INDEX

A Ashworth, G., 246 , 171, 172 Asian Development Bank (ADB), 89, Acemoglu, D., 28, 43 223 Acharya, A., 7 Asian economic experiences, 38–40 Adams, M. B., 221 global integration, 42 aggressive foreign policy, 219 Japan, 40 Akha, 92, 95, 99, 100, 241–4 Singapore, 41 Alaungpaya, 148, 165 South Korea, 40–1 Amare, M., 88 Asian economies, 11, 30, 38–44, 266 , King, 170 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Anawrahta, 146, 147 (AIIB), 85 Andrews-Speed, P., 87 Asian values, 256 Angkor Kingdom, 111–13, 164, 165, Association of Southeast Asian Nations 187 (ASEAN), 81–3, 85, 154, 201, Annamites, 111 260, 261 Anou, King, 132 Au Co, 186 anti-communist forces, 134, 196, 197 Aung San Suu Kyi, 42, 43, 150–4 Anti-Fascist People’s Party, 150 Autumn periods, 215 anti-globalization, 2, 31 Ayutthaya, 131, 148, 165–7 Apoe, 100 Arizmendi, L., 37 “Aryan” immigrants, 145 B ASEAN-China free trade, 138 Baark, E., 41 ASEAN Economic Community (AEC), Bagan Kingdom, 147 82 Bai, A., 213 ASEAN membership, 201 Bai, C. E., 222

© The Author(s) 2017 275 S. Hipsher, Poverty Reduction, the Private Sector, and Tourism in Mainland Southeast Asia, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5948-3 276 INDEX

Baird, I. G., 95 tourism in, 122–4 Ba Maw, 150 Cambodian educational system, 121 Banerjee, A. V., 64 Cambodian People’s Party (CPP), Bang, P. F., 29, 215 118–20 Bao Dai, 193, 194 Cambodian workers in tourism industry, Barkin, D., 37 perceptions of, 234–3 Bartra, A., 38 capitalism, 12, 13, 37, 38, 63, 256, 260 Bayinnaung, 148 Carey, S., 11 Becker, E., 116 Carroll, M. J., 222 Berlin Wall, 199 Carter, R. W., 122 Besso, S., 219 Chetsadabodin, Prince, 166 Bhagwati, J., 66 Ch’in (Qin) dynasty, 167, 213, 215 Bhrukasri, W., 91 Ch’ing (Manchu) dynasty, 148–9 Bhumibol, King, 171 Ch’ing (Qing) dynasty, 166, 167, 190, Biddulph, R., 119, 261 212, 213, 216–18 bi-lateral trade agreement, 136 Chaipigusit, P., 102 Borom, King, 130, 211 Chakmas, S., 153 Boun Oum, 134 Chakri dynasty, 166 Brady, D., 36 Chakri Monarch, 131 Brandt, L., 221 Chaleunsinh, C., 63 Breda, Z., 245 Champa, 187–9 British troops, 150 Cham rulers, 188 Bronze-Age Dian Culture, 211 Champasak, 131 Brown, F., 13 Cham territories, 187 Buddha Districts system, 212 Chan, S. H., 62 Buddhism, 8, 145–7, 187 Chandler, D., 113 Buddhist King Asoka, 128, 145 Chandra, V., 42, 86, 265 Burma, 145–58 Chansathith, C., 64 Burma Socialist Programme Party, 152 Chanthanom, S., 128 Burmese attack, on Ayutthaya, 165 Chao, C. C., 44 Burmese civilization, 91, 146 Chao Anou, 131 Burmese envoy, 131 Chatichai Choonhawan, 171 Burmese troops, 148, 165 Che Bong Nga, 188 Burmese Way to Socialism, 152, 155 Chen, P. H., 172 Bylander, M., 64, 121 Chhaya, 232 Chheang, V., 121 Chiang Kai-shek, 39, 213, 218, 219 C Chiang Mai, 164, 178 Cambodia, v–vii, 111–24 China, 29, 67, 69, 82, 83, 85, 136, economic and business environment, 211–25 120–2 economic and business environment, entrepreneur from, 238 220–3 INDEX 277

