DOCSLIB.ORG

Multi-Criteria Assessment of Wave and Tidal Power Along the Atlantic Coast of the Southeastern Usa

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Multi-Criteria Assessment of Wave and Tidal Power Along the Atlantic Coast of the Southeastern Usa MULTI-CRITERIA ASSESSMENT OF WAVE AND TIDAL POWER ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST OF THE SOUTHEASTERN USA A Dissertation Presented to The Academic Faculty by Zafer Defne In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology May 2010 MULTI-CRITERIA ASSESSMENT OF WAVE AND TIDAL POWER ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST OF THE SOUTHEASTERN USA Approved by: Dr. Kevin Haas, Committee Chair Dr. Emanuele Di Lorenzo School of Civil and Environmental School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Georgia Institute of Technology Dr. Dirk Schaefer Dr. Hermann Fritz, Committee Co-Chair School of Mechanical Engineering School of Civil and Environmental Georgia Institute of Technology Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology Date Approved: January 5, 2010 Dr. Paul Work School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my immense gratitude to my advisors Dr. Kevin Haas and Dr. Hermann Fritz for giving me the opportunity to do this research, and for their guidance throughout the entire study. Their invaluable comments are much appreciated. I am deeply thankful to Dr. Haas for his contributions in developing the fundamentals of this study and for his patience during our long discussions. I would like to extend my thanks to Dr. Paul Work, Dr. Emanuele Di Lorenzo and Dr. Dirk Schaefer for serving as the committee members. Their time, effort, and comments are greatly appreciated. A special thanks goes to Dr. John Warner for helping me with my questions on ROMS modeling and my colleague Dr. Lide Jiang for the exchange of ideas. I would like to thank all my friends and my past and present roommates, Mesut Turel, Huseyin Demir, Ayse Erdolen and especially to Kemal Cambazoglu, who was also a great officemate for many years, for sharing all the good and bad times together. Most of all, I would like to thank Elza Bystrom for always being there and for bringing with her all the joy and happiness, and the best of the Asian cuisine. Last but not least, many thanks to my parents Ahmet and Gulcan Defne for their love and support, and putting the love in our hearts. We may be oceans away, but we are never apart. This research was a part of the InfinitEnergy partnership between colleges, universities, state and local governments, and commercial entities to promote the use of alternative energy technologies. This work was supported by the National Science iii Foundation, Division of Industrial Innovation and Partnerships (IIP) under the Partnerships for Innovation Program Grant No. 0332613. Funding was also provided by the Strategic Energy Institute at Georgia Institute of Technology via a Creating Energy Options grant and the 104B Georgia Water Resources Institute Funding Program, and also by the Department of Energy, Wind and Hydropower Technologies Program award number DE-FG36-08GO18174 and by the state of Georgia. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iii LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................ x SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... xvii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................ 6 2.1. Wave Power ................................................................................................................. 6 2.1.1. Wave Power Resource Mapping ................................................................... 7 2.1.2. Wave Power Conversion Devices ................................................................. 9 2.2. Tidal Stream Power.................................................................................................... 12 2.2.1. Tidal Stream Power Resource Mapping ..................................................... 12 2.2.2. Tidal Stream Power Conversion Devices ................................................... 14 2.3. Numerical Modeling of Tidal Currents and Effect of Tidal Stream Power Converters on Tidal Flow Regime ...................................................................................................... 23 2.4. Site Selection for Tidal Stream Power Conversion Projects ..................................... 26 CHAPTER 3: ASSESSMENT OF WAVE POWER ALONG THE ATLANTIC COAST OF THE SOUTHEAST USA ........................................................................................... 32 3.1. Wave Data .................................................................................................................. 32 3.2. Wave Power Computation ......................................................................................... 38 3.3. Seasonal Variations and Annual Average Wave Power ............................................ 41 CHAPTER 4: ASSESSMENT OF TIDAL STREAM POWER ALONG THE COAST OF GEORGIA .................................................................................................................. 51 v 4.1. Tidal Power Density Computation from Tidal Current Data ..................................... 51 4.2. Numerical Modeling of Tidal Currents ...................................................................... 