Multilingual Touchscreen Keyboard Design and Optimization
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ISO Basic Latin Alphabet
ISO basic Latin alphabet The ISO basic Latin alphabet is a Latin-script alphabet and consists of two sets of 26 letters, codified in[1] various national and international standards and used widely in international communication. The two sets contain the following 26 letters each:[1][2] ISO basic Latin alphabet Uppercase Latin A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z alphabet Lowercase Latin a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z alphabet Contents History Terminology Name for Unicode block that contains all letters Names for the two subsets Names for the letters Timeline for encoding standards Timeline for widely used computer codes supporting the alphabet Representation Usage Alphabets containing the same set of letters Column numbering See also References History By the 1960s it became apparent to thecomputer and telecommunications industries in the First World that a non-proprietary method of encoding characters was needed. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) encapsulated the Latin script in their (ISO/IEC 646) 7-bit character-encoding standard. To achieve widespread acceptance, this encapsulation was based on popular usage. The standard was based on the already published American Standard Code for Information Interchange, better known as ASCII, which included in the character set the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet. Later standards issued by the ISO, for example ISO/IEC 8859 (8-bit character encoding) and ISO/IEC 10646 (Unicode Latin), have continued to define the 26 × 2 letters of the English alphabet as the basic Latin script with extensions to handle other letters in other languages.[1] Terminology Name for Unicode block that contains all letters The Unicode block that contains the alphabet is called "C0 Controls and Basic Latin". -
Treating Osteoarthritis with Chinese Herbs by Jake Schmalzriedt, DOM
TREATING OSTEOARTHRITIS WITH CHINESE HERBS By Jake Schmalzriedt, DOM Osteoarthritis is a progressive joint disorder that is also known as WESTERN MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS degenerative joint disease, degenerative arthritis, osteoarthrosis Western diagnosis is made primarily from signs and symptoms, (implying lack of inflammation), and commonly “wear and tear” history, and a physical exam checking for tenderness, alignment, arthritis. It is the gradual breakdown of cartilage in the joints and gait, stability, range of motion, and absence of an inflammatory the development of bony spurs at the margins of the joints. The response (heat, redness, and swelling). Western blood work is term osteoarthritis is derived from the Greek words, osteo mean- also used to rule out rheumatoid arthritis and gout. X-rays can ing bone, arthro meaning joint, and itis referring to inflamma- show joint narrowing and osteophyte formation, confirming the tion. This is somewhat of a contradictory term as osteoarthritis osteoarthritis diagnosis. generally has little inflammation associated with it. WESTERN MEDICAL TREATMENT Osteoarthritis falls under rheumatic diseases. There are two main The Western medical treatment principle is categories of arthritis: inflammatory and non- Cartilage and symptomatic relief and supportive therapy inflammatory. Osteoarthritis belongs in the Bone Fragment Normal Bone with an emphasis on controlling pain, in- non-inflammatory category. There are over Thinned Cartilage creasing function and range of motion, and 100 different types of arthritis (all sharing the Normal Cartilage improving quality of life. common symptom of persistent joint pain) Eroded Cartilage with osteoarthritis being the most common Western Therapy and affecting over 27 million people in the Physical therapy and gentle exercises are United States. -
International Standard Iso/Iec 9995-11:2015(E)
INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC STANDARD 9995-11 First edition 2015-06-01 Information technology — Keyboard layouts for office systems — Part 11: Functionality of dead keys and repertoires of characters entered by dead keys Technologies de l’information — Dispositions de claviers bureautiques — Partie 11: Fonctionnalité des touches mortes et répertoires de caractères entrés par touches mortes Reference number ISO/IEC 9995-11:2015(E) © ISO/IEC 2015 ISO/IEC 9995-11:2015(E) COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT © ISO/IEC 2015, Published in Switzerland All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form orthe by requester. any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401 ISOCH-1214 copyright Vernier, office Geneva, Switzerland Tel. +41 22 749 01 11 Fax +41 22 749 09 47 www.iso.org [email protected] ii © ISO/IEC 2015 – All rights reserved ISO/IEC 9995-11:2015(E) Contents Page Foreword ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................iv 1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................ -
