DOCSLIB.ORG

Medibvbl Politicai, Theory in the West

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Medibvbl Politicai, Theory in the West A HISTORY MEDIBVBL POLITICAI, THEORY IN THE WEST SIR R. W. CARLYLE, I<.C.S.I., C.1.E. AND A. J. CARLYLE, MA., I).LITT. LELPUXEII. IY POLllILY (LAlK FILIOW) 01 UYIVI KSIIY COLLEG* , LhLTURbR IN I01 11 ICS AND ECONOMICS OF LINCOLN CO1 LEOE , nORBIrh IIEMBLR OF THZ LlOYAL YOCILTY U) YAPLL& THE POLITICAL TlIEORY OF THE ROMAN LAWYERS AND THE CtlNONIS'lS, FROM THE TENT11 CENTURY TO lHE THIRTEENTH CENfl'URY BY A. J. CARLYLE, h1 A, D.LITT. THIRD IMPRESSION WILLIAM BLACI<WOOD & SONS LTD. EDINBURGH AND LONDON MCML Prtnled tn Great Drttatlt All Rzghts reserved PREFACE TO VOLUME 11, WITH this volume we begin the treatment of the political theory of the great period of the Middle Ages, our first volume having really the character of an introduction to this. The materials have, on closer examination, proved to be so large and complex that we have been compelled to devote a whole volume to the political ideas embodied in the two great systems of law which are derived directly from the ancient world. I have felt very keenly how difficult and dangerous a thing it is for a student of history, who has no technical legal braining, to deal with those great juristic documents ; and indeed I should have felt much hesitation in presenting the result of this work to the public if it had not been for the great kindness of a number of scholars eminent in the civil and the canon law. I must therefore express my most sincere thanks, first to Professor Fitting of Holle, Professor Meynial of Paris, and Professor Vinogradoff of Oxford, who have very kindly read the proofs of the first part of this volume: and secondly, to Professor Andrea Galante of Innsbruck, who has been so kind as to read the proofs of the second part. viii PBEFACE. PREFACE. iX Those eminent scholars are in no way responsible for G. Pescatore, ' Kritische Studien auf dem Gebiet der Civilistischen the judgments which I have expressed, but I am under Litteriirgeschichte des Mittelalters.' J. Flach, ' Histoire du Droit Romaiii au Moyen Age.' the greatest obligation to them for a great many most P. Stintzing, ' Geschichte der Populkren Literatur dos Romischen und valuable corrections, emendations, and suggestions. Kanonischen Rechts.' Every historical scholar who knows how great is the J, F. von Schulte, ' Geschichte der Quellen und Literatur des mass of unprintcd material, especially in the canon law Kanonischen Rechts.' of the twelfth century, will feel that a treatment based F. Maassen, 'Geschichte der Quellen und der Literatur des only upon printed sources is necessarily incomplete. It canonischen Rechts.' A. Galante, ' Fontes juris canonici selecti.' is with great regret that we have been compelled by E. Friedberg, ' Corpus juris canonici.' the scope of our work to limit ourselves in this way: E. Fournier, " Yves de Chartres et le Droit Canonique," in 'Revue we venture to think that the material is sufficient to des Questions Historiques,' vol. Ixiii. justify such conclusions as have been drawn. It was 9s "Les Collections de Canons attribubs a Yves de Chartres," with still greater regret that I found myself unable to in ' Bibliothi.que de 1'~coledes Chartes,' vol. lvil. Gierke, ' Das Deutsche Genossenschaftsrecht,' of which a part is use some very important printed material for the civil law, translated by F. Maitland. and especially Placentinus' treatise on the Code, and Azo's "Lectura" ; but no copies of these works are apparently A. J. CARLYLE, to bc found in England, and I have been unable to go to Paris to consult them. OXFORD,April 1909. It would be a difficult matter to make a complete list even of the more valuable modern works which deal with the various aspects