche in the aviation industry. Built to be compact, efficient, and powerful, turboshafts have made modern helicopters and the feats they accomplish possible. First implemented in the 1950s, turboshaft geometry has gone largely unchanged, but advances in materials and axial flow technology have continued to drive higher power and efficiency from today's turboshafts. Similarly to the turbojet and fan industry, there are only a handful of big players in the market. The usual suspects - Pratt & Whitney, General Electric, and Rolls-Royce - have taken over most of the industry, but lesser known companies like Lycoming and Turbomeca still hold a footing in the Turboshaft world. Nomenclature shp = Shaft Horsepower SFC = Specific Fuel Consumption FPT = Free Power Turbine HPT = High Power Turbine Introduction & Background Turboshaft engines are very similar to a turboprop engine; in fact many turboshaft engines were created by modifying existing turboprop engines to fit the needs of the rotorcraft they propel. The most common use of turboshaft engines is in scenarios where high power and reliability are required within a small envelope of requirements for size and weight. Most helicopter, marine, and auxiliary power units applications take advantage of turboshaft configurations. In fact, the turboshaft plays a workhorse role in the aviation industry as much as it is does for industrial power generation. While conventional turbine jet propulsion is achieved through thrust generated by a hot and fast exhaust stream, turboshaft engines creates shaft power that drives one or more rotors on the vehicle. -
Helicopter Turboshafts
Helicopter Turboshafts Luke Stuyvenberg University of Colorado at Boulder Department of Aerospace Engineering The application of gas turbine engines in helicopters is discussed. The work- ings of turboshafts and the history of their use in helicopters is briefly described. Ideal cycle analyses of the Boeing 502-14 and of the General Electric T64 turboshaft engine are performed. I. Introduction to Turboshafts Turboshafts are an adaptation of gas turbine technology in which the principle output is shaft power from the expansion of hot gas through the turbine, rather than thrust from the exhaust of these gases. They have found a wide variety of applications ranging from air compression to auxiliary power generation to racing boat propulsion and more. This paper, however, will focus primarily on the application of turboshaft technology to providing main power for helicopters, to achieve extended vertical flight. II. Relationship to Turbojets As a variation of the gas turbine, turboshafts are very similar to turbojets. The operating principle is identical: atmospheric gases are ingested at the inlet, compressed, mixed with fuel and combusted, then expanded through a turbine which powers the compressor. There are two key diferences which separate turboshafts from turbojets, however. Figure 1. Basic Turboshaft Operation Note the absence of a mechanical connection between the HPT and LPT. An ideal turboshaft extracts with the HPT only the power necessary to turn the compressor, and with the LPT all remaining power from the expansion process. 1 of 10 American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics A. Emphasis on Shaft Power Unlike turbojets, the primary purpose of which is to produce thrust from the expanded gases, turboshafts are intended to extract shaft horsepower (shp). -
Effect of Noise Type and Signal-To-Noise Ratio on the Effectiveness of Noise Reduction Algorithm in Hearing Aids: an Acoustical Perspective
Global Journal of Otolaryngology ISSN 2474-7556 Research Article Glob J Otolaryngol - Volume 5 Issue 2 March 2017 Copyright © All rights are reserved by Sharath Kumar KS DOI: 10.19080/GJO.2017.05.555658 Effect of Noise Type and Signal-to-Noise Ratio on the Effectiveness of Noise Reduction Algorithm in Hearing Aids: An Acoustical Perspective Sharath Kumar KS* and Manjula P Department of Audiology, All India Institute of Speech and Hearing (AIISH), University of Mysuru, India Submission: March 05, 2016; Published: March 16, 2017 *Corresponding author: Sharath Kumar KS, Department of Audiology (New JC block), Manasagangotri, AIISH, Mysuru - 570 006, Karnataka, India, Tel: ; Email: Second author: Manjula P, Professor of Audiology, Department of Audiology, Manasagangotri, AIISH, Mysuru - 570 006 India, Karnataka, Tel: ; Email: Abstract Purpose: acoustical measures. The study evaluated factors that influence the effectiveness of noise reduction (NR) algorithm in hearing aids, through Methods: Factorial design was employed. Study sample: The output from hearing aid, with and without NR at three signal-to-noise Qualityratios (SNR) (PESQ). with five types of noise, was recorded. The effect of noise reduction was studied through objective measures such as Waveform Amplitude Distribution Analysis - Signal-to-Noise Ratio (WADA-SNR), Envelope Difference Index (EDI), and Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Results: The results revealed that when NR was enabled, it was effective in reducing the noise. However, when speech was presented in the presenceConclusion: of noise, the NR was effective in enhancing certain acoustic parameters of speech; like signal-to-noise ratio and envelope. changes in the output of the hearing aid with and without NR processing. -
Noise Reduction Using Active Vibration Control Methods in CAD/CAM Dental Milling Machines
