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A Abhisit Vejjajiva, 171, 172 Acemoglu, D., 28, 43 Acharya, A., 7 INDEX A Ashworth, G., 246 Abhisit Vejjajiva, 171, 172 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 89, Acemoglu, D., 28, 43 223 Acharya, A., 7 Asian economic experiences, 38–40 Adams, M. B., 221 global integration, 42 aggressive foreign policy, 219 Japan, 40 Akha, 92, 95, 99, 100, 241–4 Singapore, 41 Alaungpaya, 148, 165 South Korea, 40–1 Amare, M., 88 Asian economies, 11, 30, 38–44, 266 Ananda Mahidol, King, 170 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Anawrahta, 146, 147 (AIIB), 85 Andrews-Speed, P., 87 Asian values, 256 Angkor Kingdom, 111–13, 164, 165, Association of Southeast Asian Nations 187 (ASEAN), 81–3, 85, 154, 201, Annamites, 111 260, 261 Anou, King, 132 Au Co, 186 anti-communist forces, 134, 196, 197 Aung San Suu Kyi, 42, 43, 150–4 Anti-Fascist People’s Party, 150 Autumn periods, 215 anti-globalization, 2, 31 Ayutthaya, 131, 148, 165–7 Apoe, 100 Arizmendi, L., 37 “Aryan” immigrants, 145 B ASEAN-China free trade, 138 Baark, E., 41 ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), Bagan Kingdom, 147 82 Bai, A., 213 ASEAN membership, 201 Bai, C. E., 222 © The Author(s) 2017 275 S. Hipsher, Poverty Reduction, the Private Sector, and Tourism in Mainland Southeast Asia, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5948-3 276 INDEX Baird, I. G., 95 tourism in, 122–4 Ba Maw, 150 Cambodian educational system, 121 Banerjee, A. V., 64 Cambodian People’s Party (CPP), Bang, P. F., 29, 215 118–20 Bao Dai, 193, 194 Cambodian workers in tourism industry, Barkin, D., 37 perceptions of, 234–3 Bartra, A., 38 capitalism, 12, 13, 37, 38, 63, 256, 260 Bayinnaung, 148 Carey, S., 11 Becker, E., 116 Carroll, M. J., 222 Berlin Wall, 199 Carter, R. W., 122 Besso, S., 219 Chetsadabodin, Prince, 166 Bhagwati, J., 66 Ch’in (Qin) dynasty, 167, 213, 215 Bhrukasri, W., 91 Ch’ing (Manchu) dynasty, 148–9 Bhumibol, King, 171 Ch’ing (Qing) dynasty, 166, 167, 190, Biddulph, R., 119, 261 212, 213, 216–18 bi-lateral trade agreement, 136 Chaipigusit, P., 102 Borom, King, 130, 211 Chakmas, S., 153 Boun Oum, 134 Chakri dynasty, 166 Brady, D., 36 Chakri Monarch, 131 Brandt, L., 221 Chaleunsinh, C., 63 Breda, Z., 245 Champa, 187–9 British troops, 150 Cham rulers, 188 Bronze-Age Dian Culture, 211 Champasak, 131 Brown, F., 13 Cham territories, 187 Buddha Districts system, 212 Chan, S. H., 62 Buddhism, 8, 145–7, 187 Chandler, D., 113 Buddhist King Asoka, 128, 145 Chandra, V., 42, 86, 265 Burma, 145–58 Chansathith, C., 64 Burma Socialist Programme Party, 152 Chanthanom, S., 128 Burmese attack, on Ayutthaya, 165 Chao, C. C., 44 Burmese civilization, 91, 146 Chao Anou, 131 Burmese envoy, 131 Chatichai Choonhawan, 171 Burmese troops, 148, 165 Che Bong Nga, 188 Burmese Way to Socialism, 152, 155 Chen, P. H., 172 Bylander, M., 64, 121 Chhaya, 232 Chheang, V., 121 Chiang Kai-shek, 39, 213, 218, 219 C Chiang Mai, 164, 178 Cambodia, v–vii, 111–24 China, 29, 67, 69, 82, 83, 85, 136, economic and business environment, 211–25 120–2 economic and business environment, entrepreneur from, 238 220–3 INDEX 277 Chinese Chronicles, 129 D Chinese civil war, 39, 213 Dai Viet, 188–90 Chinese Communist