of the civil and canon law in the Middle Ages, but the following are among the most important :- F. K. von Savigny, ' Geschichte des romischen Rechts in Mittel- alter.' H. Fitting, ' Die Anfange der Rechtschule in Bologna.' )) ' Juristische Schr~ftendos friiheren Mittelalters.' ,, Irnerius, ' Summa Codicis ' (Summa Trccensis). ,, Irnerius, ' Qu~stionesde Jurls subtilltatibus.' S. Brie, ' Die Lehrc vom Gewohnheitsrecht.' M. Conrat, ' Geschichte dor Quellen dcs Romisches Rechts im Mit- telalter.' E. Besta, ' L'Opera d'Irnerio.' CONTEPI'TS OF THE SECOND VOLURIE, INTRODUCTION. Summary of conclusions of first volume, l-in the Middle Ages we have to take account of influence of ancient jurisprudence, of canon law, and of tlie contemporary circumstances of Europe, 2-influence of Aristotle does not commence till thirteenth century, 2-advantage of beginning with study of law, 2. PART I. THE POLlTICAL THEORY OF THE ROMAN LAWYERS OB THE MIDDLE AGES TO ACCURSIUS. CHAPTER I. THE THEORY OF LAW. LEQUITAS AND JUSTICE Influence of Ronlan Law in early Middle Ages, 5-question as to extent of systematic study of the subject duiing these centuries, 6--political theory of civilians founded on Justinian's law books, 6-definitions of cequitas and justitia, 7. CHAPTER 11. THE THEORY OF JUS. Definilions of jlcs and its relations to justice and tequilas, 13-ambiguity as to meaning of cequilaa, 16-how Ear cau ]us adequately represent justice, 19 -distinction between the divine and tlie human justice, 19-definitior.8 of jvs by Irneriu~,I'lacentlnus, and Azo, 22-law represents the applica tion of principles of justice to the actual circumstances of life, 26. xii CONTENTS. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I11 CHAPTER VIII. THE THBORY OF NATURAL LAW THE THEORY OF THE RELATIONS OF THE ECCLEBIASTIOAL AND The tr~partltetheory of law, 28-uncertamty of rneanlng of Nztnral Law in BECULAR POT%ERS anc~entjul~sts, 29-civ~l~ans somct~mes interpret it in the sense of Ulp~an5 Clvll~anshold that secular power 1s sacred, but recognise the existence along definltlon, 29-hzo S lecognlhon of the f~ctt11at the phrase may be used s~deof ~t of another stcred autho~~ty,that of the Chuich, 76-the relat~on In mzny senses, 30-011 the nhole the LIVI~IL~Suse the phrase to descrlbe of the secular law to the Scr~ptures, 78-to the canon lam, 79-the a hod) of invlolablc rnor ~l prlnc~ples,31 - d~fficultythat some ~nstltutlons relat~onof the seculzr soc~etyto the eccleslast~cal,the ~n~inuuitiesof the are accepted as val~dwhich are contrary to ~t,33 clergy, 81-the laity subject to Churcl~courts, but the pimes must he present, 86-authority of b~shopto lnteirene in seculax cases to secure CHAPTER IV. ju~tice,87-the appointment of b~shops,90. THE THhORY OF SLAVERY. An lnst~tutioncontrar to jus ~zaturale,34-belongs to jus gentturn or czvzle, 35 -the civ~li111s cwl~on the tendency to u~~tlgdtetlie condltiol~sof slavery, 36-the asc~zpt%tzusIS .t tree man, but selvus glebe, 39. THE POLITIOAL THEORY OF THE CANON LAW TO THF MIDDLE CITAPTER V OF THE THIRTEENlH ChNTURY THE FHB ORY OF PROP1 RTY. CHAPTER I. Dtfference betmeen the anc~ellt~ur~sts and the Cll~~si~anFathers about thls, 41-media\al civilians wajer betwcen the two tracl~tiou~,42-s(lnle l~old INTRODUOTION that property is an ~nst~tutiouof 32~s natl~rule,some that it is not, 42- the c~v~lia~isexplaln the existence of institutions cont~sryto yw naturale, Advantages of study of canon law apart from other ecrlesiastical wr~tings,93 as related to a ditference betmcen the pi~mav~lor natural, ancl the actual -sources of tlie canon law, 93-collect~ons from the nlnth century to the or conventional, 49 thirteenth, 94 CHAPTER V1 CHAPTER 11. THI. THEORY 01 TIIF JUS ClVILE AhD CUSTOM THE THEORY OF LAW IN GENERAL Meaning of tile te~In Icr 111 the c~~~l~ans,50-all