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Griffith Business School The Social Benefits in Sports City Planning: A Case study Examination of Manchester and Melbourne Author Pye, Peter Nicholas Published 2015 Thesis Type Thesis (PhD Doctorate) School Griffith Business School DOI https://doi.org/10.25904/1912/806 Copyright Statement The author owns the copyright in this thesis, unless stated otherwise. Downloaded from http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367880 Griffith Research Online https://research-repository.griffith.edu.au Griffith Business School Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Peter Nicholas Pye April 2015 1 The Social Benefits in Sports City Planning A Case study Examination of Manchester and Melbourne Peter Nicholas Pye B.Ed Hons, MBA. Department of Tourism, Sport and Hotel Management Griffith Business School, Griffith University Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy April 2015 2 ABSTRACT The relatively recent emergence of global sport has occurred at such a rate that it has been called one of the largest and fastest growing components of the world economy (Cornelissen, 2007; Higham & Hinch, 2002). One of the latest manifestations of this growth is the emergence of sports cities (Smith, 2010). The concept of sports cities is an ill-defined term, and one that has emerged in conjunction with the growth in global sporting events - events which have left a legacy of stadiums and other facilities in host cities (Smith, 2010). Many cities have adopted the term in order to optimise sport infrastructure, extend event legacies, and leverage the associated economic opportunities. Despite their abundance, there is little research that explores sports cities, and less still that explores the extent to which social benefits form part of their planning. To address this gap, a conceptual framework has been developed that combines two fields of research; sport and urban planning. The framework is derived from Coalter’s examination of the social benefits of sport, and Gehl's investigation into the components of liveable cities (Coalter, 2005, 2007b; Gehl, 2010, 2011). Using this conceptual framework, an analysis is conducted on the two leading sports cities of Manchester and Melbourne. This research explores whether their sports city planning included the provision of social benefits. Through the use of observation, document analysis, and interviews, the research reveals the sports city planning process from the perspectives of those involved in it. By providing knowledge, policy relevancy and a conceptual framework for future research, this study adds to an understanding of sport as a tool in social policy. While the research suggests that sport may have a significant role to play in the creation of liveable cities, the sports city concept was found to be changeable and dynamic. The study found a significant interdependence between economic and social planning strategies, and planning strategies that were influenced by the socio-political environment. Nuanced differences were found between the potential social benefits of sport (identified in the research literature), and their interpretation and application by sports city planners. Two additional social benefit planning categories emerged from the data; planning for the provision of a “sense of place” and planning for social inclusion through the delivery of major sports events. 3 STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY: This work has not previously been submitted for a degree or diploma in any university. To the best of my knowledge and belief, this thesis contains no material previously published or written by another person, except where due reference is made in the thesis itself. Signature of candidate: Name of candidate: Peter Nicholas Pye Date: 29th April 2015 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS: CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW ................................................................................ 16 1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY................................................................................. 16 1.2 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM, RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND RESEARCH PURPOSE......... 18 1.3 INTRODUCTION TO THE CASE STUDIES ................................................................... 20 1.4 METHODOLOGICAL OVERVIEW AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ........................... 21 1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH ........................................................................... 22 1.6 CHAPTER SUMMARY AND STRUCTURAL OUTLINE OF THE THESIS .......................... 23 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 25 2.1 THE CONTEXTUAL LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................ 26 2.1.1 The historical expansion of global sport ............................................................ 27 2.1.2 Sport in society ................................................................................................... 33 2.1.3 Urban planning and the evolution of cities ........................................................ 35 2.2 THE FOCUSED LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................... 47 2.2.1 Sports city literature ........................................................................................... 48 2.2.1.1 Sports city literature, Manchester and Melbourne ......................................... 53 2.2.2 Social benefits of sport literature ....................................................................... 59 2.2.3 Sport and urban planning literature .................................................................... 66 2.3 THE INTEGRATED LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................. 67 2.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY ............................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER THREE: CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ......................................................................................... 75 3.1 KEY COMPONENTS OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK ......................................... 75 3.1.1 Gehl and the concept of liveable cities ............................................................... 76 3.1.2 Coalter and the social benefits of sport .............................................................. 79 3.2 USE OF GEHL AND COALTER IN SPORT-RELATED RESEARCH ................................. 82 3.3 APPLICATION OF THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK IN THIS RESEARCH ................... 84 3.3.1 Outline of the conceptual framework ................................................................. 86 3.3.2 Alternative theoretical/ conceptual approaches .................................................. 90 3.4 CHAPTER SUMMARY ............................................................................................... 93 5 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 94 4.1 CASE STUDY SELECTION ......................................................................................... 94 4.2 THE RESEARCH PLAN .............................................................................................. 97 4.2.1 Stage One: Design of data collection protocols ................................................. 99 4.2.2 Stage Two: Data collection from document searches ...................................... 100 4.2.3 Stage Three: Data collection field work, observation/ interviews ................... 101 4.2.4 Stage Four: Data collation, coding, and interpretation ..................................... 103 4.2.5 Stage Five: Data presentation and analysis ...................................................... 109 4.2.6 Research plan considerations ........................................................................... 110 4.3 JUSTIFICATION FOR THE METHODOLOGY ............................................................. 111 4.4 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS, LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS .......................... 115 4.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY ............................................................................................. 119 CHAPTER FIVE: THE SOCIO-POLITICAL SPORTING CONTEXTS ..................................................... 120 5.1 MELBOURNE: SPORTING CONTEXTS ..................................................................... 121 5.1.1 Melbourne: history/ background ...................................................................... 121 5.1.2 Melbourne: key developments ......................................................................... 123 5.1.3 Melbourne: political contexts ........................................................................... 128 5.1.4 Case summary .................................................................................................. 131 5.2 MANCHESTER: SPORTING CONTEXTS.................................................................... 133 5.2.1 Manchester: history/ background ..................................................................... 133 5.2.2 Manchester: key developments ........................................................................ 135 5.2.3 Manchester: political contexts .......................................................................... 141 5.2.4 Case summary .................................................................................................. 144 5.3 CHAPTER SUMMARY ............................................................................................. 145 CHAPTER SIX: SOCIAL BENEFIT PLANNING IN SPORTS CITIES ..................................................
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