57 4.2.1. Model Properties ......................................................................................... 58 Tidal Forcing ............................................................................................. 58 Coastline, Bathymetry and Topography Information ............................... 59 Computational Grids ................................................................................. 61 4.2.2. Model Results and Validation ..................................................................... 65 Parameters Used for Validating the Predicted Maximum Currents .......... 66 Parameters Used for Validating the Predicted High/Low Tides ............... 68 Parameters Used for Validating the Harmonic Constituents .................... 69 4.2.2.1. Validation with NOAA Computed Constituents ..................................... 70 4.2.2.2. Validation with ADCP Current Measurements ....................................... 75 4.2.2.3. NOAA Water Level Predictions for High and Low Tide ........................ 88 4.2.2.4. NOAA Maximum Current Predictions .................................................... 90 4.2.3. Model Sensitivity Analysis ......................................................................... 94 Effect of computational cell size ............................................................... 97 Determining the Offshore Extent of Computational Grids ..................... 100 Effect of Wetlands .................................................................................. 104 Effect of Bathymetry Smoothing ............................................................ 114 4.3. Tidal Power Potential of the Georgia Coast ............................................................ 118 4.3.1. Tidal Power Density ................................................................................. 118 4.3.2. Annual Average Power ............................................................................. 122 4.3.3. Effective Power ......................................................................................... 127 4.4. Including River Discharge ....................................................................................... 130 CHAPTER 5: MODELING THE EFFECT OF TIDAL POWER EXTRACTION ON ESTUARINE HYDRODYNAMICS .............................................................................. 139 5.1. Modeling Power Extraction ..................................................................................... 139 vi 5.2. Effect of Power Extraction on the Estuarine Hydrodynamics ................................. 146 CHAPTER 6: SELECTION OF SUITABLE SITES FOR TIDAL STREAM POWER CONVERSION USING GIS .......................................................................................... 162 6.1. Data Coverage .......................................................................................................... 162 6.1.1. Physical Realization Layer ....................................................................... 165 6.1.2. Environmental Constraints Layer ............................................................. 166 6.1.3. Socioeconomic Constraints Layer ............................................................ 167 6.2. Site Selection Methodology ..................................................................................... 169 CHAPTER 7: CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................... 189 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................... 196 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Annual wave power for various locations in the world. .................................... 9 Table 3.1. List of available buoys and the datasets according to years. Availability of the SMD (light shade), wave heights and periods (dark shade), and SWD (“s”) are shown. 34 Table
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Tide Simplified by Phil Clegg Sea Kayaking Anglesey
    Tide Simplified By Phil Clegg Sea Kayaking Anglesey Tide is one of those areas that the more you learn about it, the more you realise you don’t know. As sea kayakers, and not necessarily scientists, we don’t have to know every detail but a simplified understanding can help us to understand and predict what we might expect to see when we are out on the water. In this article we look at the areas of tide you need to know about without having to look it up in a book. Causes of tides To understand tide is convenient to imagine the earth with an envelope of water all around it, spinning once every 24 hours on its north-south axis with the moon on a line parallel to the equator. Moon Gravity A B Earth Ocean C The tides are primarily caused by the gravitational attraction of the moon. Simplifying a bit, at point A the gravitational pull is the strongest causing a high tide, point B experiences a medium pull towards the moon, while point C has the weakest pull causing a second high tide. Because the earth spins once every 24 hours, at any location on its surface there are two high tides and two low tides a day. There are approximately six hours between high tide and low tide. One way of predicting the approximate time of high tide is to add 50 minutes to the high tide of the previous day. The sun has a similar but weaker gravitational effect on the tides. On average this is about 40 percent of that of the moon.
