DOCSLIB.ORG

Rivers Bradford and Lathkill

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Rivers Bradford and Lathkill Rivers Bradford and Lathkill Introduction The Rivers Bradford and Lathkill in the Peak District are very important for people and wildlife and therefore need to be protected and enhanced for current and future generations. Although the rivers both provide good habitat and have good water quality they do suffer from low flows at certain times of the year and significant reaches dried up during the summer of 2011. Whilst parts of the bed of the Lathkill dry up every year the Bradford is effected much less frequently. In terms of rainfall 2011 was one of the driest years on record for the Midlands. This lead to the Environment Agency undertaking fish rescues on the River Lathkill during the summer, whilst this is an annual occurrence it happened earlier in the year than normal. A similar rescue was undertaken by the Haddon Estate on the River Bradford. On 7th November 2011, we spoke to the local community, at a public meeting hosted by Youlgreave residents about the issues facing the rivers in times of low rainfall and what may be the causes of the rivers drying up; the meeting was attended by approximately 100 people. We have been examining the data and evidence around the drying of the rivers and have considered rainfall data, groundwater levels, licensed water abstraction in the area, the local geology and historical mine drainage systems as contributory factors that have caused the rivers to dry up. Historical Evidence The River Bradford has dried up on previous occasions the most recent event prior to 2011 was 1996, which correlated with the rainfall data for this year which is the ninth driest on record for the Derwent Catchment. Our records show the rainfall data for the period December 2010 to November 2011 was the second driest 12 month period on record for the catchment which includes Youlgreave. As such we view the lack of rainfall as an important factor in causing the local rivers to run dry. Licensed Water Abstraction All large water abstractions for farms or other premises require an abstraction licence. We enforce licence conditions which limit the amount of water that can be taken from surface watercourses or groundwater. The licensed abstractions in the River Bradford catchment all take water from groundwater and not the rivers. We have modelled the potential effect of current licensed water abstraction which has shown that abstraction can only have a very small impact on the River Bradford, even at times of low river flow. The low total permitted daily abstraction rate for these licences, the location of the abstractions and their associated geology gives us confidence that the abstractions are not impacting the River Bradford. We have not issued any new consumptive abstraction licences in the area since January 1997. We manage water resources in the catchment that include the Rivers Bradford and Lathkill by applying the licensing policy contained in the Derbyshire Derwent Catchment Abstraction Management Strategy (CAMS). This document can be viewed on our website at http://publications.environment- agency.gov.uk/PDF/GEMI0106BYYR-E-E.pdf A new licensing policy based on a review of the availability of water in the catchment will be issued before December 2012. The catchment is already closed to new licensable groundwater abstraction, if our review indicates that surface water abstraction is unsustainable then the catchment will be closed to new licensable surface water abstractions as well. We issue guidance about best practice for abstractors and we undertake compliance visits and take enforcement action if exemptions or licences are not complied with. We currently have no evidence to suggest that any unauthorised abstraction is occurring near to the Rivers Bradford or Lathkill. Groundwater Levels Data collected by the Environment Agency from our groundwater observation borehole at Oddo House Farm shows that no large amounts of water capable of drying up the rivers have been taken from the area. Future Initiatives and Climate Change The Environment Agency is a member of the recently formed working group looking at water resource issues for this catchment. The group also includes representatives from Haddon Estates, Limestone Research and Consultancy Ltd, Natural England, Peak District National Park Authority, the Trent Rivers Trust and the local community. The aim of the group is to gain a better understanding of how rainfall, mine drainage, geology and water abstraction interact in the area as the exact effects of these factors on the Rivers Bradford and Lathkill are currently unclear. Whilst the Rivers Bradford and Lathkill started to flow again in December 2011 after a month of above average rainfall we need to consider not only the current weather conditions but also the potential long term effects of climate change on the Peak District Rivers. In order to make sure we can provide the best evidence to help the work of this group we will review our data relating to water