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Thermodynamics and Phase Behavior of Polycyclic Aromatic Thermodynamics and Phase Behavior of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures By James William Rice B.S., Northeastern University, 2006 Sc.M., Brown University, 2008 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Engineering at Brown University PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND MAY 2011 © Copyright 2011 by James W. Rice This dissertation by James W. Rice is accepted in its present form by the School of Engineering as satisfying the dissertation requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Date: _________________ ________________________________________________ Eric Suuberg, Advisor Recommended to the Graduate Council Date: _________________ ________________________________________________ Joseph Calo, Reader Date: _________________ ________________________________________________ Gerald Diebold, Reader Approved by the Graduate Council Date: _________________ ________________________________________________ Peter Weber, Dean of the Graduate School iii Curriculum Vitae for James W. Rice BORN on July 26, 1983 in Beverly, Massachusetts USA EDUCATION PhD Brown University, Providence, RI, Chemical Engineering (May 2011) ScM Brown University, Providence, RI, Engineering (May 2008) BS Northeastern University, Boston, MA, Chemical Engineering (May 2006) PUBLICATIONS J.W. Rice, J. Fu, E.M. Suuberg. “Anthracene + Pyrene Solid Mixtures: Eutectic and Azeotropic Character.” Journal of Chemical & Engineering Data (2010). J.W. Rice, E.M. Suuberg. “Thermodynamic Study of (Anthracene + Benzo[a]Pyrene) Solid Mixtures.” Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics (2010). J.W. Rice, J. Fu, E.M. Suuberg. “Thermodynamics of Multicomponent PAH Mixtures and Development of Tarlike Behavior.” Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research (2011) J. Fu, J.W. Rice, E.M. Suuberg. “Phase Behavior and Vapor Pressures of the Pyrene + 9,10‐ Dibromoanthracene System.” Fluid Phase Equilibria (2010). CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS J.W. Rice, J. Fu, E.M. Suuberg. “Phase and partition behavior of multiple‐component PAH mixture systems.” 241st ACS National Meeting (2011). J.W. Rice, J. Fu, E.M. Suuberg. “Thermodynamic and Phase Behavior Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Solid Mixtures.” Superfund Research Program Annual Meeting (2010). J.W. Rice, J. Fu, E.M. Suuberg. “Thermodynamic Evaluation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Solid Mixtures.” 28th Annual New England Membrane Enzyme Group Meeting (2010). J.W. Rice, J. Fu, E.M. Suuberg. “Phase behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures: Eutectic formation, deviation from Raoult’s law, and solid azeotropy.” 240th ACS National Meeting (2010). J.W. Rice, J. Fu, E.M. Suuberg. “Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Mixtures: Phase Behavior and Deviation from Raoult’s Law.” Superfund Research Program Annual Meeting (2009). iv TEACHING EXPERIENCE BROWN UNIVERSITY, Providence, RI School of Engineering • Research Assistant o Mentor and facilitate the collaborative and independent research of graduate and undergraduate students as a senior laboratory member and team leader. • Teaching Assistant o Heat and Mass Transfer, Spring 2011 o Chemical and Biochemical Reaction Design, Fall 2010 o Thermodynamics, Spring 2008, 2010 o Fluid Mechanics, Fall 2008, 2009 RELATED EXPERIENCE ROHM AND HAAS, North Andover, MA Metalorganics Dept. Engineering Co­op II July – Dec. 2005 • Conducted research and experiments to design an improved production material purification step that would enhance material quality and decrease production cycle time. • Revised, developed, reorganized, and documented cylinder‐preparation and packaging procedures in order to eliminate mistakes, improve customer satisfaction, and increase process efficiency. • Expanded the preventive maintenance system for the North Andover facility by compiling and organizing company equipment, maintenance tasks and safety information in a corporate software application. • Created a new pyrophoric handling policy/procedure that contributed to the implementation of the Responsible Care EHS‐14001 action plan. ROHM AND HAAS, North Andover, MA Metalorganics Dept. Engineering Co­op I Jul. – Dec. 2004 • Formulated and documented a new cleaning/reclaim procedure for returned customer cylinders containing pyrophoric, metalorganic material in order to make use of valuable product and equipment. GILLETTE COMPANY, Andover, MA Process Development Engineering Co­op Jan. ­ Dec. 2003 • Directly aided in the November 2003 launch of a new global shave prep product. o Developed and performed shave gel stability experiments using a rheometer and texture analyzer. o Executed process development experiments at the pilot and bench‐top scales to determine