c~v~llitnshold thzt custom 1 as Derived from Rowan law through St Isldore, 96- defi~~itlonof nature of law or once had the force of Inn, 52-Aro s tests for recognising a legslly In Ivo, 96-nature of Gratian S work, 97-law, divine and natural, or valld custom, 54 human and customary, 98 CHAPTER V11 THE SOURCE OF POLITICAL AUTHORITY CHAPTER I11 The ancient jurists held that the Roman populus uas the source of all pol~tlcal THE lHEORY 01 NATURAL LAW auttlor~t), 56-authority founded upon the natural reldt~onbetueen the unzversztus and ~tsmembers, 57-the autliority of the empeior derived Definit~onsof this by Orat~aiiand Rufinua, and distinction between theory of from the Roln in people, he is the11 vlcar, 58-elect~on of the Senate by cauonists and the lcgzstzca tradztzo, 102-Stephen polnts out that the the ltoman people, 59-quest~on whether the people retain any author~t~, phrase may be ured in many senaes, 104-~t 1s supreme over all otllel either dlrectly or by means of their custom, 59 -the civilians divided, 60 sjstems of law, 105-contamed in "law anrl Gospel," 106-how 16 ~t, -theory of the civ~llansas to the method of leg~slationby the emperor, then, that part of the "law" is now set aslde 7 109-difficulty about 67-question of limltatlons upon imperial authority, 80-relation of rnqt~tut~ons,such as p~operty,which are contrary to ~t,110-dlfficlilty emperor to pr~vateproperty, 72-view that rev~vedstudy of Roman law met by Rufinus, by analys~sof jus naturale Into commands, prohib~tions, was unfa\ou~ableto political hberty needs revlslon, 74 and demonstratzones, 11 1. UONTENTS. CONTENTS. CHAPTER IT. CHAPTER IX. THE JUS CIENTIUJ. THE THEORY OF TEE CANON I Am. Parb of customary lam of mankind, 114-consists of those universal cuatoms Poss~bleuncerta~nties wltlnn canon lax about tins, 160-statements before wh~charose when men first began to dwell together, 114.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • General Considerations Regarding the Historic Evolution of Roman Law
    LawGeneral Review considerations vol. VII, regarding special issue,the historic December evolution 2017, of p.Roman 5-11 Law 5 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE HISTORIC EVOLUTION OF ROMAN LAW Cristinel-Ioan MURZEA Professor, PhD Faculty of Law “Transilvania” University of Braşov [email protected] Abstract The historic evolution or Roman law was in a determination relation with the factors which configure law, especially the social-political ones or the economical ones, but also those which pertain to the natural background in which Roman society evolved, thus passing from the citadel-state to the “polis” type of state and then to the universal state - the Roman empire - which would later become a model of political, military and legal organization for the entire antic world. Roman law was created in the history of the eleven centuries of existence or the Roman state which passed several stages of development, excelling in the classical age when, given the great reforms which are performed under the direct influence of the praetorian, the main legal magister, certain principles and legal institutions are created which proved to be viable across the centuries to follow, thus directly influencing the subsequent legislative activity in the modern and contemporary age in the European space. Keywords: positive law, factors which configure law, legal magister, the ages of Roman law, praetorian law, praetor’s edict The generic classification of law in the category of those disciplines which study society seen in its dynamics and historic evolution, has caused famed personalities of Roman jurisprudence to state that “where there is society, there is also law – ubi societas ibi Jus”1 an aphorism which allowed for reciprocity according to which – ubi jus ib societas2.