Chinese Chronicles, 129 D Chinese civil war, 39, 213 Dai Viet, 188–90 Chinese Communist movement, 193, 218 Damián, A., 38 Chinese culture, 213, 214 Das, S. B., 85 Chinese democracy, 217 de Genouilly, R., 191 Chinese domination, 186 democracy, 9, 42–4, 59, 60, 66, 67, Chinese economy, 221–3 70, 82, 118, 119, 151, 152, 156, Chinese firms, 87 168–74, 198, 217, 255, 256 Chinese foreign investment, in De Soto, H., 34 Myanmar, 156 Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Chinese government, 85, 94, 156, 212, 40 213, 222–4 Democratic Republic of , , 171 193 Chubchuwong, M., 176 Diamond, J., 27, 28 Chulalongkarn, King, 167, 169 Dien Bien Phu, 194 civil service system, 216, 217 Dietrich, S., 59 Clarke, D., 221 Doctrinal Buddhism, 9 Cole, S., 12, 13 doi moi, 200 Coles, T., 14 Dollar, D., 66 Collier, P., 55, 66, 68, 263 Dougherty, S. M., 221 Collins, R., 37 Dragon Lord Luc, 186 colonial system, in Burma, 150 Draper, J., 173 Communist forces, 116, 134, 194, 197, Drung People, 94 199 Duflo, E., 64 Communist Party, 39, 134, 197, 200, “Dutch Disease”, 231 218–20, 258 Communist regime, 116 Communist troops, 116 E “community based tourism” projects, Ear, S., 119 14, 98 East Asian economics, 2, 11, 137 competitive market conditions, 71 Easterly, W., 57, 58 Confucian principles, 189 Eastern Chou dynasty, 214–16 consumers, recommendations for Eastern Zhou, 215 tourists and, 266 eco-Marxism, 37 corporate social responsibility (CSR) economic freedom, 1, 33, 35, 36, 40, programs, 14 65–72, 86, 118, 137, 173, 200, Costa, C., 245 259, 260 Croes, R., 72 economic inequalities, 27, 30, 66, Crown Property Bureau (CPB), 176 173 Cuan Culture, 211 Eisenhower, 134 Curtis, L. J., 128 Elliot, D., 199 278 INDEX entrepreneur French Union, 115 from Cambodia, 238 French-Khmer treaty, 115 from Laos, 240–1 Friedman, E., 219 entrepreneurship, 16, 34, 37, 60, 94, Friendship and Cooperation Treaty, 238–45, 265 135 Eriksson, J., 12, 13 Fujita, K., 63 ethnic Han tourists, 224 Fukuyama, F., 6, 28, 29, 214, 262 ethnic minority communities, 89–102, Fu-nan, 187 204, 246 FUNCINPEC, 118 ethnic minority entrepreneurs in , 100, 243, 244 ethnic minority groups, 89, 91, 93, 94, G 99, 135, 154, 225 garment industry, 156 ethnic minority refugees, 101 in Laos, 137 ethnic tourism, 99, 204 in Myanmar, 265 European colonialism, 7 Gazibo, M., 59 European economies, 29 gender-specific policy, 63 European societies, 27 Geneva agreement, 194 Evans, G., 91, 129, 212 Gia Long, 185 exploitative capitalism, 12 Gilder, G., 33 global economic integration, 92 globalization, marxism and criticisms F of, 36 Fairbanks, J. K., 219, 220 global value chains, 2, 29–32, 39, 40, 42, Fa Ngum, King, 128, 130 67, 95, 120, 137, 175, 203, 265 Farrelly, N., 153 Godo, Y., 40 Ferguson, N., 28, 29 Goldman, M., 219, 220 “First Nation” communities, 246 Gotapura, 130 food processing industry, 122 governments, recommendations for, foreign aid, 55–60, 92, 119, 135, 136, 