resources in the area. This will include river and sough flow data and groundwater level data. The Environment Agency supports local initiatives to address the above issues and to find ways in which the water courses of the Peak District can be managed in a way which sustains water resources and maintains or enhances water quality and wildlife habitat. Further Information Further information relevant to findings of the working group who will be looking at water resource issues for this catchment will be made available when there is something new to report. As we have had near drought conditions in the Midlands during 2011 the Environment Agency will continue to undertake drought monitoring to ensure that we will be able to examine the drought prospects for 2012 and advise accordingly. Anyone suspecting illegal abstraction should contact our National Emergency hotline on 0800 807060. Anyone who has further information relating to the River Bradford running dry prior to 2011 can contact Andrew Barker by email at [email protected] .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Characterization of Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Hyporheic Zone of River Ecosystems Reflects the Pump-Sampling Technique Used
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Characterization of Macroinvertebrate Communities in the Hyporheic Zone of River Ecosystems Reflects the Pump-Sampling Technique Used Rachel Stubbington1*, Marie-Jose Dole-Olivier2, Diana M. P. Galassi3, John-Paul Hogan1, Paul J. Wood4 a11111 1 School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, United Kingdom, 2 Universite de Lyon, Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne Cedex, France, 3 Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy, 4 Centre for Hydrological and Ecosystem Science, Department of Geography, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom * [email protected] OPEN ACCESS Citation: Stubbington R, Dole-Olivier M-J, Galassi Abstract DMP, Hogan J-P, Wood PJ (2016) Characterization of Macroinvertebrate Communities in the The hyporheic zone of river ecosystems provides a habitat for a diverse macroinvertebrate Hyporheic Zone of River Ecosystems Reflects the community that makes a vital contribution to ecosystem functioning and biodiversity. How- Pump-Sampling Technique Used. PLoS ONE 11 ever, effective methods for sampling this community have proved difficult to establish, due (10): e0164372. doi:10.1371/journal. pone.0164372 to the inaccessibility of subsurface sediments. The aim of this study was to compare the two most common semi-quantitative macroinvertebrate pump-sampling techniques: Bou- Editor: Elena Gorokhova, Stockholm University, SWEDEN Rouch and vacuum-pump sampling. We used both techniques to collect replicate samples in three contrasting temperate-zone streams, in each of two biogeographical regions Received: March 1, 2016 (Atlantic region, central England, UK; Continental region, southeast France). Results were Accepted: September 24, 2016 typically consistent across streams in both regions: Bou-Rouch samples provided signifi- Published: October 10, 2016 cantly higher estimates of taxa richness, macroinvertebrate abundance, and the abun- Copyright: © 2016 Stubbington et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Council of Europe Diploma
    Council of Europe Diploma Annual Report for the Peak District National Park in the United Kingdom of Great Britain for October 2012 to September 2013 Submitted by the body responsible for its administration: Peak District National Park Authority, National Park Office, Aldern House, Bakewell, Derbyshire, DE45 1AE Tel: 01629 816200 Fax: 01629 816310 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.peakdistrict.gov.uk Chief Executive: Jim Dixon The National Parks of England and Wales were set up under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 and are now managed under the Environment Act 1995. Member of the Association of National Park Authorities Holder of Council of Europe Diploma ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Chief Executive: Jim Dixon Chair: Tony Favell Deputy Chair: Geoff Nickolds Working together for the Peak District National Park: ▪A special environment ▪A welcoming place at the heart of the nation ▪Vibrant communities and a thriving economy ▪ Any information given to the Authority may be disclosed under the Freedom of Information Act 2000 COUNCIL OF EUROPE REPORT OF THE PEAK DISTRICT NATIONAL PARK AUTHORITY I GENERAL INFORMATION The Diploma for the Peak District was renewed for a further ten years by resolution Res Dip (2011)11. That resolution granted renewal to 28 March 2021 with 1 condition and 11 accompanying recommendations (see section III). 1. NATURAL HERITAGE - STATE OF CONSERVATION 1.1 Environmental and Natural Beauty Climate change actions focus on low carbon communities, adaptation to climate change on a landscape scale, a sustainable approach to land management and engagement with the public on issues and solutions around climate change as well as our own carbon management plan.