    [Show full text]
  • Tidal Turbine Array Optimization Based on the Discrete Particle
    China Ocean Eng., 2018, Vol. 32, No. 3, P. 358–364 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13344-018-0037-6, ISSN 0890-5487 http://www.chinaoceanengin.cn/ E-mail: [email protected] Tidal Turbine Array Optimization Based on the Discrete Particle Swarm Algorithm WU Guo-weia, WU Hea, *, WANG Xiao-yonga, ZHOU Qing-weia, LIU Xiao-manb aNational Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, China bSatellite Environment Center, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Beijing 100094, China Received May 18, 2017; revised February 11, 2018; accepted March 23, 2018 ©2018 Chinese Ocean Engineering Society and Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature Abstract In consideration of the resource wasted by unreasonable layout scheme of tidal current turbines, which would influence the ratio of cost and power output, particle swarm optimization algorithm is introduced and improved in the paper. In order to solve the problem of optimal array of tidal turbines, the discrete particle swarm optimization (DPSO) algorithm has been performed by re-defining the updating strategies of particles’ velocity and position. This paper analyzes the optimization problem of micrositing of tidal current turbines by adjusting each turbine’s position, where the maximum value of total electric power is obtained at the maximum speed in the flood tide and ebb tide. Firstly, the best installed turbine number is generated by maximizing the output energy in the given tidal farm by the Farm/Flux and empirical method. Secondly, considering the wake effect, the reasonable distance between turbines, and the tidal velocities influencing factors in the tidal farm, Jensen wake model and elliptic distribution model are selected for the turbines’ total generating capacity calculation at the maximum speed in the flood tide and ebb tide.
    [Show full text]
  • WATER ENVIRONMENT A3d.1 INTRODUCTION
    Offshore Energy SEA APPENDIX 3d - WATER ENVIRONMENT A3d.1 INTRODUCTION A number of aspects of the water environment are reviewed below in a UK context, and for individual Regional Seas: • The major water masses and residual circulation patterns in UK seas • Density stratification (influenced principally by temperature and salinity) and frontal zones between different water masses – these represent potentially important areas for biological productivity • Tidal flows • Overall patterns of temperature and salinity • Wave climate • Ambient noise Recent assessments of changes in hydrographic conditions are summarised, based mainly on reports by DEFRA (2004a, b) and MCCIP (2007). Overall, significant anomalies and changes have been noted in sea surface temperature (SST), thermal stratification, circulation patterns, wave climate, pH and sea level – many appear to be correlated to atmospheric climate variability as described by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Larger- scale trends and process changes have also been noted in the North Atlantic (e.g. in the strength of the Gulf Stream and Atlantic Heat Conveyor (more properly characterised as the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC), or the Atlantic Thermohaline circulation (THC) e.g. Trumper 2005), Northern Hemisphere (Weijerman et al. 2005) and globally (IPCC 2007a). There are varying degrees of confidence in the interpretation of observed data and prediction of future trends. Finally, the specific environmental issue of eutrophication is summarised. This is an area of concern in specific geographical areas, notably the southern North Sea and various coastal and estuarine locations. A3d.2 UK CONTEXT The history of broadscale studies of North Sea circulation and hydrographic patterns (e.g. temperature and salinity distribution) was briefly reviewed in SEA 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Rule 391-3-6-.03. Water Use Classifications and Water Quality Standards
    Presented below are water quality standards that are in effect for Clean Water Act purposes. EPA is posting these standards as a convenience to users and has made a reasonable effort to assure their accuracy. Additionally, EPA has made a reasonable effort to identify parts of the standards that are not approved, disapproved, or are otherwise not in effect for Clean Water Act purposes. Rule 391-3-6-.03. Water Use Classifications and Water Quality Standards ( 1) Purpose. The establishment of water quality standards. (2) W ate r Quality Enhancement: (a) The purposes and intent of the State in establishing Water Quality Standards are to provide enhancement of water quality and prevention of pollution; to protect the public health or welfare in accordance with the public interest for drinking water supplies, conservation of fish, wildlife and other beneficial aquatic life, and agricultural, industrial, recreational, and other reasonable and necessary uses and to maintain and improve the biological integrity of the waters of the State. ( b) The following paragraphs describe the three tiers of the State's waters. (i) Tier 1 - Existing instream water uses and the level of water quality necessary to protect the existing uses shall be maintained and protected. (ii) Tier 2 - Where the quality of the waters exceed levels necessary to support propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation in and on the water, that quality shall be maintained and protected unless the division finds, after full satisfaction of the intergovernmental coordination and public participation provisions of the division's continuing planning process, that allowing lower water quality is necessary to accommodate important economic or social development in the area in which the waters are located.