254–8 200, 254–6 Grameen-style microfinancing, 63 foreign direct investment (FDI), 3, 11, Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), 17, 61 83, 158, 223, 224 foreign ownership, 157 Great Leap Forward, 39, 219 for-profit firms, 70, 71 Green, N., 149 Forsyth, T., 96 Griffith, J., 33 Foster, A., 65 Gu, J., 95 Freeman, N. J., 157 Guangdong province, 163 free-market capitalism, 260 Guannei, 214 free-market economy, 220 Guofeng, H., 219 free market system, 35, 36 Guomindang (KMT), 217–19 French Communist party, 192 Gyimah-Boadi, E., 59 INDEX 279

H institutional mainland SEA, 81 Habib, M., 65 ASEAN, 81–83 Haggard, S., 221 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank Hall, C. M., 14 (AIIB), 85 Hall, D., 13 Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), Hall, K. R., 147 83–4 Hamanaka, S., 121 international aid organizations, 56 Han Chinese immigrants, 213 international community, 89, 118, 119, Handley, G., 67 154, 200, 255 Han dynasty, 212, 215 international economic integration, 1, 3, Han Empire, 186 65, 69 Hanoi, 187 international free trade zone, 84 Harmand treaty, 191 International Monetary Fund, 255 Heng Samrin, 117, 199 international organizations, 5, 253, 255 Hiep, L. H., 201 international redistribution policies, 5 Hiep Hoa, Emperor, 191 international tourism, 11–13, 139, 232, hill tribes, 90–4, 101, 186, 243 237, 247 Hipsher, S., 9 international trade, 2 History of Laos (Viravond), 128 international trade liberalization, 200 Hmong culture, 93 international trading networks, 10, 112, Hmong (Miao) people, 93 164 Hoabinhian, 186 international trading system, 72 Hoang, H., 204 interviews, of tourism employees, Ho Chi Minh, 192–3 237–8 Hofman, K., 69 Ishii, K., 98 Hofstede, G., 9 isolationism, 1, 3, 36, 67 Holden, A., 68, 267 Hong, Z., 221 Hsia dynasty, 214 J Htet Aung, 154 Jajri, I., 265 Huang, Y., 221 Japan, 40, 41 Huangdi, 214 Japanese troops, 150 Huans, 129 Jayasuriya, K., 223 , 117–20, 199 Jayavarman II, 112 Huong, L. T., 203 Jayavarman VII, 112 Jin, K., 222 job creation, 12, 14, 231–48, 261 I Johnson, 196 Inglehart, R., 31, 43 Jubb, C., 65 Ingram, H., 177 Judson, A., 92 Inmyxai, S., 137 Jumsai, M., 127, 129 280 INDEX

K Lao nationalism, 133 Kaeo Phimphen, 130 Laos, 127–39 Kammerer, C. A., 90, 102 economic and business environment, Kamnuansilpa, P., 173 137–8 Kampong Speu Province, 232 entrepreneur from, 240 Karen Language, 92 perceptions of workers in tourism Karenni, 151 industry in, 233–4 Karen people, 92, 100, 149 tourism in, 138 Kaysone Phomvihan, 133 Laos Communist government, 128 Keely, B., 60 Laos Communist regime, 136 Kennedy, J. F., 196 Laos Peoples Democratic Republic Keyes, C., 168, 174 (PDR), 17, 63, 64, 131, 132, Khan, A., 62, 65 135–7 Khmer Kingdom of Angkor, 165 large-scale immigration, 9 Khmer-Mon ethnic group, 112 Lawrence, M. A., 192, 195 Khmer political state, 112 Le Chieu Thong, 190 Khmer Rouge regime, 111, 115–17, Le dynasty, 188, 189 123, 199 