    [Show full text]
  • Reconstructing Palaeoenvironments of the White Peak Region of Derbyshire, Northern England
    THE UNIVERSITY OF HULL Reconstructing Palaeoenvironments of the White Peak Region of Derbyshire, Northern England being a Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the University of Hull by Simon John Kitcher MPhysGeog May 2014 Declaration I hereby declare that the work presented in this thesis is my own, except where otherwise stated, and that it has not been previously submitted in application for any other degree at any other educational institution in the United Kingdom or overseas. ii Abstract Sub-fossil pollen from Holocene tufa pool sediments is used to investigate middle – late Holocene environmental conditions in the White Peak region of the Derbyshire Peak District in northern England. The overall aim is to use pollen analysis to resolve the relative influence of climate and anthropogenic landscape disturbance on the cessation of tufa production at Lathkill Dale and Monsal Dale in the White Peak region of the Peak District using past vegetation cover as a proxy. Modern White Peak pollen – vegetation relationships are examined to aid semi- quantitative interpretation of sub-fossil pollen assemblages. Moss-polsters and vegetation surveys incorporating novel methodologies are used to produce new Relative Pollen Productivity Estimates (RPPE) for 6 tree taxa, and new association indices for 16 herb taxa. RPPE’s of Alnus, Fraxinus and Pinus were similar to those produced at other European sites; Betula values displaying similarity with other UK sites only. RPPE’s for Fagus and Corylus were significantly lower than at other European sites. Pollen taphonomy in woodland floor mosses in Derbyshire and East Yorkshire is investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • Youlgreave to Lathkill Dale Circular
    Youlgreave to Lathkill Dale Let's Go Peak District II Circular Route Summary This walk is an absolute gem, starting and ending in the pretty village of Youlgreave. The route follows the crystal- clear River Bradford through shady woodland, before heading to Lathkill Dale. It then follows the River Lathkill through dramatic limestone gorges before returning to the start. Route Overview Category: Walking Length: 12.310 km / 7.69 mi Last Modified: 15th August 2019 Difficulty: Medium Rating: Unrated Surface: Moderate Date Published: 15th August 2019 Description Youlgrave Circular via Lathkill Dale Details Distance: 7.6 miles Time: 3-4 hours Terrain: Grassy footpaths, woodland trails and country lanes Accessibility: Moderate - stiles, squeeze stiles, kissing gates, steps, uneven terrain on woodland paths. Start and end grid reference: SK 21190 (Postcode DE45 1WL; /// petal.rang.plausible) Introduction This wonderful walk is an absolute gem, starting and ending in the very pretty village of Youlgreave. The route follows the crystal-clear River Bradford through shady woodland, before heading across open countryside to Lathkill Dale. It 1 / 4 then follows the course of the River Lathkill through dramatic limestone gorges before returning along field tracks and country lanes to the start point. This is a walk of 7.6 miles. There are stiles and squeeze stiles, although no terribly steep ascents. Youlgreave is well served for cafes and pubs, as well as shops to buy picnic supplies for an en-route stop. There is plenty of car parking available in Youlgreave, both in car parks (fees apply) or on the road side. Allow 3-4 hours to complete this walk at a moderate pace, more if you allow for rest stops and a lunch break.