    [Show full text]
  • The Beginning of Roman Law Jurisprudence and Teaching in the Twelfth Century: the Authenticae
    Rivista Internazionale di Diritto Comune 22 (2011) 35-53 KENNETH PENNINGTON The Beginning of Roman Law Jurisprudence and Teaching in the Twelfth Century: The Authenticae There has been vigorous debate in recent years about when and where jurists began to teach Roman law. That debate is the larger context in which this essay should be read1. Here I will attempt to provide evidence for one aspect of the jurists’ work at the dawn of the * Kelly-Quinn Professor of Ecclesiastical and Legal History, The Columbus School of Law and the School of Canon Law, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC. 1 Anders Winroth has argued that the teaching of Roman law in Bologna began in the 1130’s, The Making of Gratian’s Decretum (Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and thought 49; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000) 173; I have written several essays discussing the appearance of Roman law in secular and ecclesiastical legal texts of the first half of the twelfth century and have concluded that the teaching of Roman law must have begun in the early twelfth century or even before. See K. Pennington, ‘The Birth of the Ius commune: King Roger II’s Legislation’, Rivista Internazionale di Diritto Comune 17 (2006) 23-60; idem, ‘The Practical Use of Roman Law in the Early Twelfth-Century’,Handlung und Wissenschaft: Die Epistemologie der Praktischen Wissenschaften im 12. und 13. Jahrhundert, edd. Matthias Lutz-Bachmann and Alexander Fidora (Wissenskultur und Gesellschaftlicher Wandel 29; Berlin: Akademie Verlag 2008) 11-31; idem, ‘The “Big Bang”: Roman Law in the Early Twelfth-Century’, Rivista Internazionale di Diritto Comune 18 (2007) 43-70; idem, ‘Roman Law at the Papal Curia in the Early Twelfth Century’, Canon Law, Religion, and Politics: Liber Amicorum Robert Somerville, edited by Uta-Renate Blumenthal, Anders Winroth, and Peter Landau (Washington, DC.
    [Show full text]
  • Part I Prolegomena
    Part I Prolegomena Chapter I The Evolution towards a New Jus Gentium: The International Law for Humankind I. The Historical Emergence of Jus Gentium Jus gentium (of Roman law) had its origins in private law,1 having subsequently entered also the realm of the conceptual universe of the law of nations.2 It origi- nally consisted of common principles governing legal relations in general. Grad- ually the concept of jus gentium was enlarged, so as to encompass what came to be known as the general principles of law.3 In the XVIth century, Francisco de Vitoria conceived the new jus gentium of his days as governing the relations of all peoples (including the indians of the new world) and individuals, in conditions of independence and juridical equality, pursuant to a universalist outlook (totus orbis). In a world marked by diversifi cation (of peoples and cultures) and plural- ism (of ideas and cosmovisions), the new jus gentium secured the unity of the societas gentium.4 It could not possibly be derived from the “will” of its subjects, but rather based on a lex praeceptiva, apprehended by human reason. In Vitoria’s view, jus gentium was applicable to all peoples and human beings (even without the consent of its addressees); societas gentium was the expression of the funda- mental unity of humankind, wherefrom jus gentium ensued, and provided the juridical basis (deriving from a lex praeceptiva of natural law) for the totus orbis, 1 On the concept of jus gentium in classic Roman law, cf., e.g., Gabrio Lombardi, Ricerche in Tema di “Ius Gentium”, Milano, Giuff rè, 1946, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Sions. This Was a Reference to the Truly Anti-Slavery Royal Edict of August 2, 1530, See (Vi) (4) Above
    sions. This was a reference to the truly anti-slavery Royal edict of August 2, 1530, see (vi) (4) above. And so the Pope writes to the Cardinal to say that although the Indians are non-Christians, they have not been deprived [i.e. by a juridical act of the Papacy] of their freedom or of ownership of their own possessions, nor are they to be deprived of these. They are not to be exterminated by slavery, but are to be invited to Christian life by preaching and example. The Cardinal is commanded by the Pope to provide an effective defence for the Indians in this matter, and to forbid all Spaniards to reduce the Indians into slavery by any means whatsoever or deprive them of their possessions in any manner, under pain of excommunication if they do so.(1M) The Pope clearly approved the Royal edict which had prohibited enslavement of American Indians by any one of the titles of Roman civil law. But the Pope had evidently not been informed that this Royal edict had already been abrogated on February 20, 1534, by a subsequent edict which had once more authorized the enslavement of Indian prisoners captured in just warfare, (vi) (4) above. Charles V was irritated by the Papal Brief to the Cardinal, and advised the Pope to annul it, since it was injurious to the Imperial right of colonization and harmful to the peace of the Indies. So Pope Paul III duly annulled Pastorale Offidum on June 19, 1538, by the Brief Nonlndecens Videtur.aM) Meanwhile, however, four days after writing Pastorale Offidum to the Cardinal Archbishop of Toledo, Pope Paul III on June 2,1537, addressed <"•> Brief Pastorale Offidum.
