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Neuroergonomics OXFORD SERIES in HUMAN-TECHNOLOGY INTERACTION Neuroergonomics OXFORD SERIES IN HUMAN-TECHNOLOGY INTERACTION SERIES EDITOR ALEX KIRLIK Adaptive Perspectives on Human-Technology Interaction: Methods and Models for Cognitive Engineering and Human-Computer Interaction Edited by Alex Kirlik Computers, Phones, and the Internet: Domesticating Information Technology Edited by Robert Kraut, Malcolm Brynin, and Sara Kiesler Neuroergonomics: The Brain at Work Edited by Raja Parasuraman and Matthew Rizzo Neuroergonomics The Brain at Work EDITED BY Raja Parasuraman and Matthew Rizzo 1 2007 1 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education. Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offices in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Copyright © 2007 by Oxford University Press, Inc. Published by Oxford University Press, Inc. 198 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10016 www.oup.com Oxford is a registered trademark of Oxford University Press All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Neuroergonomics : the brain at work / edited by Raja Parasuraman and Matthew Rizzo. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 0-19-517761-4 ISBN-13 978-0-19-517761-9 1. Neuroergonomics. I. Parasuraman, R. II. Rizzo, Matthew. QP360.7.N48 2006 620.8'2—dc22 2005034758 987654321 Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper Preface There is a growing body of research and develop- coordinated efforts of many relevant specialists, ment work in the emerging field of neuroergonom- utilizing shared knowledge and cross-fertilization ics. For the first time, this book brings together this of ideas. We hope this book contributes to these body of knowledge in a single volume. In compos- ends. ing this book, we sought to show how an under- The breadth and depth of this volume would standing of brain function can inform the design of not have been possible without the steady influ- work that is safe, efficient, and pleasant. Neuroer- ence and vision of Series Editor Alex Kirlik and the gonomics: The Brain at Work shows how neuroer- Oxford University Press. We are also extremely gonomics builds upon modern neuroscience and indebted to the authors for their creative contribu- human factors psychology and engineering to en- tions and timely responses to our extensive edito- hance our understanding of brain function and rial advice. Raja Parasuraman was supported by behavior in the complex tasks of everyday life, as- grants from the National Institutes of Health and sessed outside the confines of the standard research DARPA and Matthew Rizzo by the National Insti- laboratory, in natural and naturalistic settings. tutes of Health and the Centers for Disease Control The book begins with an overview of key is- and Prevention. Raja Parasuraman is grateful to sues in neuroergonomics and ends with a view former members of the Cognitive Science Labora- toward the future of this new interdisciplinary tory, especially Francesco DiNocera, Yang Jiang, field. Specific topics are covered in 22 intervening Bernd Lorenz, Ulla Metzger, and Sangy Panicker, chapters. The subject matter is wide ranging and for stimulating debates in the early days of neu- addresses scientific and clinical approaches to diffi- roergonomics, many carried out online and to con- cult questions about brain and behavior that con- tinuing discussions with current members including tinue to drive our investigations and the search for Daniel Caggiano, Shimin Fu, Pamela Greenwood, solutions. This composition required the input of Reshma Kumar, Ericka Rovira, Peter Squire, and specialists with a variety of insights on medicine, Marla Zinni, and to the other members of the Arch human factors engineering, physiology, psychol- Lab at George Mason University. Matt Rizzo thanks ogy, neuroimaging, public health policy, and the his colleagues in neurology, engineering, public law. Effective response to these issues requires health, and the Public Policy Center for their vi Preface open-minded collaboration and is especially obliged Evelyn for nurturing his curiosity, to Annie, Ellie, to the past and present members of the Divi- and Frannie for their enduring support, and to Big sion of Neuroergonomics (http://www.uiowa.edu/~ Bill and Margie, now at peace. Both of us are also neuroerg/) for their good humor, great ideas, and grateful to Constance Kadala and to Cheryl Moores hard work. He is deeply grateful to Michael and for their editorial assistance. Contents Contributors xi I Introduction 1 Introduction to Neuroergonomics Raja Parasuraman and