    [Show full text]
  • Listed Buildings and Scheduled Monuments
    LISTED BUILDINGS AND SCHEDULED MONUMENTS for which DERBYSHIRE COUNTY COUNCIL has a MAINTENANCE RESPONSIBILITY November 2009 *This list includes buildings, bridges and other highway structures and is believed to be correct but notification of errors would be welcomed. Environmental Services Department Shand House Dale Road South Matlock DE4 3RY (01629) 580000 ext 33351 (A Morrison) HIGH PEAK BOROUGH List Grade or SM (Scheduled Monument) Aston - Milepost, Hope Road (OS 1891/8266) 2 - Brough Bridge, Stretfield Road (OS 1839/8265) 2 (See also Brough & Shatton Parish) Bamford - Yorkshire Bridge, Carr Lane (OS 1981/8469) 2 (See also Thornhill Parish) Brough & Shatton - Brough Bridge, Stretfield Road (OS 1838/8266) 2 (See also Aston Parish) Buxton - Former Public Library & Education Offices, The I Crescent - Grin Low Tower, (Soloman's Temple) 2 Poole's Cavern Country Park Castleton - School & Attached Walls & Railings, Back Street 2 (VC/CE) - Milepost, Buxton Road (OS 1261/8315) 2 - Milepost, Buxton Road (OS 1341/8363) 2 - Milepost, Buxton Road (OS 1458/8287) 2 Chapel-en-le-Frith - PPU, Former Primary School, High Street (VC/CE) 2 - Milestone at Tunstead Milton, Manchester Road 2 (OS 0336/8004) - Bridge, Whitehall Terrace 2 (south of White Hall gates) (OS 0372/8215) - Ford Hall Bridge, Malcoff Road (OS 0765/8221) 2 - Milepost, 230 m from Rushup Lane Junction 2 (OS 0943/8256) Charlesworth - Broadbottom Bridge, Long Lane (OS 9966/9375) 2 Edale - Gibralter Bridge, Gibralter Bridge Lane 2 (OS 1232/8602) - Packhorse Bridge, at foot of Jacobs Ladder, 2 off Upper Booth Lane (OS 0883/8619) Glossop - Duke of Norfolks Church of England School 2 Church Street, Old Glossop (VC/CE) - Victoria Hall and Library, Arundel Street/ 2 Talbot Street Adult Education Centre, Talbot Street.
    [Show full text]
  • March 2021 Youlgrave, Alport and Middleton Set to Lose out in District Council Boundary Shake-Up
    - 1 - The Bugle A chance to blow your trumpet for the villagers of Alport, Middleton and Youlgrave No. 233 March 2021 Youlgrave, Alport and Middleton set to lose out in District Council boundary shake-up The future of Youlgrave’s distinct and independent representation on the District Council is under threat, following BAKEWELL WARD controversial proposals unveiled by the Boundary Commission. They recommend that Alport Youlgrave should be amalgamated into Youlgrave Bakewell ward, while Middleton Middleton would be absorbed into a new Proposed Boundary changes would see Lathkill & Bradford Bonsall & Winster ward. ward disappear and Youlgrave swallowed up by Bakewell. The electoral review proposes reducing the overall number Bakewell, which will be represented by of Derbyshire Dales District Council three councillors. Meanwhile, Middleton wards from 39 to 34 and is intended to & Smerrill, despite being neighbouring even up the number of voters in each parishes in the same valley, will be put ward. The Commission also says that into Bonsall & Winster ward. ward boundaries should “reflect the Youlgrave has been represented by an interests and identities of local Independent District Councillor for many communities, as well as promoting decades. effective local government”. Youlgrave Parish Council is firmly However, the proposals put out for opposed to the plans, arguing that public consultation recommend that villages like Youlgrave have completely Youlgrave’s Lathkill & Bradford ward is different interests from those of a town abolished and instead Alport and such as Bakewell and need separate Youlgrave will be incorporated into Continued on page 7 - 2 - Missing Element Mortgage Services Ltd We have been helping people financing their homes for 30 years.
    [Show full text]
  • Peak District Mines Historical Society Ltd
    Peak District Mines Historical Society Ltd. Newsletter No. 153 January 2015 Membership Renewal 2014 - 2015 positive comments on Trip Advisor from visitors, with 97% satisfaction rate and ranked 4th out of 19 attractions If there is a cross in the box below then you have not in the area. renewed your membership for the current year. Please renew now. If we are successful with further funding bids, the The current membership rates are: Museum is planning a major project from next July that will provide new exhibition space. We would extend the Individual: £ 21.00 mezzanine floor to the front of the building and over the Joint: £ 23.00 shop to house exhibits dedicated to the wider heritage of Family: £ 25.00 Matlock Bath. Institutional: £ 27.00 The Museum, once again, hosted the Barmote event, and Subscriptions should be sent to: I am grateful to Tony Wood and his team for their time Keith Gregory, PDMHS Membership Secretary, Peak and effort in organising this event. District Mining Museum, Grand Pavilion, South Parade, We are somewhat overwhelmed with work that needs Matlock Bath MATLOCK, DE4 3NR to be done to improve the presentation of the Museum. Updating of displays, deep cleaning of the Museum Annual General Meeting 2014 and its artefacts, including the Wills Founder Engine The Annual General Meeting 2014 was held at 12 noon and repairing the working models that are currently out on Saturday the 15th of November in the Pump Room of action, are amongst the work that is needed. Robin of the Peak District Lead Mining Museum.