    [Show full text]
  • 8 the Ignorant Seller's Liability for Latent Defects: One
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by DSpace at VU 8 The Ignorant Seller’s Liability for Latent Defects: One Regula or Various Sets of Rules? Jan Hallebeek* A. INTRODUCTION B. ROMANLAW (1) Traces of historical developments in the Corpus iuris (2) Justinianic law C. THE ERA OF THE GLOSSATORS (1) Early legal scholarship (2) Placentinus and Johannes Bassianus (3) Azo (4) The last generation of glossators (5) Conclusions (a) Actio empti; actio quanti minoris (b) Praetorian remedies (c) The view of Accursius D. FROM THE GLOSSA ORDINARIA TO THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY (1) Romano-canonical procedure (2) The school of Orleans and Cinus E. THE ERA OF THE COMMENTATORS (1) Liability of the ignorant seller in case oflatent defects (2) The scope of the Aedilician actio quanti minoris (3) Claiming price reduction: one remedy or various sets of rules? F. CONCLUSIONS * The author is grateful to Kees Bezemer (Leiden) and Wim Decock (Leuven) for their comments on a draft version of this paper and to Margaret Hewett (Cape Town) for correcting the English and for further advice. 170 EUP_Cairns_09_Ch8.indd 170 24/02/2010 14:50 the ignorant seller’s liability for latent defects 171 A. INTRODUCTION In 1999 a European Directive was issued that required specific protection for the buyer of consumer goods. This was subsequently implemented in the various European jurisdictions. When repair or replacement of these goods, in the case of non-conformity, is impossible or cannot be demanded or when the seller refuses to provide either of these solutions, the buyer has the remedies of reduction in price and rescission.1 The corresponding liability of the seller does not necessarily depend on explicit warranties, contractual clauses or any kind of malicious intent (mens rea) on his side, but is simply imposed by the law or based on an implied warranty.
    [Show full text]
  • Origin of the Twin Terms Jus Ad Bellum/Jus in Bello
    Origin of the twin terms jus ad bellum/jus in hello by Robert Kolb The august solemnity of Latin confers on the terms jus ad helium and jus in bello1 the misleading appearance of being centuries old. In fact, these expressions were only coined at the time of the League of Nations and were rarely used in doctrine or practice until after the Second World War, in the late 1940s to be precise. This article seeks to chart their emergence. The doctrine of just war The terms jus ad bellum and jus in bello did not exist in the Romanist and scholastic traditions. They were unknown to the canon and civil lawyers of the Middle Ages (glossarists, counsellors, ultramontanes, doctors juris utriusque, etc.), as they were to the classical authorities on international law (the School of Salamanca, Ayala, Belli, Gentili, Grotius, etc.). In neither period, moreover, was there a separation between two sets of rules — one ad bellum, the other in bello.2 Robert Kolb is preparing a doctorate in international law at the Graduate Institute for International Studies in Geneva; his thesis is entitled La bonne foi en droit international public (Good faith in public international law). Original: French 1 Jus ad bellum refers to the conditions under which one may resort to war or to force in general; jus in bello governs the conduct of belligerents during a war, and in a broader sense comprises the rights and obligations of neutral parties as well. 2 P. Haggenmacher, Grotius et la doctrine de la guerre juste, Paris, 1983, pp.