Threshold Digraphs
Volume 119 (2014) http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.119.007 Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Threshold Digraphs Brian Cloteaux1, M. Drew LaMar2, Elizabeth Moseman1, and James Shook1 1National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 2The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185 [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] [email protected] A digraph whose degree sequence has a unique vertex labeled realization is called threshold. In this paper we present several characterizations of threshold digraphs and their degree sequences, and show these characterizations to be equivalent. Using this result, we obtain a new, short proof of the Fulkerson-Chen theorem on degree sequences of general digraphs. Key words: digraph realizations; Fulkerson-Chen theorem; threshold digraphs. Accepted: May 6, 2014 Published: May 20, 2014 http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/jres.119.007 1. Introduction Creating models of real-world networks, such as social and biological interactions, is a central task for understanding and measuring the behavior of these networks. A usual first step in this type of model creation is to construct a digraph with a given degree sequence. We examine the extreme case of digraph construction where for a given degree sequence there is exactly one digraph that can be created. What follows is a brief introduction to the notation used in the paper. For notation not otherwise defined, see Diestel [1]. We let G=( VE , ) be a digraph where E is a set of ordered pairs called arcs. If (,vw )∈ E, then we say w is an out-neighbor of v and v is an in-neighbor of w. -
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801 80 mua1. , .. DDl&IOI o• OOLU•••• . I I:~ I BBJ1RBR '(]~ f'O £.A2WB IJ.BOIBIOllB, • •• • I r. • • Not Current- 1803 , 0 TIUI t ohn Tock r, q., of o ton, be i an k ep hi office at th eat of the o nbt practi , ither a an attorn y or a 0 &&all ontinue to b clerk of the ame. hat (until furth r orde ) it hall be om or cou ello to practi e in th· uch for thr e ea pa t in th uprem p cti ly b long, and that their pri ate r to be fair. &. t coun llors hall not pract• e a ........ ello , in h · court. 6. , That they hall re pecti el take the ------, do olemnly ear, that I ill or coun ellor of the court) uprightly, and upport the o titution of the nited &. t (unle and until it hall othe · e of · court hall be in the name of the That he cou ello and attorne , hall ake either an oath, or, in proper cribe b the rule of this court on that r•••, 1790, iz.: '' , , do olemnly be) that will demean m elf, as an attor .....· oo rt uprightl , an according to la , and that tion of he nited ta •'' hi f ju ice, in a er to the motion of the info him and the bar, that thi court of king' bench, and of chancery, in Eng ice of th• court; and that they will, tio therein circumstances may ren- x_...vu•• Not Current- 1803 0 '191, ebraary 4. -
Whenever There Is a Line Or Tilde Over a Vowel, It Is an Abbreviation for the Letters M Or N. in This Case, the Full Word Is Quadam
Whenever there is a line or tilde over a vowel, it is an abbreviation for the letters m or n. In this case, the full word is quadam. In this instance, the line over the e represents an omission of the letter n, giving the word debent when written in full. Whenever a word in Latin had an instance of the letter i in succession, the second i was always written as a j. This applies to all words wherein ii is present and also to the Roman numeral ii, which was written as ij. Therefore, cambij = cambii, negotijs = negotiis. The e with a cedilla was an abbreviation for the letters ae. This word spelled out is quae. Following the letter q, a period or semicolon was used as an abbreviation for the letters ue. The first example reads denique, the second one is quacunque. In the seventeenth century, the letter u and v were interchangeable and not yet viewed as two distinct letters. While not universal, a general rule is that if u or v began a word, it was written as a v; if a u or v occurred in the middle or end of a word, it was written as a u. In the 17th century, a lowercase s had two forms- one long and one short. As a general rule, when a lowercase s occurred as the first letter of the word or in any other place in the word except as the final letter, it was written with a long s, which resembles the letter f. -
Patterns Identification for Hitting Adjacent Key Errors Correction Using Neural Network Models