Lee, A., 172 , 169 Lee, J., 42 Khun Lo, 130 Leebouapao, L., 138 Khun Sa, 93 Lee Kuan Yew, 41 Kim, A. B., 35 Leeson, P. T., 60 Kingdom of Pegu, 147 Leff, E., 37 Kingdom of Sukhothai, 164 Lei Lao, 212 Kingdom of Toungoo, 148 Le Loi, 188 King of Lao, final, 135 Lemus, B., 37 Knack, S., 58 Lerpold, L., 62 Konbaung dynasty, 148 Lertchavalitsakul, B., 96 Kong Le, 134 Leslie, D., 13 Korean Peninsula, 39, 40 Le Thanh Ton, 188, 189 Kublai Khan, 212 Li, X., 246 Kubo, K., 155 Li, Y., 224, 225, 246 Kumara, T., 88 liberal democracy, 9, 41, 60, 118, 256 Kuraishi, M., 66 Liburd, J. L., 245 Kurlantzick, J., 44 Li Dazhao, 218 Lin-yi, 187 Lithuania embraced free-market L reforms, 33 Lannathai Kingdom, 164, 166 Littlechild, S. C., 34 Lan Xang Hom Khao, 130 Liu Mao, 212 Lao Issara, 133 Li Yuanhong, 217 Lao kingdoms, 130, 131 Loc Tuc, 186 INDEX 281 long-term economic development, market competition, 32–6 27–9 market reforms, 220 long-term retirement tourism, 177 market socialism, 220 Long Yun, 213 Markin, E., 42 Lortanavanit, D., 98 Marxism, 36–8, 116 Luang Phibunsongkhram (Phibun), Marxist economic systems, 37 168 Marxist-inspired scholars, 37 Luang Prabang, 131 Mason, A., 221 Lu Han, 193 Matens, B., 58 Luoshui, 225 Mbaiwa, J. E., 246 Lu Yuan, 218 McGee, T., 90 Lwa people, 129 McGuckin, R. H., 221 Ly Cong Uan, 187 McKercher, B., 14, 177 Ly dynasty, 187 McKinnon, J., 90, 94 Ly Phat Ma, 187 McMillan, J., 66, 69 Ly Thai To, 187 Mellac, M., 95 Ly Thai Tong. See Ly Phat Ma mercantilism, 3 Meyer, D., 14 Michaud, J., 96 M microcredit organizations, 138 Ma, D., 221 microentrepreneurs, vi, 225, 245 Ma, J., 213 in Myanmar, 241–3 Ma, S., 16, 225 microentrepreneurship, 238, 243 Mac clan, 189 in tourism industry, 16 Mae Hong Son Province, 98 microfinancing, 62–5 Maha Thewi, 130 Mien Bac, 190 Mahayana Buddhism, 8, 113, 146 Mien Nam, 190 Mainland Southeast Asia (SEA). See Mieno, F., 63 specific terms Mien Trung, 190 Malaysian Federation, 41 Mihalic, T., 264 Malbrough, M., 60 Mihalicm, T., 72 Mangrai, King, 164 Mii Chuu, 101 Manich, M. L., 127, 211, 212 Miller, T., 35 Manning, C., 60 Mindon, King, 149 Mao, N., 123 Ming dynasty, 188, 216 Mao Zedong, 39, 218 Minh, Emperor, 186 market-based economic policies, 2, 36 Moken People, 97 market-based economy, 58 Mon ethnicity, 146–7 marxism and criticisms of, 36–8 Mong clan, 212 reforms, 255 Mongol Invasion, 147 market-based reforms, 34, 67, 86, 137, Mongol troops, 129 202 Mongoloid, 145 282 INDEX

Mongols, 164, 188, 216 Nguyen Ai Quoc, 192 Mongrut, King, 167 Nguyen Anh, 190 Mon-Khmer minority group, 94 Nguyen Cao Ky, 195 Mon-Khmer speaking ethnic group, 95 Nguyen clan, 189, 191 Moore, S., 33 Nguyen dynasty, 185 Moss, T., 59 Nguyen Hue, 190 Mosuo culture, 225 Nguyen Khanh, 195 Mosuo people, 224 Nguyen Kim, 189 Moyar, M., 192, 194, 195 Nguyen Lu, 190 Moyo, D., 57 Nguyen Ngoc Tho, 195 Muangasame, K., 14, 177 Nguyen Nhac, 190 Myanmar, 145–58 Nguyen rule, 190 business and economic environment, Nguyen Sinh