    [Show full text]
  • PDF, Formato B5
    Lucha de clases y quiebra de la legalidad constitucional en la Roma tardorrepublicana Madrid Octubre de 2019 Publicaciones Jurilog Lorenzo Peña y Gonzalo LUCHA DE CLASES Y QUIEBRA DE LA LEGALIDAD CONSTITUCIONAL EN LA ROMA TARDORREPUBLICANA* Lorenzo Peña (del Ilustre Colegio de Abogados de Madrid) ••• Sumario 0. Preámbulo. 0.1. Ocasión y motivo del presente ensayo. 0.2. Plan del actual estudio. 0.3. La noción de lucha de clases. 1. Recapitulación de los hechos: ¿qué fue la conjuración de Catilina? 2. Irrelevancia histórica de la presunta conjura de Catilina del año 63. 3. Reconsideración de las figuras de Mario, Pompeyo y Craso. Optimates y populistas. 4. Valoración de Publio Clodio Pulcro. 5. Clodio y Catilina. 6. Clodio, los esclavos y el asesinato de Bouillæ. 7. Las nonas decembrinas del 63 y el exilio de Cicerón (58-57). 8. La esclavitud en Roma. 9. El proletariado en Roma. 10. Vitalidad de la religión politeísta. 11. Las instituciones político-jurídicas de la Roma tardorrepublicana. 11.1. División de poderes en la República Romana. 11.2. Las asambleas populares. 11.3. La constitución republicana y el bloque de constitucionalidad. 11.4. Las XII Tablas y la prohibición del priuilegium. 11.5. El Senado. Su potestad de anulación legislativa. 11.6. La potestad exoneratoria del Senado. 11.7. El valor legislativo de los senatus consulta. 11.8. El senatus consultum ultimum (SCU). 11.9. Recapituación del debate con Sir Fergus Millar. 11.10. Las tesis de Francisco Pina Polo sobre la antijuridicidad de muchas decisiones políticas en la Roma tardorrepublicana. 11.11. ¿Reconocía la constitución romana los derechos del hombre? 12.
    [Show full text]
  • Jason Taliadoros I. INTRODUCTION This Paper Is an Attempt to Reflect
    SACRED RULES, SECULAR REVELATIONS: THE CONCEPTIONS OF RIGHTS IN PRE-MODERN EUROPE Jason Taliadoros I. INTRODUCTION This paper is an attempt to reflect on the methodological approaches that I bring to ‘reading law’ in my current project on understandings of individual rights in the legal and theological texts of the twelfth- and early thirteenth-century Middle Ages, entitled ‘Sacred Rules, Secular Revelations: The Conceptions of Rights in Pre-Modern Europe’.1 It is first necessary to say something about my own intellectual background, which informs the methodologies that I employ in this research. I am an historian and lawyer. Following my undergraduate training in law and history, I worked as a lawyer in private and in-house roles off and on for more than five years. In one of these ‘off’ periods, I completed my PhD in the discipline of history, although the subject matter of my thesis dealt with legal history, intellectual history, history of law, and the history of ideas. For a time I taught medieval history in Australia and the United States. In a subsequent, but not contiguous, ‘off’ period, I published this PhD thesis as a monograph (Taliadoros 2006b). My current role is the third ‘off’ 1 This research forms part of my Discovery Project ‘Sacred Rules, Secular Revelations: The Conceptions of Rights in Pre-Modern Europe’, which is funded by the Australian Government ARC through its National Competitive Grants Program and institutionally supported by the School of Historical Studies at Monash University. I wish to acknowledge and thank both these institutions. Sortuz. Oñati Journal of Emergent Socio-legal Studies.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Law and Global Constitutionalism
    DOMINGO.DOCX (DO NOT DELETE) 2/6/2020 3:56 PM Roman Law and Global Constitutionalism RAFAEL DOMINGO* TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................217 I. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................218 II. APPLYING SOME LESSONS FROM ROMAN LAW TO GLOBAL CONSTITUTIONALISM ...............................................................................221 A. Cosmopolitan Spirit .......................................................................221 B. Unwritten Constitution ..................................................................223 C. Respect for Tradition .....................................................................225 D. Nonsovereign State Paradigm .......................................................226 E. A Integrated Idea of Public Law....................................................228 F. Recovering the Idea of Necessity as a Source of Binding Law...................................................................................230 G. A Nonfoundational Approach to Constituent Power......................232 H. A Nonpositivist Approach to the Law.............................................235 I. Centrality of Litigation and Plurality of Jurisdictions...................237 J. A Practical Law Connected With Reality.......................................239 III. CONCLUSION ...........................................................................................240 ABSTRACT
    [Show full text]
  • The Classification Into Branches of Modern Legal