Matthew Rizzo 3 II Neuroergonomics Methods 2 Electroencephalography (EEG) in Neuroergonomics Alan Gevins and Michael E. Smith 15 3 Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) in Neuroergonomics Shimin Fu and Raja Parasuraman 32 4 Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI): Advanced Methods and Applications to Driving Vince D. Calhoun 51 5 Optical Imaging of Brain Function Gabriele Gratton and Monica Fabiani 65 6 Transcranial Doppler Sonography Lloyd D. Tripp and Joel S. Warm 82 7 Eye Movements as a Window on Perception and Cognition Jason S. McCarley and Arthur F. Kramer 95 8 The Brain in the Wild: Tracking Human Behavior in Natural and Naturalistic Settings Matthew Rizzo, Scott Robinson, and Vicki Neale 113 viii Contents III Perception, Cognition, and Emotion 9 Spatial Navigation Eleanor A. Maguire 131 10 Cerebral Hemodynamics and Vigilance Joel S. Warm and Raja Parasuraman 146 11 Executive Functions Jordan Grafman 159 12 The Neurology of Emotions and Feelings, and Their Role in Behavioral Decisions Antoine Bechara 178 IV Stress, Fatigue, and Physical Work 13 Stress and Neuroergonomics Peter A. Hancock and James L. Szalma 195 14 Sleep and Circadian Control of Neurobehavioral Functions Melissa M. Mallis, Siobhan Banks, and David F. Dinges 207 15 Physical Neuroergonomics Waldemar Karwowski, Bohdana Sherehiy, Wlodzimierz Siemionow, and Krystyna Gielo-Perczak 221 V Technology Applications 16 Adaptive Automation Mark W. Scerbo 239 17 Virtual Reality and Neuroergonomics Joseph K. Kearney, Matthew Rizzo, and Joan Severson 253 18 The Role of Emotion-Inspired Abilities in Relational Robots Cynthia Breazeal and Rosalind Picard 275 19 Neural Engineering Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi, Lee E. Miller, W. Zev Rymer, and Richard Weir 293 VI Special Populations 20 EEG-Based Brain-Computer Interface Gert Pfurtscheller, Reinhold Scherer, and Christa Neuper 315 21 Artificial Vision Dorothe A. Poggel, Lotfi B. Merabet and Joseph F. Rizzo III 329 22 Neurorehabilitation Robotics and Neuroprosthetics Robert Riener 346 23 Medical Safety and Neuroergonomics Matthew Rizzo, Sean McEvoy, and John Lee 360 Contents ix VII Conclusion 24 Future Prospects for Neuroergonomics Matthew Rizzo and Raja Parasuraman 381 Glossary 389 Author Index 397 Subject Index 419 This page intentionally left blank Contributors Siobhan Banks Jordan Grafman University of Pennsylvania National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Antoine Bechara University of Iowa Gabriele Gratton University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Cynthia Breazeal Massachusetts Institute of Technology Peter A. Hancock University of Central Florida Vince D. Calhoun Yale University Waldemar Karwowski University of Louisville David F. Dinges Joseph K. Kearney University of Pennsylvania University of Iowa Monica Fabiani Arthur F. Kramer University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign Shimin Fu John Lee George Mason University University of Iowa Alan Gevins Eleanor A. Maguire SAM Technology, Inc. University College, London Krystyna Gielo-Perczak Melissa M. Mallis Liberty Mutual Research Center Alertness Solutions, Inc. xi xii Contributors Jason S. McCarley Matthew Rizzo University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign University of Iowa Sean McEvoy Scott Robinson University of Iowa University of Iowa Lotfi B. Merabet W. Zev Rymer Northwestern University Northwestern University Lee E. Miller Mark W. Scerbo Northwestern University Old Dominion University Ferdinando A. Mussa-Ivaldi Reinhold Scherer Northwestern University Graz University of Technology Vicki Neale Joan Severson Virginia Polytechnic and State University Digital Artifacts Christa Neuper Bohdana Sherehiy Graz University of Technology University of Louisville Raja Parasuraman Wlodzimierz Siemionow George Mason University Cleveland Clinic Foundation Gert Pfurtscheller Michael E. Smith VA Medical Center, Boston Sam Technology, Inc. Rosalind Picard James L. Szalma Massachusetts Institute of Technology University of Central Florida Dorothe A. Poggel Lloyd D. Tripp VA Medical Center, Boston Air Force Research Lab Robert Riener Joel S. Warm Graz University of Technology University of Cincinnati Joseph F. Rizzo III Richard Weir VA Medical Center, Boston Northwestern University I Introduction This page intentionally left blank 1 Raja Parasuraman and Matthew Rizzo Introduction to Neuroergonomics Neuroergonomics is the study of brain and behav- our understanding of brain function and behavior ior at work (Parasuraman, 2003). This interdisci- as it occurs
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