    [Show full text]
  • A1d Water Environment
    Offshore Energy SEA 3: Appendix 1 Environmental Baseline Appendix 1D: Water Environment A1d.1 Introduction A number of aspects of the water environment are reviewed below in a UK context, and for individual Regional Seas: • The major water masses and residual circulation patterns • Density stratification (influenced principally by temperature and salinity) and frontal zones between different water masses • Tidal flows • Tidal range • Overall patterns of temperature and salinity • Wave climate • Internal waves • Water Framework Directive ecological status of coastal and estuarine water bodies • Eutrophication • Ambient noise Recent assessments of changes in hydrographic conditions are summarised, based mainly on reports by Defra (2010a, b) and MCCIP (2013) but incorporating a range of other grey and peer reviewed literature sources. Overall, significant anomalies and changes have been noted in sea surface temperature (SST), thermal stratification, circulation patterns, wave climate, pH and sea level – many appear to be correlated to atmospheric climate variability as described by the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Larger-scale trends and process changes have also been noted in the North Atlantic (e.g. in the strength of the Gulf Stream and Atlantic Heat Conveyor (more properly characterised as the Meridional Overturning Circulation (MOC), or the Atlantic Thermohaline circulation (THC), northern hemisphere and globally. There are varying degrees of confidence in the interpretation of observed data and prediction of future trends. A1d.2 UK context There have been a number of information gathering and assessment initiatives which provide significant information on the current state of the UK and neighbouring seas, and the activities which affect them. These include both UK wide overview programmes and longer term specific monitoring and measuring studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Merging Velocity Measurements and Modeling to Improve Understanding of Tidal Stream Resource in Alderney Race
    Merging velocity measurements and modeling to improve understanding of tidal stream resource in Alderney Race. Maxime Thiébaut, Alexei Sentchev, Pascal Bailly Du Bois To cite this version: Maxime Thiébaut, Alexei Sentchev, Pascal Bailly Du Bois. Merging velocity measurements and modeling to improve understanding of tidal stream resource in Alderney Race.. Energy, Elsevier, 2019, 178, pp.460-470. 10.1016/j.energy.2019.04.171. hal-02336285 HAL Id: hal-02336285 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02336285 Submitted on 28 Oct 2019 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution - NonCommercial - NoDerivatives| 4.0 International License Merging velocity measurements and modeling to improve understanding of tidal stream resource in Alderney Race Maxime Thiébaut1,2 , Alexei Sentchev*1 and Pascal Bailly du Bois3 (1) Univ. Littoral Côte d’Opale, Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8187, LOG, Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences, Wimereux, France (2) France Énergies Marines, Technopôle Brest-Iroise, Batîment Cap Océan, 525 Avenue de Rochon, Plouzané, France (3) IRSN/DEI/SECRE/LRC, Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, Direction de l Environnement et de l Intervention, Laboratoire de Radioécologie de Cherbourg Octeville, France (*) Corresponding author: [email protected] Phone : +33 3 21 99 64 17 Fax : + 33 3 21 99 64 01 Abstract Tidal circulation and tidal stream resource in Aldemey Race (Raz Blanchard) were assessed by using a towed acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) system and tidal modeling.
    [Show full text]
  • Cost Assessment Methodology and Economic Viability of Tidal Energy Projects
    energies Article Cost Assessment Methodology and Economic Viability of Tidal Energy Projects Eva Segura 1, Rafael Morales 1,* and José A. Somolinos 2 1 Escuela de Ingenieros Industriales de Albacete, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; [email protected] 2 Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Navales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +34-967-599-200 (ext. 2542); Fax: +34-967-599-224 Received: 15 September 2017; Accepted: 6 November 2017; Published: 9 November 2017 Abstract: The exploitation of technologies with which to harness the energy from ocean currents will have considerable possibilities in the future thanks to their enormous potential for electricity production and their high predictability. In this respect, the development of methodologies for the economic viability of these technologies is fundamental to the attainment of a consistent quantification of their costs and the discovery of their economic viability, while simultaneously attracting investment in these technologies. This paper presents a methodology with which to determine the economic viability of tidal energy projects, which includes a technical study of the life-cycle costs into which the development of a tidal farm can be decomposed: concept and definition, design and development, manufacturing, installation, operation and maintenance and dismantling. These cost structures are additionally subdivided by considering their sub-costs and bearing in mind the main components of the tidal farm: the nacelle, the supporting tidal energy converter structure and the export power system. Furthermore, a technical study is developed in order to obtain an estimation of the annual energy produced (and, consequently, the incomes generated if the electric tariff is known) by considering its principal attributes: the characteristics of the current, the ability of the device to capture energy and its ability to convert and export the energy.