    THE CLASSIFICAT ION IN T O BRANCHES OF MODERN LEGAL SYS T EMS 443 Revista de Derecho de la Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso XXVII (Valparaíso, Chile, 2º semestre de 2006) [pp. 443 - 472] THE classiFicatiON INTO BRANCHES OF MODERN LEGAL SYSTEMS AND ROMAN laW TRADITIONS [“La clasificación en ramas de los sistemas legales modernos y las tradiciones del Derecho romano”] GÁBOR HAMZA * RESUMEN ABS T RAC T El presente trabajo se basa en la lec- This paper is based on the author’s ción inaugural del autor para su ingreso opening lesson upon his entry into the en la Academia Húngara de Ciencias; y Hungarian Academy of Sciences. He en él examina las diversas divisiones en hereby discusses the various divisions in partes o ramas de que ha sido objeto el parts or branches of the Law throughout Derecho, a través de la historia, empe- history, beginning with those formulated zando por las formuladas por los juristas by Roman jurists of public and private romanos, de Derecho público y privado y Law, and of civil and praetorian (hono- Derecho civil y pretorio (honorario). Es rary) Law. The first one has undoubte- sobre todo la primera que ha tenido una dly some influence, which the author influencia posterior, que el autor analiza analyzes among the commentators, in entre los glosadores y comentaristas, en la the humanistic judicial practice, and in jurisprudencia humanística y en diversas several later schools, with an extension escuelas de la época posterior, con exten- to Scottish law and to the common law sión al derecho escocés y al common law, and, of course in the juridical science of y desde luego en la Ciencia jurídica de the XIX and XX centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • Western European Legal History
    Western European legal history Section B: Interactions of Roman and local law: twelfth–sixteenth centuries A.D.E. Lewis This study guide was prepared for the University of London by: Professor A.D.E. Lewis, MA LLB (Cantab), Professor of Comparative Legal History at University College London. This is one of a series of study guides published by the University. We regret that the author is unable to enter into any correspondence relating to, or arising from, the guide. If you have any comments on this study guide, favourable or unfavourable, please use the form at the back of this guide. Publications Office The External Programme University of London Stewart House 32 Russell Square London WC1B 5DN United Kingdom www.londonexternal.ac.uk Published by the University of London Press © University of London 2007 Printed by Central Printing Service, University of London All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form, or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. Contents Contents Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Gratian and the formation of the learned Canon law 3 1.1 Gratian and his Decretum 4 1.2 The context of Gratian’s work 5 1.3 Gratian and Roman law 7 Chapter 2 The consolidation of Roman law: the Glossators 11 2.1 The study of Roman law at Bologna 12 2.2 The literature of the glossators 13 2.3 The University of Bologna and its personnel: Bulgarus and Martinus 14 2.4 The spread of the glossatorial tradition and its consolidation 15 2.5 Canon law and Roman law 17 Chapter 3 The expansion of Roman law
    [Show full text]
  • Simona Negruzzo the ARCHIGINNASIO, the SEAT OF
    65 Simona Negruzzo THE ARCHIGINNASIO, THE SEat OF THE UNIVERSITY OF BOLOGNA IN MODERN TIMES The Alma Mater Studiorum of Bologna, believed to be the first university in the Western world, began its life towards the end of the 11th century, when the masters of grammar, rhetoric and logic opened a school of juridical studies. Thereafter, teaching independent of the ecclesiastical schools became rooted in the city and the school became famous beyond its borders due to some of its most illustrious masters, such as the glossarist Irnerius and his disciples and followers (Bulgarus, Martinus Gosia, Jacobus and Hugo de Porta Ravennate).1 Originally, the free collectio of funds among the disciples guaranteed the teaching. However, there was no regular method of financing until the municipality of Bologna assumed responsibility for the costs and thereby stabilised the city’s schools; Frederick Barbarossa also moved to protect the young institution with an Imperial Constitution (1158) that was supposed to safeguard the teaching from the intrusion of external authorities and scholares who were travelling for reasons of study. Moreover, the students themselves gained strength based on their origins: on the one hand, there was the Citramontani (from near the Alps on the Italian peninsula, but not the Bolognese, Lombards, DOI: https://doi.org/10.12697/BJAH.2018.15.06 A special thanks to Ilaria Maggiulli and Ugo Dovere. 1 Cf. Enrico Spagnesi, Wernerius Bononiensis iudex. La figura storica d’Irnerio (Firenze: Olschki, 1970). 66 SIMONA NEGRUZZO Tuscans or Romans), and on the other, the Ultramontani (non-Italians living beyond the Alps, including the French, Spanish, Provencal, English, Picards, Burgundians, Normans, Catalans, Hungarians, Poles, Germans, etc.).
    [Show full text]