production suitability of shave prep and antiperspirant products. o Analyzed rheology and texture data to determine product quality and optimal process operating conditions. o Presented all analysis via written reports for direct supervisors and plant manager. v FELLOWSHIPS, AWARDS & CERTIFICATIONS 2011 Sigma Xi Outstanding Graduate Student Award 2010 Outstanding Member of the Brown University Community, Kappa Alpha Theta 2009‐2010 Superfund Research Program Trainee, Brown University SRP Training Core 2006‐2010 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response, OSHA Certification 2001‐2006 Deans List and University Achievement Award, Northeastern University 2002 Student Athlete Award, Northeastern University TECHNICAL AND ACADEMIC SOCIETIES American Chemical Society Member, Fuel Division, April 2010 - present American Institute of Chemical Engineers Member, September 2002 - present Student/Postdoc/Alumni Network ‐ Superfund Research Project PEER REVIEWER Fuel, The Science and Technology of Fuel and Energy ‐ Elsevier Journal of Crystal Growth – Elsevier Chemosphere – Elsevier Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry – Springer Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research – American Chemical Society SERVICE Rotary Youth Leadership Awards (1999 – 2010), Raymond, ME - Training and administration director and group counselor at RYLA, a one-week leadership camp for high school sophomores that fosters individual leadership skills in an outdoor, group setting. vi Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge and thank my advisor, Dr. Eric Suuberg, for his guidance, support, and dedication. This dissertation and the research presented therein were made possible by his steadfast devotion to mentorship and facilitation of his graduate students. I would also like to thank my dissertation committee members, Dr. Joseph Calo and Dr. Gerald Diebold, for their time and effort. I also thank my friends and colleagues, especially Dr. Indrek Külaots, Dr. Kelly Pennell, Dr. Ozgur Bozkurt, Dr. Jillian Goldfarb, Jinxia Fu, Yijun Yao, Rui Shen, Daniel Prendergast, and David Cipoletti. I would also like to thank my parents, Jay and Mary Rice, my brother, Mark Rice, and my aunt, Sheila Rice for their love and support throughout these years of schooling. I owe much of my success to my family. Finally, this publication was made possible by Grant Number 5P42ES013660 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH and the contents are solely the responsibility of the author and do not necessarily represent the official views of the NIEHS, NIH. vii Table of Contents List of Tables xi List of Figures xiv Chapter 1. Introduction 1 1.1 History of Natural and Anthropogenic PAHs 3 1.2 Availability and Transport of PAH Mixtures 7 1.3 Polycyclic Aromatics and Human Heath Risk 9 1.4 Remediating PAH‐Contaminated Sites 15 Chapter 2. Background 18 2.1 Internal Energy and The First Law of Thermodynamics 18 2.2 Enthalpy 22 2.3 Equations of State 23 2.4 The Ideal Gas 23 2.5 Equilibrium Vapor Pressure and Partial Pressure 24 2.6 Entropy and The Second Law of Thermodynamics 27 2.7 Gibbs Free Energy 28 2.8 Gibbs Free Energy and Phase Equilibria 29 2.9 Multicomponent Systems 30 2.10 Chemical Potential and Phase Equilibria 31 2.11 Chemical Potential of an Ideal Gas 33 2.12 Chemical Potential of an Ideal Solution 36 viii 2.13 Raoult’s Law 37 2.14 The Clapeyron Equation 40 2.15 The Clausius‐Clapeyron Equation 42 2.16 Entropy and the Clausius‐Clapeyron Equation 46 2.17 The Antoine Equation 48 2.18 Azeotropy 49 2.19 The Activity Coefficient 50 2.20 Fugacity and The Fugacity Coefficient 51 2.21 Solid‐Liquid Equilibrium and Formation of Eutectic Phases 54 2.22 Solubility of Solids in Liquids 60 2.23 Sorption Processes 62 2.24 Rarefied Gas Flow and Development of the Knudsen Effusion Technique 68 Chapter 3. Phase Behavior of Binary, Solid PAH Mixtures: Eutectic and Azeotropic Character 73 3.1 Introduction 73 3.2 Experimental 77 3.3 Results and Discussion: Anthracene + Pyrene Solid Mixtures 84 3.4 Results and Discussion: Anthracene + Benzo[a]pyrene Solid Mixtures 109 3.5 Concluding Remarks 124 Chapter 4 Thermodynamics of Multicomponent PAH Mixtures and Development of Tarlike Behavior 129 4.1 Introduction 129 4.2 Ternary Solid Azeotropy of Anthracene, Pyrene, and Fluoranthene 131 ix 4.3 Quaternary System of Anthracene, Pyrene, Fluoranthene, and Benzo[a]pyrene 141 4.4 Five and Six Component PAH Mixtures 149 4.5 Concluding Remarks 155 Chapter 5. Aqueous Solubility of Binary and Multicomponent, Tarlike PAH Mixtures 157 5.1 Introduction 157 5.2 Experimental 174 5.3 Results and Discussion 184 5.4 Concluding Remarks 197 Chapter 6. Sorption Behavior of PAHs to Natural Particles 198 6.1 Introduction 198 6.2 Experimental 220 6.3 Results and Discussion 226 6.4 Concluding Remarks 237 Chapter 7. Conclusions and Recommendations
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