    [Show full text]
  • Catalogue of the Box “Derbyshire 01”
    Catalogue of the Box “Derbyshire 01” Variety of Item Serial No. Description Photocopy 14 Notes by Mr. Wright of Gild Low Cottage, Great Longstone, regarding Gild Low Shafts Paper Minutes of Preservation Meeting (PDMHS) 10-Nov-1985 Document and Plan List of Shafts to be capped and associated plan from the Shaft Capping Project on Bonsall Moor Photocopy Documents re Extraction of Minerals at Leys Lane, Bonsall, 21-Oct-1987 – Peak District National Park Letter From the Department of the Environment to L. Willies regarding conservation work at Stone Edge Smelt Chimney, 30-Mar-1979 Typewritten Notes D86 B166 Notes on the Dovegang and Cromford Sough (and other places) with Sketch Map (Cromford Market Place to Gang Vein) – Maurice Woodward Transcription S19/1 B67 “A Note on the Peculiar Occurrence of Lead Ore in the Ewden Valley, Yorkshire” by M.E. Smith from “Journal of the University of Sheffield Geological Society” 1958/9 S19/2 B11 “The Lead Industry of the Ewden Valley, Yorkshire” by M.E. Smith from “The Sorby Record” Autumn 1958 S22 B120 “The Odin Mine, Castleton” by M.E. Smith from “The Sorby Record” Winter 1959 All Items in One Envelope (2 Copies) Offprint “Discussion on the Relationship between Bitumens and Mineralisation in the South Pennine Orefield, Central England” by D.G. Quirk from “The Journal of the Geological Society of London” Vol. 153 pp653-656 (1996) Report B201 Geological Report on the Ashover Fluorspar Workings by K.C. Dunham to the Clay Cross Company 15-May-1954 Folder B24 Preliminary Notes on the Fauna and Palaeoecology of the Goniatite Bed at Cow Low Nick, Castleton by J.R.L.
    [Show full text]
  • Lathkill Dale
    Hydromorphological Appraisal of the Use of Large Woody Debris in the Restoration of the River Lathkill, Derbyshire John M. E. Cowx & Ian B. Drew Adapted from Gordon et al., 2004 Focus on Hydromorphology – but recognising the link with ecology Raven et al., (2002) - the importance of the physical (hydromorphological) dimension as a supporting element in the ecological restoration of rivers is profound. Chessman et al., (2006) indicate that rehabilitation of geomorphic condition can be critical for the improving the biodiversity. Clarke et al., (2002) argues that both morphological and ecological components of a river system are inherently linked and that ecological goals can only be achieved through geomorphic improvements. Successful river restoration can only be achieved by a multidisciplinary approach, fully understanding ecological, hydrological and geomorphological process and form Lathkill Dale 1 of 5 valleys comprising the Derbyshire Dales National Nature Reserve managed by Natural England Historical channel modification by human intervention 18th and 19th century lead mining was associated with channelisation and the excavation of drainage soughs. Diagrammatic profile through the edge of the Derbyshire plateau, showing a sough cut to drain the limestone for deeper mining access (Ford and Rieuwerts, 2007). Note: contrary to this diagram the sough at Lathkill Dale was driven in below the level of the river. The drainage provided by the sough combined with the permeable limestone geology has causes surface flow to dry up in summer months. Environment Agency daily discharge data for the River Lathkill (1997-2009) (data provided courtesy of Professor John Gunn). The River Lathkill indicating the perennial and intermittent springs.