PATTERNS IDENTIFICATION FOR HITTING ADJACENT KEY ERRORS CORRECTION USING NEURAL NETWORK MODELS Jun Li Department of Land Economy, University of Cambridge, 19 Silver Street, Cambridge, U.K. Karim Ouazzane, Sajid Afzal, Hassan Kazemian Faculty of Computing, London Metropolitan University, London, U.K. Keywords: QWERTY Keyboard, Probabilistic Neural Network, Backpropagation, Key Distance, Time Gap, Error Margin Distance. Abstract: People with Parkinson diseases or motor disability miss-stroke keys. It appears that keyboard layout, key distance, time gap are affecting this group of people’s typing performance. This paper studies these features based on neural network learning algorithms to identify the typing patterns, further to correct the typing mistakes. A specific user typing performance, i.e. Hitting Adjacent Key Errors, is simulated to pilot this research. In this paper, a Time Gap and a Prediction using Time Gap model based on BackPropagation Neural Network, and a Distance, Angle and Time Gap model based on the use of Probabilistic Neural Network are developed respectively for this particular behaviour. Results demonstrate a high performance of the designed model, about 70% of all tests score above Basic Correction Rate, and simulation also shows a very unstable trend of user’s ‘Hitting Adjacent Key Errors’ behaviour with this specific datasets. 1 INTRODUCTION technologies to tackle the typing errors as a whole, while there is no specific solution and convincing Computer users with disabilities or some elderly results for solving the ‘Miss-stroke’ error. people may have difficulties in accurately In the field of computer science, a neural manipulating the QWERTY keyboard. For example, network is a mathematical model or computational motor disability can cause significant typing model that is inspired by the structure and/or mistakes. -
The Dot Product
The Dot Product In this section, we will now concentrate on the vector operation called the dot product. The dot product of two vectors will produce a scalar instead of a vector as in the other operations that we examined in the previous section. The dot product is equal to the sum of the product of the horizontal components and the product of the vertical components. If v = a1 i + b1 j and w = a2 i + b2 j are vectors then their dot product is given by: v · w = a1 a2 + b1 b2 Properties of the Dot Product If u, v, and w are vectors and c is a scalar then: u · v = v · u u · (v + w) = u · v + u · w 0 · v = 0 v · v = || v || 2 (cu) · v = c(u · v) = u · (cv) Example 1: If v = 5i + 2j and w = 3i – 7j then find v · w. Solution: v · w = a1 a2 + b1 b2 v · w = (5)(3) + (2)(-7) v · w = 15 – 14 v · w = 1 Example 2: If u = –i + 3j, v = 7i – 4j and w = 2i + j then find (3u) · (v + w). Solution: Find 3u 3u = 3(–i + 3j) 3u = –3i + 9j Find v + w v + w = (7i – 4j) + (2i + j) v + w = (7 + 2) i + (–4 + 1) j v + w = 9i – 3j Example 2 (Continued): Find the dot product between (3u) and (v + w) (3u) · (v + w) = (–3i + 9j) · (9i – 3j) (3u) · (v + w) = (–3)(9) + (9)(-3) (3u) · (v + w) = –27 – 27 (3u) · (v + w) = –54 An alternate formula for the dot product is available by using the angle between the two vectors. -
The Selnolig Package: Selective Suppression of Typographic Ligatures*
The selnolig package: Selective suppression of typographic ligatures* Mico Loretan† 2015/10/26 Abstract The selnolig package suppresses typographic ligatures selectively, i.e., based on predefined search patterns. The search patterns focus on ligatures deemed inappropriate because they span morpheme boundaries. For example, the word shelfful, which is mentioned in the TEXbook as a word for which the ff ligature might be inappropriate, is automatically typeset as shelfful rather than as shelfful. For English and German language documents, the selnolig package provides extensive rules for the selective suppression of so-called “common” ligatures. These comprise the ff, fi, fl, ffi, and ffl ligatures as well as the ft and fft ligatures. Other f-ligatures, such as fb, fh, fj and fk, are suppressed globally, while making exceptions for names and words of non-English/German origin, such as Kafka and fjord. For English language documents, the package further provides ligature suppression rules for a number of so-called “discretionary” or “rare” ligatures, such as ct, st, and sp. The selnolig package requires use of the LuaLATEX format provided by a recent TEX distribution, e.g., TEXLive 2013 and MiKTEX 2.9. Contents 1 Introduction ........................................... 1 2 I’m in a hurry! How do I start using this package? . 3 2.1 How do I load the selnolig package? . 3 2.2 Any hints on how to get started with LuaLATEX?...................... 4 2.3 Anything else I need to do or know? . 5 3 The selnolig package’s approach to breaking up ligatures . 6 3.1 Free, derivational, and inflectional morphemes . -
Keyboard Layouts: Lessons from the Meꞌphaa and Sochiapam Chinantec Designs