    [Show full text]
  • The Georgia Coast Saltwater Paddle Trail
    2010 The Georgia Coast Saltwater Paddle Trail This project was funded in part by the Coastal Management Program of the Georgia Department of Natural Resources, and the U.S. Department of Commerce, Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management (OCRM), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) grant award #NA09NOS4190171, as well as the National Park Service Rivers, Trails & Conservation Assistance Program. The statements, findings, conclusions, and recommendations are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of OCRM or NOAA. September 30, 2010 0 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................... 2 Coastal Georgia Regional Development Center Project Team .......................................................... 3 Planning and Government Services Staff ................................................................................................... 3 Geographic Information Systems Staff ....................................................................................................... 3 Economic Development Staff .......................................................................................................................... 3 Administrative Services Staff .......................................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ...............................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia Water Resources Institute Annual Technical Report FY 2010
    Georgia Water Resources Institute Annual Technical Report FY 2010 Georgia Water Resources Institute Annual Technical Report FY 2010 1 Introduction The Georgia Water Resources Institute (GWRI) aims to provide interdisciplinary research, education, technology transfer, and information dissemination, and works collaboratively with various local, state, and federal agencies. At the state and local levels, GWRI collaborates with and supports the Georgia Environmental Protection Division/Georgia Department of Natural Resources, water and power utilities, environmental organizations and citizen groups, and lake associations. At the national level, GWRI collaborative efforts with the California Energy Commission, California Department of Water Resources, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Geological Survey, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Finally, GWRI has a significant international research and educational program in Europe, Africa, China, Middle East, and South America with support from the U.S. Agency for International Development, World Bank, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and other international organizations. In all its programs, the Institute strives to bring to bear expertise from a variety of disciplines, including civil and environmental engineering, atmospheric sciences, agriculture, oceanography, forestry, ecology, economics, and public policy. This year's funded activities include: RESEARCH PROJECTS (1) Multi-Scale Investigation of Seawater Intrusion and Application in Coastal Georgia, Jian Luo PI, Georgia Institute of Technology, sponsored by USGS under grant # 2006P17 (Fund #R9261). (2) Assessing the impacts of a major wildfire in the Okefenokee Swamp on mercury levels in resident Macroinvertebrates and Mosquitofish, Darold Batzer PI, University of Georgia, sponsored by USGS under grant #1266663 (Fund #R7113.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of the Optimal Deployment Location for Tidal Energy Converters
    EGY9197_grabs ■ 24 August 2016 ■ 1/1 Energy xxx (2016) 1 5 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 6 7 Energy 8 9 10 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy 11 12 13 14 15 1 16 2 17 3 Highlights 4 Two areas of high tidal stream exergy are identified in the Ria de Vigo region. The energy output of two TEC farms, based on different turbines, is estimated. 15% of the 22.5 MW hourly extractable power per site can be tapped by the farms. The estimated power output is between. Q3 Depending on the used TEC, the farms can feed between 4411 and 6638 Spanish homes. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.055 0360-5442/© 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Please cite this article in press as: Mestres M, et al., Analysis of the optimal deployment location for tidal energy converters in the mesotidal Ria de Vigo (NW Spain), Energy (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2016.06.055 EGY9197_proof ■ 24 August 2016 ■ 1/9 Energy xxx (2016) 1e9 55 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect 56 57 Energy 58 59 60 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/energy 61 62 63 64 65 1 Analysis of the optimal deployment location for tidal energy 66 2 67 3 converters in the mesotidal Ria de Vigo (NW Spain) 68 4 69 a, b, * b a, b a, b 5 Q5 Marc Mestres , Maria Grin~o , Joan Pau Sierra , Cesar Mosso€ 70 6 a 71 7 International Centre for Coastal Resources Research (CIIRC), c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Modul D1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain b Laboratori d’Enginyeria Marítima (LIM-UPC), Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, c/Jordi Girona 1-3, Modul D1, 08034 Barcelona, Spain 72 8 73 9 74 10 article info abstract 75 11 76 12 Article history: The potential power output expected from the installation of a tidal farm near the mesotidal Ria de Vigo 77 13 Received 23 February 2016 (NW Spain) is assessed using two different tidal stream energy converters (TEC).