Cung. See Ho Chi Minh 155–7 Nguyen Van Thieu, 195 garment industry in, 265 Nguyen Xuan Oanh, 195 microentrepreneurs in, 241 Nguyen Xuan Phuc, 201 perceptions of workers in tourism Nhu, 195 industry in, 234–5 Nixon, R., 197, 219 tourism in, 157 Nolintha, V., 265 trade between Yunnan and, 156 non-democratic countries, 71 non-productive aid industry, 57 Nonthapot, S., 263 N Norodom, King, 114 Naing, T. H., 265 Northern Thailand, ethnic minority Nan Chao-Dali culture, 211, 212 entrepreneurs in, 100–2 Nan Chao Kingdom, 129, 130, 146, Northern Vietnamese Kingdom, 188 147, 164, 211, 212 North Korea, 39 Naresuan, King, 165 North Vietnamese Communist National Front for the Liberation of Government, 116 South Vietnam, 194 North Vietnamese Communist Party, 134 national identity, 7, 146, 214 National League for Democracy Party (NLD), 153, 154 O “national minorities”, 204 Ohno, A., 63 nations and national governments, Oknha, 120 recommendations for, 257–62 Ong, L. T., 16, 123 Naypyidaw, 153 Osborne, M., 90, 111 Ne Win, 150–2 Ovesen, J., 62, 121 , 172 Ngo Dinh Diem, 194 NGOs, 4, 6, 56, 57, 70, 98, 102, 119, P 123, 139, 177, 213, 254–8, 270 Pacheco, E., 38 Nguyen, C., 203 Pagu, 148 INDEX 283

Pai Man peoples, 212 Pradhananga, M., 221 Panagariya, A., 66 , King, 168 Panglong Conference, 151 Prayuth Chan-ocha, General, 173 Pao, V., 135 , 173 Parsons, P., 269 Premsrirat, S., 170 Pathet Lao, 134, 135 Prey Nokor, 114 Paulson, H., 222 Prideaux, B., 13 Pavie, A., 132 Pridi Phanomyong (Pridi), 168 Pawakapan, P., 174 Pritchett, L., 42 Payi, 129 private sector, 6, 32–6 People’s Alliance for Democracy (PAD), policies, 232 172 recommendations for, 264–6 People’s Power Party (PPP), 171 pro-poor growth approaches, 6 People’s Republic of China (PRC), 33, pro-poor tourism, 14, 267 39 protectionism, 1, 3, 6, 30–3, 82 Phan Huy Quat, 195 public sector Phayee, A. P., 145 investment, 263 Phetsarath, Prince, 133 policies, 232 , 172 Pyu, 146, 212 Pholsena, V., 136 Phomvihan, K., 135 Phothiart, P., 92 Q Phoumi Nosavan, 134 Qin Shi Huang, 215 Pilawh, 100 quality of life, 98, 175 Pilawko, 211 tourism and, 245–6 Pirie, I., 41 Quang Trung emperor, 131, 190 Pleumarom, A., 12 Pomeranz, K., 28 Pongsudhirak, T., 10 R Potsdam Conference of, 193, 1945 Rahman, A., 58 poverty, vii, 27–41, 43, 83, 86, 93, 94, Rajah, A., 92 96, 98, 101, 119–21, 155, 157, Rakner, L., 59 158, 174, 175, 198, 202, 220–3, Rama I, King, 166 231, 232, 237, 238, 245, 253–71 Rama II, King, 166, 167 in Mainland Southeast Asia, vii Rama IV, King, 167 poverty reduction, v–vii, 1–17, 43, 55–73, Ramathibodi, King, 165 88–90, 123, 202, 253, 255, 256, Ramithibodi “Phra Phuttahayofa 269. See also specificterms Chulalok”, King, 166 policies, 81 Ramkhamheang, King, 164 programs, 5 Ranariddh, 118 Powell, B., 31, 68, 266 Rawksi, T. G., 221 284 INDEX