movement, 193, 218 Damián, A., 38 Chinese culture, 213, 214 Das, S. B., 85 Chinese democracy, 217 de Genouilly, R., 191 Chinese domination, 186 democracy, 9, 42–4, 59, 60, 66, 67, Chinese economy, 221–3 70, 82, 118, 119, 151, 152, 156, Chinese firms, 87 168–74, 198, 217, 255, 256 Chinese foreign investment, in De Soto, H., 34 Myanmar, 156 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Chinese government, 85, 94, 156, 212, 40 213, 222–4 Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Chuan Leekpai, 171 193 Chubchuwong, M., 176 Diamond, J., 27, 28 Chulalongkarn, King, 167, 169 Dien Bien Phu, 194 civil service system, 216, 217 Dietrich, S., 59 Clarke, D., 221 Doctrinal Buddhism, 9 Cole, S., 12, 13 doi moi, 200 Coles, T., 14 Dollar, D., 66 Collier, P., 55, 66, 68, 263 Dougherty, S. M., 221 Collins, R., 37 Dragon Lord Luc, 186 colonial system, in Burma, 150 Draper, J., 173 Communist forces, 116, 134, 194, 197, Drung People, 94 199 Duflo, E., 64 Communist Party, 39, 134, 197, 200, “Dutch Disease”, 231 218–20, 258 Communist regime, 116 Communist troops, 116 E “community based tourism” projects, Ear, S., 119 14, 98 East Asian economics, 2, 11, 137 competitive market conditions, 71 Easterly, W., 57, 58 Confucian principles, 189 Eastern Chou dynasty, 214–16 consumers, recommendations for Eastern Zhou, 215 tourists and, 266 eco-Marxism, 37 corporate social responsibility (CSR) economic freedom, 1, 33, 35, 36, 40, programs, 14 65–72, 86, 118, 137, 173, 200, Costa, C., 245 259, 260 Croes, R., 72 economic inequalities, 27, 30, 66, Crown Property Bureau (CPB), 176 173 Cuan Culture, 211 Eisenhower, 134 Curtis, L. J., 128 Elliot, D., 199 278 INDEX entrepreneur French Union, 115 from Cambodia, 238 French-Khmer treaty, 115 from Laos, 240–1 Friedman, E., 219 entrepreneurship, 16, 34, 37, 60, 94, Friendship and Cooperation Treaty, 238–45, 265 135 Eriksson, J., 12, 13 Fujita, K., 63 ethnic Han tourists, 224 Fukuyama, F., 6, 28, 29, 214, 262 ethnic minority communities, 89–102, Fu-nan, 187 204, 246 FUNCINPEC, 118 ethnic minority entrepreneurs in Thailand, 100, 243, 244 ethnic minority groups, 89, 91, 93, 94, G 99, 135, 154, 225 garment industry, 156 ethnic minority refugees, 101 in Laos, 137 ethnic tourism, 99, 204 in Myanmar, 265 European colonialism, 7 Gazibo, M., 59 European economies, 29 gender-specific policy, 63 European societies, 27 Geneva agreement, 194 Evans, G., 91, 129, 212 Gia Long, 185 exploitative capitalism, 12 Gilder, G., 33 global economic integration, 92 globalization, marxism and criticisms F of, 36 Fairbanks, J. K., 219, 220 global value chains, 2, 29–32, 39, 40, 42, Fa Ngum, King, 128, 130 67, 95, 120, 137, 175, 203, 265 Farrelly, N., 153 Godo, Y., 40 Ferguson, N., 28, 29 Goldman, M., 219, 220 “First Nation” communities, 246 Gotapura, 130 food processing industry, 122 governments, recommendations for, foreign aid, 55–60, 92, 119, 135, 136, 254–8 200, 254–6 Grameen-style microfinancing, 63 foreign direct investment (FDI), 3, 11, Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), 17, 61 83, 158, 223, 224 foreign ownership, 157 Great Leap Forward, 39, 219 for-profit firms, 70, 71 Green, N., 149 Forsyth, T., 96 Griffith, J., 33 Foster, A., 65 Gu, J., 95 Freeman, N. J., 157 Guangdong