    [Show full text]
  • 18 Lc 41 1337 Sr
    18 LC 41 1337 Senate Resolution 685 By: Senators Jackson of the 2nd, Jones of the 10th, Anderson of the 43rd, James of the 35th, Butler of the 55th and others ADOPTED A RESOLUTION 1 Renaming the bed of tidewater on the Georgia coast known as "Runaway Negro Creek" to 2 "Freedom Creek"; and for other purposes. 3 WHEREAS, there is a bed of tidewater on the Georgia coast at latitude 31.9766030 and 4 longitude -81.0462222 known as "Runaway Negro Creek" as recorded by the United States 5 Board of Geographic Names; and 6 WHEREAS, the United States Board of Geographic Names is a federal body created in 1890 7 and recreated by the United States Congress in 1947, pursuant to Public Law 80-242, to 8 establish and maintain uniform usage of geographic names throughout the federal 9 government and serves the public as a central authority for the recording of geographic 10 names; and 11 WHEREAS, as reflected in Code Section 52-1-2 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated, 12 the General Assembly finds and declares that the State of Georgia became the owner of the 13 beds of all tidewaters within the jurisdiction of the State of Georgia as successor to the 14 Crown of England and by the common law; and 15 WHEREAS, as reflected in Code Section 52-1-2 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated, 16 the General Assembly finds and declares that the State of Georgia continues to hold title to 17 the beds of all tidewaters within the state; and 18 WHEREAS, pursuant to the State of Georgia's title to the beds of all tidewaters within this 19 state and pursuant to Code Section 52-1-3 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated, 20 Georgia law provides that "tidewaters" means the sea and all rivers and arms of the sea that 21 are affected by the tide, where the tide rises and falls, which are capable of use for fishing, 22 passage, navigation, commerce, or transportation, and which are located within the 23 jurisdiction of the State of Georgia; and S.
    [Show full text]
  • Tidal Farm Electric Energy Production in the Tagus River Civil Engineering
    Tidal Farm Electric Energy Production in the Tagus River José Maria Simões de Almeida de Sousa Ceregeiro Thesis to obtain the Master of Science Degree in Civil Engineering Supervisors: Prof. Manuel Guilherme Caras Atlas Duarte Pinheiro Dr. Francisco Javier Campuzano Guillen Examination Committee Chairperson: Prof. Rodrigo de Almada Cardoso Proença de Oliveira Supervisor: Prof. Manuel Guilherme Caras Atlas Duarte Pinheiro Member of the Committee: Prof. Ramiro Joaquim de Jesus Neves May 2019 Declaration I declare that this document is an original work of my own authorship and that it fulfills all the requirements of the Code of Conduct and Good Practices of the Universidade de Lisboa. Acknowledgements Few words can truly convey just how grateful I am. Firstly, I would like to thank my parents. Thank you for having provided me and my siblings with one of the best educations a person could ask for, both at home and in school. Thank you for motivating me and for granting me the freedom to choose whichever college degree I thought would make me happier. You are the reason why I am where I am, and I owe you everything. I’m certain that Life will make sure that your efforts payed off. Secondly, to my younger brother and sister: thank you for validating my inner child and for making sure that there is never a dull moment at home. Next, to my girlfriend: few people in this world see me for who I truly am, and you sit at the very top of the ones that know me best. Thank you for supporting me when I most needed it, for always being there for me and for being my best friend.
    [Show full text]