Red Shirt party, 172 Sgro, P., 44 redistribution Shan, 92, 93, 96, 127, 129, 147, 148, policies, 55, 254 151, 163, 164, 211 programs, 257 Shang, 213, 214 Red River Valley, 186 Sihanouk, King, 114–16 regional economic conditions, in Silk Road Fund, 85 mainland SEA, 86–9 Sin, 166 remittances, 60, 61, 82, 121, 155, 202, Singapore, 41, 150, 262 237 Sino-Thais war, 170 Rempel, J. M., 246 Siriphon, A., 96 Republic of Korea, 40 Sisavangvong, King, 133 Resnick, D., 59 Skarbek, D. B., 60 Rigg, J., 66, 137 small-and-medium-sized firms (SMEs), Rittel, H., 253 vi, 87 Robinson, J., 28, 43 Smith, M. K., 12 Rodrik, D., 36 Smith, R. A., 16, 123 Rohyingya issue, 154 socialism, 69, 128, 135, 203, 220 refugees and, 89 Son, H. H., 6 Rolling Thunder, 196 Song Jiaoren, 217 Romani, L., 62 Soontayatron, S., 16 Rosenstein, N., 215 Sosamphanh, B., 17 Roth, V., 121 Souphanouvong, Prince, 133–5 Royal Lao Government (RLG), 133 South Asian microfinancing programs, 62 Southeast Asia (SEA), ethnic minorities S in, 89–90 Sachs, J., 31, 38, 221 development in ethnic minority Sahli, M., 11 communities, 94–6 Saignason, C., 136 ethnic minority entrepreneurs in Saigon, 191 Northern Thailand, 100–102 Sainyachakkaphat, 130 hill tribes, 90–94 Sam Saen Thai, 130 tourism, entrepreneurship, and Savang Vatthana, King, 133 preservation of ethnic minority savings groups (SGs), 63, 64, 138 cultures, 96–100 Saw Maung, 152 Southeast China, 163 Scheidel, W., 215 South Korea, 39–41, 43 Sein Lwin, 152 South Vietnamese Army, 135 Sen, A., 30, 37, 42, 43 Souvanna Phouma, Prince, 133, 134 Sengsourivong, K., 63 Souvannaphoum Pathet, 128 service industries, 72, 73, 270 Soviet Union, 117, 136, 194, 196, sexual–economic exchanges with 198–200, 202, 219 tourists, 15 Soviet-backed Vietnamese forces, 117 Sgaw community, 92 Sowell, T., 37, 57, 260, 263 INDEX 285

Speece, P., 176 Thai Kingdom, 131, 164–6 Spence, M., 36 Thailand, 9, 128, 163–79 Srinivasan, T. N., 30, 67 Chinese immigration and, 168 State Law and Order Restoration economic and business development, Council (SLORC), 152 175–6 Statism, economic, 44 ethnic minority entrepreneurs in, Stuart-Fox, M., 127 243 Su, X., 220 GNI per capita growth, 176 , General, 171 tourism in, 176–9 Sugiyarto, G., 61 tourism workers in, 178–9 Sui dynasty, 187, 216 World War II and, 169 Sulaiman, J., 62, 65 Thai politics, 169, 172 Sulinyavongsa, 131 , 171 Sunam, R., 269 , 171 Sung dynasty, 112, 216 Thammavong, T., 136 Sun Yat-sen, 217, 218 Thang Long, 190 Suryavarman II, 112 Thanh Hoa, 188 sustainable tourism, 13–15, 122, 177 Than Nong, 186 Svensson, J., 58 , General, 170 Swain, M., 97 , 152, 153 Thavaravadi, 130 Theerapappisit, P., 98 T Thein Sein, 153 Tabinshwehti, King, 148, 165 Theravada Buddhism, 8, 9, 92, 113, Tai communities, 212 127, 147, 257 Tai Kingdom, 164, 211 Thibaw, King, 149 Tai languages, 164 Thomas, R., 14 Tai Lue farmers, 95 Thwin, A., 148 Tai-speaking minorities, 95 Tiberti, L., 121 Taiwan, 43 To, P., 95 Takahashi, Y., 137 tourism, 2, 10–12, 44, 45, 72, 238 Tali (Dali), 212 in Cambodia, 120–2 T’ang dynasty, 187, 216 employees, interviews of, 237 Tarieng