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Repurposing Digital Methods REPURPOSING DIGITAL METHODS The research afordances of platforms and engines Esther Weltevrede ) iv ( Repurposing digital methods The research afordances of platforms and engines Academisch proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het College voor Promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel op 28 januari 2016, te 10.00 uur door Esther Josephina Theresia Weltevrede geboren te Geldermalsen ) v ( Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. dr. R.A. Rogers Universiteit van Amsterdam Overige leden: Prof. dr. L.W.M. Bod Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. dr. R. Boast Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. dr. A. Bruns Queensland University of Technology Prof. dr. M.J.P. Deuze Universiteit van Amsterdam Prof. dr. H. Kennedy University of Shefeld Prof. dr. J.J. Noordegraaf Universiteit van Amsterdam Faculteit: Geesteswetenschappen The research of this doctoral dissertation received financial support from the Amster- dam School of Cultural Analysis (ASCA PhD fellowship) and two European grants for the Contropedia project (EU FP7 EINS grant #288021 and in part EU FP7 EMAPS grant #288964). ) vi ( Table of Contents Acknowledgements ix Acknowledgements co-authored articles xii List of figures xvi List of tables xix Referenced tools xx Referenced projects xxii Introduction: A device-driven perspective to digital research 1 The device as object and method 6 Digital media afordances 10 Repurposing and the research afordances of digital media 15 Issues in device-driven digital research 18 Scrapers and APIs as devices in digital research 25 Scraping and calling APIs as distinct data collection techniques 28 Scrapers and APIs in digital research 34 Scrapers and APIs and medium dependency 36 Device-driven research and pre-ordered data 40 Pre-formatted data as the new social data? 42 Case study: from live media to the liveliness of issues 46 Conclusion 51 ) vii ( The politics of realtime 53 Realtime experience and processing 56 The technicity of web realtime 59 Case study: Modes of realtime 64 From realtime to realtimeness 70 Conclusion 73 Conjuring up a past state of the Dutch blogosphere 77 Dutch blogs in transition 80 Reconstructing the blogosphere 86 Conclusion 98 Google algorithm changes and the volatility of method 101 Studying black-boxed algorithms 105 PageRank and the neutralizing engine 108 The demise of PageRank: algorithm changes and modes of research 118 Conclusion 130 Wikipedia’s device culture and the value of dispute 131 Wikipedia as a controversy defusing device 134 Controversy research with Wikipedia 136 Case study: Global warming 140 Conclusion 150 The national web across devices 153 The special case of Iran 157 Demarcating the Iranian web through its device cultures 161 Device cultures and how websites are valued and ranked 162 Analyzing the characteristics of device cultures 164 Conclusion 174 Conclusion: What is a good digital device? 177 Research afordances 179 Modes of research 184 Summary 187 Nederlandse samenvatting 192 References 199 ) viii ( Acknowledgements This dissertation would not have been possible without the support of my family, my partner and son, my friends and colleagues and the many people I have had the pleas- ure to meet along the way, some of whom I’d like to mention here. First, I want to thank my supervisor Richard Rogers for his support, inspiration and for being the best supervisor I could wish for. Richard has been an encouraging men- tor, always pushing my ideas, and an inspiring advisor, whose thought-provoking insights made the experience of writing this thesis a joyful experience. I am extremely grateful for being part of the creation and development of the Digital Methods Initia- tive since the summer of 2007. I consider this research group my intellectual home. Above all, DMI is a productive, fun, challenging and tightly-knitted group of peo- ple, which I consider among my closest friends. Thank you: Richard Rogers, Sabine Niederer, Erik Borra, Bernhard Rieder, Anne Helmond, Michael Stevenson, Carolin Gerlitz, Lonneke van der Velden, Marc Tuters, Natalia Sanchez Querubin, Simeona Petkova, Nadia Dresscher-Lambertus, Liliana Bounegru, Jonathan Gray, Saskia Kok, Emile den Tex, Koen Martens, Anat Ben-David, Marieke van Dijk, Auke Touwlager, Bram Nijhof, Laura van der Vlies, Rosa Menkman and Marijn de Vries Hoogerwerf. My work benefited greatly from the encounters, collaborations and the discussions I had with all of them. I especially want to thank Sabine Niederer for her friendship, her keen eye for good ideas and positive and stimulating advice. Thank you dear Anne Helmond, whom I first met when we were students at the New Media program, for being greatly inspir- ing and medium-specific. I am also grateful to Carolin Gerlitz, whom I first met dur- ing the 2009 Summer School, for her friendship, inspiring collaborations and useful comments on chapters of this book. I also want to thank Bernhard Rieder for his humor