From the files of Hugh Paterson III https://hughandbecky.us/Hugh-CV Keyboard layouts: Lessons from the Meꞌphaa and Sochiapam Chinantec designs Hugh Paterson III SIL International and the University of North Dakota [email protected] 15 December 2020 Version: Post-Print Preface In contrast to the publication of the original chapter, this post-print includes the references which were cited in the text, directly after the main text. Several style sheet changes have also been made: The main font has been changed, several small spelling corrections have been fixed, some diacritics are shown with ◌ rather than appearing bare, a table of ‘languages mentioned’ in the chapter, a list of abbreviations used, and in some places titles and names have been italicized as is commonly done in some publishing styles. The in-text citations for items mentioned as “in same volume” as the original chapter have now been added as full refernces. The book was first released in 2014, but the printed date/copyright date, as is common in many publishing venues, indicates the year following—in this case 2015. Even though author affiliation changed since publication, affiliation has been left as it was at the time of original authorship. Original publication Paterson III, Hugh J. 2015. Keyboard layouts: Lessons from the Meꞌphaa and Sochiapam Chinan- tec designs. In Mari C. Jones (ed.), Endangered Languages and New Technologies, 49–66. Cam- bridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107279063.006. 1 Introduction Codification represents a major challenge for writers of endangered languages. Newtech- nologies render the process of typing on a keyboard more accessible and less expensive than at any previous point in time. -
Chinese Language and Characters
Chinese Language and Characters Pronunciation of Chinese Words Consonants Pinyin WadeGiles Pronunciation Example: Pinyin(WadeGiles) Aspirated: p p’ pin Pao (P’ao) t t’ tip Tao (T’ao) k k’ kilt Kuan (K’uan) ch ch’ ch in, ch urch Chi (Ch’i) q ch’ ch eek Qi (Ch’i) c ts’ bi ts Cang (Ts’ang) Un- b p bin Bao (Pao) aspirated: d t dip Dao (Tao) g k gilt Guan (Kuan) r j wr en Ren (Jen) sh sh sh ore Shang (Shang) si szu Si (Szu) x hs or sh sh oe Xu (Hsu) z ts or tz bi ds Zang (Tsang) zh ch gin Zhong (Chong) zh j jeep Zhong (Jong) zi tzu Zi (Tzu) Vowels - a a father usually Italian e e ei ght values eh eh broth er yi i mach ine, p in Yi (I) i ih sh ir t Zhi (Chih) o soap u goo se ü über Dipthongs ai light ao lou d ei wei ght ia Will ia m ieh Kor ea ou gr ou p ua swa n ueh do er ui sway Hui (Hui) uo Whoah ! Combinations ian ien Tian (Tien) ui wei Wei gh Shui (Shwei) an and ang bun and b ung en and eng wood en and am ong in and ing sin and s ing ong un and ung u as in l oo k Tong (T’ung) you yu Watts, Alan; Tao The Watercourse Way, Pelican Books, 1976 http://acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu/~phalsall/texts/chinlng1.html Tones 1 2 3 4 ā á ă à ē é ĕ È è Ī ī í ĭ ì ō ó ŏ ò ū ú ŭ ù Pinyin (Wade Giles) Meaning Ai Bā (Pa) Eight, see Numbers Bái (Pai) White, plain, unadorned Băi (Pai) One hundred, see Numbers Bāo Envelop Bāo (Pao) Uterus, afterbirth Bēi Sad, Sorrow, melancholy Bĕn Root, origin (Biao and Ben) see Biao Bi Bi (bei) Bian Bi āo Tip, dart, javelin, (Biao and Ben) see Ben Bin Bin Bing Bu Bu Can Cang Cáng (Ts’ang) Hidden, concealed (see Zang) Cháng Intestine Ch ōng (Ch’ung) Surging Ch ōng (Ch’ung) Rushing Chóu Worry Cóng Follow, accord with Dăn (Tan) Niche or shrine Dăn (Tan) Gall Bladder Dān (Tan) Red Cinnabar Dào (Tao) The Way Dì (Ti) The Earth, i.e. -
L0807074.Pdf
AX-325/GX-6750 ELECTRONIC TYPEWRITER USER'S GUIDE CDN.ENGLISH Thank you for choosing a Brother electronic typewriter! This product is designed to deliver years of reliable operation. Some of the outstanding features of this typewriter are illustrated in the letter betow. The numbers in brackets refer to the page and box where you can find further information explaining a feature. For example, Margins (p. 2, Box 4) means that this feature is explained in box 4, on page 2. Ribbon replacement is explained on page 10. Margtns (f_2, Box 4) ! R,ght Margin Flush (#.6. Box 20) Capstal (p 4. Box 102 Indent (D.6. Box 18) fCrr ;I_S. :,[CS= _ec_e a=% _C -]©_U__.+...._ _." .._ ,,;2_h <rer. Undemne (p.5, BOX 16) SubsCnpt (p. 4. Box 1U Superscnpt _4. Sox 11) Tabs (P.5, Box 15) Centnng (_6, Box 1,9) Boid (p 5,Boz 17) Line Spacing (p.3. Box 5) 3. ,c .... ., i -Page 1- Special note: tn thi_ Guide, the "4-" sign between two keys, like _ +_ means that you press _ and hold it down while pressing ]_ . 1 Repeat Keys The fotIowing keys wilI automaticaily repeat when held down. All Character key [<--J _÷ _ _ 4-_;: [-] (hyphen) H [SPACE BAR] --_ (carrier moves from one tab to the next) 2 Inserting and Moving Paper To insert paper: insert a sheet of paper and press _ 4-_. Paper will advance to approximately one inch from the top edge of the paper. Press to position the carrier on the left margin.