people, 94 ethnic minority cultures and, 96–100 Taylor, R. H., 154 and job creation, 231–48 Tay Son, 131, 190 in Laos, 138–9 Teets, J. C., 213 in Myanmar, 157–8 Thai and Lao people, similarities and quality of life, 245–6 between, 127–8 in Thailand, 176–9 Thai-Cambodian conflict, 83 as tool for poverty reduction, 16–17 Thai economy, 155, 176 from tourists’ perspectives, 247–8 Thai entrepreneurs, in tourism industry, in Vietnam, 203–5 238–40 in Yunnan, 224 286 INDEX tourism industry, 11, 13, 16, 270 US bombing campaign, 196 job creation and job quality in, 14 US–Thai relationship, 174 in Laos, perceptions of workers in, Uttama, N. P., 66, 260 233–4 Uysal, M., 44 microentrepreneurship in, 16 in Myanmar, perceptions of workers in, 234–5 V perceptions of Cambodian workers , King, 168 in, 232–3 Van Beuningen, C., 43 Thai entrepreneurs in, 238–40 van de Walle, N., 59, 60 Vietnamese workers’ perceptions in, Vargas-Silva, C., 61 Ho Chi Minh City, 235–7 Vietnam, 185–205 Tourist Authority of Thailand (TAT), 177 economic and business environment, tourists and consumers, 202–3 recommendations for, 266–8 economic reforms, 200 trade protectionism, 6 global value chains, 203 Tran, D., 136 GNI per capita growth, 203 Tran, V. T., 175 tourism and growth, 203–5 Tran clan, 188 Vietnamese Communist Party, 134, Tran dynasty, 188 191, 192 Trankell, I. B., 62, 121 Vietnamese dynasties, 188 Tran Van Huong, 195 Vietnamese myths, 186 Treerutkuarkul, A., 63 Vietnamese nationalism, 193 Trinh clan, 189–90 Vietnamese nationalists, 192–4 Trinh Kiem, 189 Vietnamese politics, 201 n Tri ˙ h Lords, 189 Vietnamese troops, 135, 199 Tripp, A. M., 59 Vietnamese workers’ perceptions in Troung, D., 14 tourism sector, in Ho Chi Minh Truong, V. D., 237 City, 235–7 Trupp, A., 97, 99 Village Development Fund, 138 Tsui, K., 221 Viravond, S., 128, 130 Tubilewicz, C., 223 Volachit, B., 136 Vo Nguyen Giap, 194 Vorng, S., 172 U Unaldi,€ S., 172 Un Huan, 130 W United Nations Human Development Wallerstein, I., 37 Index, 259 Wang, F., 221 UNTAC mission, 117, 118 Warr, P., 17, 270 U Nu, 151, 152 Warring states period, 215 INDEX 287 wealth creation, 2–7, 33, 69, 72, 254, Y 269 Yakah, T., 59 Webber, M., 253 Yang, X., 31 Welty, G., 37 Yap, S. F., 265 Welzel, C., 31, 43 Yasovarman I, 112 Wen, J., 264 Yuan dynasty, 212, 216 Western Chou (Zhou) dynasty, 214 Yuan/Mongol dynasty of China, 147 Western orientalist scholars, 7 Yuan Shikai, 217–18 Whittle, D., 66 Yuan troops, 147 Winichak, T., 174 Yunnan, 211–25 Winzeler, R. L., 7, 90, 95 economic and business environment, Wolters, O. W., 7 223–4 Wood, W., 212 and Myanmar, trade between, 156 Woolcock, M., 42 tourism in, 224–5 World Bank, 67, 255 Yunnas, M., 62 World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), 138, 176 Wright, J., 59 Z Zeng, J., 96 Zhang, C., 264 X Zhang, Q., 222 Xaypanya, P., 260 Zhang Xun, 218 Xiaoping, D., 220, 221, 223 Zheng, Y., 96 Xing, Y., 221 Zhenla, 112 Xu, H., 16, 225 Zou, H., 221