and stimulating conversations and my friends from early DMI, Michael Ste- venson, Rosa Menkman and Marijn de Vries-Hoogerwerf for their humor, friendship ) ix ( and expertise. I also would like to thank Noortje Marres for being such an inspiration and friend. Especially our close collaboration on the Scraping the Social article has been key to developing the larger argument of this book. These many collaborations and friendships have been instrumental in developing thoughts and methods in this dissertation. I also would like to thank all the participants of the DMI Summer and Winter Schools that I had the pleasure to meet throughout the years for the interesting discussions, collaborations and feedback, as well as the collaboration on the various empirical projects throughout the dissertation. I especially want to thank David Moats and Johannes Passmann for providing me with helpful comments on chapters during Winter Schools. Thanks to Fieke Jansen, Sami Ben Gharbia, Demet Dagdelen, Mar- tin Feuz, Marije Rooze, Thomas Poell, Taina Bucher, Vera Bekema, Andrea Fiore, Si- mon Marschall, Elena Tiis, Cameran Ashraf, Bronwen Robertson, Leva Zand and Niaz Zarrinbakhsh for their inspiring collaborations on empirical research projects. I am grateful to them all. A special thanks to the Contropedia consortium for the many productive workshops across the beautiful cities of Europe. Thank you: Tommaso Venturini, Paul Girard, Mathieu Jacomy, Andreas Kaltenbrunner, David Laniado, Paolo Ciuccarelli, Michele Mauri and Giovanni Magni. Thanks to Fieke Jansen and Nishant Shah for their stimu- lating collaborations, events and co-publications at Hivos and beyond. I am thankful for the hospitality shown by the Iran Media Program at the Annenberg School of Com- munication, University of Pennsylvania and the inspiring collaboration with Ebby Sharifi. I also want to express my thanks to my Italian friends at the Paolo Alto Winter School for our discussions, collaborations and helping me develop my thoughts about the contribution of digital methods to STS-informed social research. A special thanks to: Massimiano Bucchi, Costanzo Ranci, Trevor Pinch, Matteo Tarantino, Andrea Lor- enzet, Simone Tosoni, Marta Severo and Donato Ricci. Thanks to the Media Studies staf at the University of Amsterdam, and the New Media & Digital Culture staf in particular, for being such pleasant colleagues. I specifically want to thank José van Dijck for her advice on my PhD proposal. Special thanks to Geert Lovink and the people at the Institute of Network Cultures for ofering me the opportunity in a very early stage to present my work at one of the new media confer- ences. Thanks to the Amsterdam School for Cultural Analysis, the research school that saw potential in me and my proposal for funding my PhD, and for their support throughout the process. Thank you Eloe Kingma, Esther Peeren, Christoph Lindner and Wanda Strauven. ) x ( Thanks to Mathieu Jacomy for his tools and feedback, Jan–Willem Hiddink and Rob- ert–Reinder Nederhoed for providing a database dump from Loglijst. I would like to thank Anneke Agema for their editorial advice on an earlier version of Chapter 4. The chapters have been presented at various conferences and I thank the confer- ence participants for their insightful questions and suggestions. In addition, I wish to thank the anonymous reviewers and editors from Journal of Cultural Economy, Theory Culture & Society, First Monday, La Médiatisation de l’Évaluation / Evaluation in the Media and A Companion to New Media Dynamics for their feedback and suggestions. I would like to give my sincere thanks to Marguerite Lely for her editorial advice and useful comments, which were extremely helpful in improving the quality and clarity of the language. A special thank you to Michele Mauri for the beautiful design of this dissertation. Finally, I would like to thank my family. A special thanks to my parents Geva and Pieter Weltevrede, my brothers Joel and Nona, my in-laws Marguerite Lely and Dirk Wouters and my sister and brother-in-law Vere Borra and Stef Robijn for their uncon- ditional support and encouragement. A warm thank you to my dearest Milo for being a joy to be around everyday and for his relentless pleasure in exploring and learning new things. Most of all, I want to thank my partner Erik Borra. Thank you for always challenging and inspiring me, for always building tools, for our productive collabora- tions and for being the best partner in life I could wish for. ) xi ( Acknowledgements co-authored articles Marres, Noortje, and Esther Weltevrede. 2013. “Scraping the Social? Issues in Live Social Research.” Journal of Cultural Economy 6 (3): 313–35. Chapter 2 is based on a two-year collaboration (2011-2013) with Noortje Marres, Goldsmiths, University of London. The chapter was presented in diferent versions on several occasions, including the Evaluation in the Media colloquium (2012) in Paris and the Digital Methods Winter School mini-conference (2013) in Amsterdam.
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