applied sciences Article Noise Reduction Using Active Vibration Control Methods in CAD/CAM Dental Milling Machines Eun-Sung Song 1 , Young-Jun Lim 2,* , Bongju Kim 1 and Jeffery Sungjae Mun 3 1 Clinical Translational Research Center for Dental Science, Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul 03080, Korea; [email protected] (E.-S.S.); [email protected] (B.K.) 2 Department of Prosthodontics and Dental Research Institute, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea 3 Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-02-2072-2040 Received: 28 February 2019; Accepted: 8 April 2019; Published: 12 April 2019 Abstract: Used in close proximity to dental practitioners, dental tools and devices, such as hand pieces, have been a possible risk factor to hearing loss due to the noises they produce. Recently, additional technologies such as CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/Computer Aided Manufacturing) milling machines have been used in the dental environment and have emerged as a new contributing noise source. This has created an issue in fostering a pleasant hospital environment. Currently, because of issues with installing and manufacturing noise-reducing products, the technology is impractical and insufficient relative to its costly nature. In this experiment, in order to create a safe working environment, we hoped to analyze the noise produced and determine a practical method to attenuate the noises coming from CAD/CAM dental milling machines. In this research, the cause for a noise and the noise characteristics were analyzed by observing and measuring the sound from a milling machine and the possibility of reducing noise in an experimental setting was examined using a noise recorded from a real milling machine. -
Total Variation Denoising for Optical Coherence Tomography
Total Variation Denoising for Optical Coherence Tomography Michael Shamouilian, Ivan Selesnick Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, New York, New York, USA fmike.sha, [email protected] Abstract—This paper introduces a new method of combining total variation denoising (TVD) and median filtering to reduce noise in optical coherence tomography (OCT) image volumes. Both noise from image acquisition and digital processing severely degrade the quality of the OCT volumes. The OCT volume consists of the anatomical structures of interest and speckle noise. For denoising purposes we model speckle noise as a combination of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and sparse salt and pepper noise. The proposed method recovers the anatomical structures of interest by using a Median filter to remove the sparse salt and pepper noise and by using TVD to remove the AWGN while preserving the edges in the image. The proposed method reduces noise without much loss in structural detail. When compared to other leading methods, our method produces similar results significantly faster. Index Terms—Total Variation Denoising, Median Filtering, Optical Coherence Tomography I. INTRODUCTION Fig. 1. 2D slices of a sample retinal OCT volume. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT), a non-invasive in vivo imaging technique, provides images of internal tissue mi- crostructures of the eye [1]. OCT imaging works by directing light beams at a target tissue and then capturing and processing the backscattered light [2]. To create a 3D volume image of the eye, the OCT device scans the eye laterally [2]. However, current OCT imaging techniques inherently introduce speckle noise [3]. -
F404 Turbofan Engines 17,700-19,000 Lb Thrust Range
www.ge.com/aviation F404 turbofan engines 17,700-19,000 lb thrust range The F404 family of engines powers a broad spectrum afterburner sections result in increased performance of aircraft with missions ranging from low-level subsonic while maintaining the F404’s characteristic durability. attack to high-altitude interception. The first version of Its simple, modular design is reliable and easy to the F404 was developed to power the Boeing F/A-18, maintain. and non-afterburning derivatives powered the F-117A The F404/RM12 is a derivative developed in conjunction Stealth Fighter and the Singapore A4-SU Super Skyhawk. with Volvo Aero Corporation to power the Saab Gripen, Developed for the Korean KAI/LMTAS T-50 advanced a multi-role fighter, attack and reconnaissance aircraft. trainer/light fighter, the F404-GE-102 is the latest The F404/RM12 model also includes single-engine safety derivative of the F404 family. It includes single-engine features and a FADEC. safety features and a Full Authority Digital Electronic The F404-GE-IN20 engine is an enhanced production Control (FADEC) derived from GE’s F414 engine. The version of the F404, which is successfully powering F404-GE-102 is supplied to ROKAF by Samsung Techwin India’s Light Combat Aircraft MKI. The highest thrust under a licensed production program with GE. variant of the F404 family, the F404-GE-IN20 The F404-GE-402 provides higher power, improved incorporates GE’s latest hot section materials and fuel efficiency and increased mission capability for the technologies, as well as a FADEC for reliable power and combat-proven Boeing F/A-18C/D Hornet. -
Noise Reduction of EEG Signals Using Autoencoders Built Upon GRU Based RNN Layers
Technological University Dublin ARROW@TU Dublin Dissertations School of Computer Sciences 2020-02-01 Noise Reduction of EEG Signals Using Autoencoders Built Upon GRU based RNN Layers Esra Aynali Technological University Dublin Follow this and additional works at: https://arrow.tudublin.ie/scschcomdis Part of the Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Commons Recommended Citation Aynali, E. (2020). Noise Reduction of EEG Signals Using Autoencoders Built Upon GRU based RNN Layers. Dissertation. Dublin: Technological University Dublin. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the School of Computer Sciences at ARROW@TU Dublin. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ARROW@TU Dublin. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 4.0 License Noise Reduction of EEG Signals Using Autoencoders Built Upon GRU based RNN Layers Esra Aynalı A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of Technological University Dublin for the degree of M.Sc. in Computer Science (Data Analytics) January 2020 I certify that this dissertation which I now submit for examination for the award of MSc in Computing (Data Analytics), is entirely my own work and has not been taken from the work of others save and to the extent that such work has been cited and acknowledged within the test of my work. This dissertation was prepared according to the regulations for postgraduate study of the Technological University Dublin and has not been submitted in whole or part for an award in any other Institute or University.