province, 163 free-market capitalism, 260 Guannei, 214 free-market economy, 220 Guofeng, H., 219 free market system, 35, 36 Guomindang (KMT), 217–19 French Communist party, 192 Gyimah-Boadi, E., 59 INDEX 279 H institutional mainland SEA, 81 Habib, M., 65 ASEAN, 81–83 Haggard, S., 221 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Hall, C. M., 14 (AIIB), 85 Hall, D., 13 Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), Hall, K. R., 147 83–4 Hamanaka, S., 121 international aid organizations, 56 Han Chinese immigrants, 213 international community, 89, 118, 119, Handley, G., 67 154, 200, 255 Han dynasty, 212, 215 international economic integration, 1, 3, Han Empire, 186 65, 69 Hanoi, 187 international free trade zone, 84 Harmand treaty, 191 International Monetary Fund, 255 Heng Samrin, 117, 199 international organizations, 5, 253, 255 Hiep, L. H., 201 international redistribution policies, 5 Hiep Hoa, Emperor, 191 international tourism, 11–13, 139, 232, hill tribes, 90–4, 101, 186, 243 237, 247 Hipsher, S., 9 international trade, 2 History of Laos (Viravond), 128 international trade liberalization, 200 Hmong culture, 93 international trading networks, 10, 112, Hmong (Miao) people, 93 164 Hoabinhian, 186 international trading system, 72 Hoang, H., 204 interviews, of tourism employees, Ho Chi Minh, 192–3 237–8 Hofman, K., 69 Ishii, K., 98 Hofstede, G., 9 isolationism, 1, 3, 36, 67 Holden, A., 68, 267 Hong, Z., 221 Hsia dynasty, 214 J Htet Aung, 154 Jajri, I., 265 Huang, Y., 221 Japan, 40, 41 Huangdi, 214 Japanese troops, 150 Huans, 129 Jayasuriya, K., 223 Hun Sen, 117–20, 199 Jayavarman II, 112 Huong, L. T., 203 Jayavarman VII, 112 Jin, K., 222 job creation, 12, 14, 231–48, 261 I Johnson, 196 Inglehart, R., 31, 43 Jubb, C., 65 Ingram, H., 177 Judson, A., 92 Inmyxai, S., 137 Jumsai, M., 127, 129 280 INDEX K Lao nationalism, 133 Kaeo Phimphen, 130 Laos, 127–39 Kammerer, C. A., 90, 102 economic and business environment, Kamnuansilpa, P., 173 137–8 Kampong Speu Province, 232 entrepreneur from, 240 Karen Language, 92 perceptions of workers in tourism Karenni, 151 industry in, 233–4 Karen people, 92, 100, 149 tourism in, 138 Kaysone Phomvihan, 133 Laos Communist government, 128 Keely, B., 60 Laos Communist regime, 136 Kennedy, J. F., 196 Laos Peoples Democratic Republic Keyes, C., 168, 174 (PDR), 17, 63, 64, 131, 132, Khan, A., 62, 65 135–7 Khmer Kingdom of Angkor, 165 large-scale immigration, 9 Khmer-Mon ethnic group, 112 Lawrence, M. A., 192, 195 Khmer political state, 112 Le Chieu Thong, 190 Khmer Rouge regime, 111, 115–17, Le dynasty, 188, 189 123, 199 Lee, A., 172 Khuang Aphaiwong, 169 Lee, J., 42 Khun Lo, 130 Leebouapao, L., 138 Khun Sa, 93 Lee Kuan Yew, 41 Kim, A. B., 35 Leeson, P. T., 60 Kingdom of Pegu, 147 Leff, E., 37 Kingdom of Sukhothai, 164 Lei Lao, 212 Kingdom of Toungoo, 148 Le Loi, 188 King of Lao, final, 135 Lemus, B., 37 Knack, S., 58 Lerpold, L., 62 Konbaung dynasty, 148 Lertchavalitsakul, B., 96 Kong Le, 134 Leslie, D., 13 Korean Peninsula, 39, 40 Le Thanh Ton, 188, 189 Kublai Khan, 212 Li, X., 246 Kubo, K., 155 Li, Y., 224, 225, 246 Kumara, T., 88 liberal democracy, 9, 41, 60, 118, 256 Kuraishi, M., 66 Liburd, J.
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