    [Show full text]
  • Review of Tufa Deposition and Palaeohydrological Conditions in the White Peak, Derbyshire, UK: Implications for Quaternary Landscape Evolution
    CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by NERC Open Research Archive Review of tufa deposition and palaeohydrological conditions in the White Peak, Derbyshire, UK: implications for Quaternary landscape evolution. Vanessa J. Banks1,2*, Peter F. Jones2, David J. Lowe1, Jonathan R. Lee1, Jeremy Rushton1, and Michael A. Ellis1. 1 British Geological Survey, Kingsley Dunham Centre, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG 2 University of Derby, Geographical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Kedleston Road, Derby, DE22 1GB * Corresponding author. E‐mail address: [email protected] Abstract. This review considers the geological and geomorphological context of tufa barrages that occupy buried valley settings in the Wye catchment, Derbyshire. It describes the potential relationship of the tufa with locations of hypothesised river captures and inception horizon‐guided groundwater flow paths. Tufa barrage development is associated with steps in the bedrock, which may be related to knick‐point recession during river capture. Broad estimates of valley incision have been calculated from previously dated deposits. These support current interpretations of particularly significant effective base‐level lowering during the Anglian and Devensian stages of the Quaternary and have the potential to add to the knowledge of regional uplift histories. Key words: tufa, Quaternary hydrogeology, inception horizons, incision, landscape evolution. 1. Introduction. Tufa is a terrestrial freshwater accumulation of calcium carbonate (Viles, 2004) that is commonly found in limestone terrain. Also referred to as travertine by some authors (Pentecost, 1999), it is precipitated when water that is saturated with calcium carbonate becomes supersaturated due to degassing of carbon dioxide. This can be caused by: atmospheric absorption of carbon dioxide, increase in temperature, decrease in pressure, physical agitation, aquatic plant photosynthesis (Lorah and Herman, 1988), or microbial processes (Pedley and Rogerson, 2010).
    [Show full text]
  • Derbyshire Derwent Catchment Partnership Leaflet
    k u . g r o . t s u r t e f i l d l i w e r i h s y b r e d . w w w k u . g r o . t s u r t e f i l d l i w e r i h s y b r e d . w w w k u . g r o . t s u r t e f i l d l i w e r i h s y b r e d . w w w 8 8 1 1 8 8 3 7 7 1 0 k u . o c . t w e r i h s y b r e d @ s e i r i u q n e r e p p i D . a e r a g n i d n u o r r u s d n a e t i S e g a t i r e H . t n e m n o r i v n e d l r o W s l l i M y e l l a V t n e w r e D e h t n o t c a p m i l a m i n i m e v a h e h t n i y l r a l u c i t r a p , s i h t e t a g i t i k m u . o y e h t t a h t e r u s n e o t s a e r a n a b r u d n a e g a n a m o t s y a w d n c a .
    [Show full text]
  • Compilation of EU Dioxin Exposure and Health Data Summary Report
    Compilation of EU Dioxin Exposure and Health Data Summary Report Report produced for European Commission DG Environment UK Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions (DETR) October 1999 Compilation of EU Dioxin Exposure and Health Data Summary Report Report produced for European Commission DG Environment UK Department of the Environment Transport and the Regions (DETR) October 1999 Summary Report Title Compilation of EU Dioxin Exposure and Health Data Customer European Commission DG Environment UK department of the Environment Transport and the Regions (DETR) Customer reference 97/322/3040/DEB/E1 Confidentiality, Restricted - Commercial copyright and reproduction This document has been prepared by AEA Technology plc in connection with a contract to supply goods and/or services and is submitted only on the basis of strict confidentiality. The contents must not be disclosed to third parties other than in accordance with the terms of the contract. File reference j:/sc/dioxins/mainrep/semrep_final Report number AEAT/EEQC/0016 Report status Final Dr Deborah Buckley-Golder AEA Technology plc Culham Abingdon Oxfordshire OX14 3ED Telephone +44 (0)1235 463571 Facsimile +44 (0)1235 463005 AEA Technology is the trading name of AEA Technology plc AEA Technology is certificated to BS EN ISO9001:(1994) Name Signature Date Author D Buckley-Golder Reviewed by K King Approved by K Brown Summary Report Project Team: AEA Technology, England Deborah Buckley-Golder (Project Manager) Peter Coleman Mark Davies Katie King Anne Petersen John Watterson Mike Woodfield University of Bayreuth, Germany Heidelore Fiedler Karolinska Institute, Sweden Annika Hanberg The Project Team would like to acknowledge the invaluable assistance and support received from the many experts working on this topic within the Member States of the European Union.
    [Show full text]