On the Volume Conjecture for Hyperbolic Knots
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Experimental Evidence for the Volume Conjecture for the Simplest Hyperbolic Non-2-Bridge Knot Stavros Garoufalidis Yueheng Lan
ISSN 1472-2739 (on-line) 1472-2747 (printed) 379 Algebraic & Geometric Topology Volume 5 (2005) 379–403 ATG Published: 22 May 2005 Experimental evidence for the Volume Conjecture for the simplest hyperbolic non-2-bridge knot Stavros Garoufalidis Yueheng Lan Abstract Loosely speaking, the Volume Conjecture states that the limit of the n-th colored Jones polynomial of a hyperbolic knot, evaluated at the primitive complex n-th root of unity is a sequence of complex numbers that grows exponentially. Moreover, the exponential growth rate is proportional to the hyperbolic volume of the knot. We provide an efficient formula for the colored Jones function of the simplest hyperbolic non-2-bridge knot, and using this formula, we provide numerical evidence for the Hyperbolic Volume Conjecture for the simplest hyperbolic non-2-bridge knot. AMS Classification 57N10; 57M25 Keywords Knots, q-difference equations, asymptotics, Jones polynomial, Hyperbolic Volume Conjecture, character varieties, recursion relations, Kauffman bracket, skein module, fusion, SnapPea, m082 1 Introduction 1.1 The Hyperbolic Volume Conjecture The Volume Conjecture connects two very different approaches to knot theory, namely Topological Quantum Field Theory and Riemannian (mostly Hyper- bolic) Geometry. The Volume Conjecture states that for every hyperbolic knot K in S3 2πi log |J (n)(e n )| 1 lim K = vol(K), (1) n→∞ n 2π where ± • JK (n) ∈ Z[q ] is the Jones polynomial of a knot colored with the n- dimensional irreducible representation of sl2 , normalized so that it equals to 1 for the unknot (see [J, Tu]), and c Geometry & Topology Publications 380 Stavros Garoufalidis and Yueheng Lan • vol(K) is the volume of a complete hyperbolic metric in the knot com- plement S3 − K ; see [Th]. -
Hyperbolic 4-Manifolds and the 24-Cell
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Florence Research Universita` degli Studi di Firenze Dipartimento di Matematica \Ulisse Dini" Dottorato di Ricerca in Matematica Hyperbolic 4-manifolds and the 24-cell Leone Slavich Tutor Coordinatore del Dottorato Prof. Graziano Gentili Prof. Alberto Gandolfi Relatore Prof. Bruno Martelli Ciclo XXVI, Settore Scientifico Disciplinare MAT/03 Contents Index 1 1 Introduction 2 2 Basics of hyperbolic geometry 5 2.1 Hyperbolic manifolds . .7 2.1.1 Horospheres and cusps . .8 2.1.2 Manifolds with boundary . .9 2.2 Link complements and Kirby calculus . 10 2.2.1 Basics of Kirby calculus . 12 3 Hyperbolic 3-manifolds from triangulations 15 3.1 Hyperbolic relative handlebodies . 18 3.2 Presentations as a surgery along partially framed links . 19 4 The ambient 4-manifold 23 4.1 The 24-cell . 23 4.2 Mirroring the 24-cell . 24 4.3 Face pairings of the boundary 3-strata . 26 5 The boundary manifold as link complement 33 6 Simple hyperbolic 4-manifolds 39 6.1 A minimal volume hyperbolic 4-manifold with two cusps . 39 6.1.1 Gluing of the boundary components . 43 6.2 A one-cusped hyperbolic 4-manifold . 45 6.2.1 Glueing of the boundary components . 46 1 Chapter 1 Introduction In the early 1980's, a major breakthrough in the field of low-dimensional topology was William P. Thurston's geometrization theorem for Haken man- ifolds [16] and the subsequent formulation of the geometrization conjecture, proven by Grigori Perelman in 2005. -
Deep Learning the Hyperbolic Volume of a Knot Arxiv:1902.05547V3 [Hep-Th] 16 Sep 2019
Deep Learning the Hyperbolic Volume of a Knot Vishnu Jejjalaa;b , Arjun Karb , Onkar Parrikarb aMandelstam Institute for Theoretical Physics, School of Physics, NITheP, and CoE-MaSS, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa bDavid Rittenhouse Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract: An important conjecture in knot theory relates the large-N, double scaling limit of the colored Jones polynomial JK;N (q) of a knot K to the hyperbolic volume of the knot complement, Vol(K). A less studied question is whether Vol(K) can be recovered directly from the original Jones polynomial (N = 2). In this report we use a deep neural network to approximate Vol(K) from the Jones polynomial. Our network is robust and correctly predicts the volume with 97:6% accuracy when training on 10% of the data. This points to the existence of a more direct connection between the hyperbolic volume and the Jones polynomial. arXiv:1902.05547v3 [hep-th] 16 Sep 2019 Contents 1 Introduction1 2 Setup and Result3 3 Discussion7 A Overview of knot invariants9 B Neural networks 10 B.1 Details of the network 12 C Other experiments 14 1 Introduction Identifying patterns in data enables us to formulate questions that can lead to exact results. Since many of these patterns are subtle, machine learning has emerged as a useful tool in discovering these relationships. In this work, we apply this idea to invariants in knot theory. -
Arxiv:Math-Ph/0305039V2 22 Oct 2003
QUANTUM INVARIANT FOR TORUS LINK AND MODULAR FORMS KAZUHIRO HIKAMI ABSTRACT. We consider an asymptotic expansion of Kashaev’s invariant or of the colored Jones function for the torus link T (2, 2 m). We shall give q-series identity related to these invariants, and show that the invariant is regarded as a limit of q being N-th root of unity of the Eichler integral of a modular form of weight 3/2 which is related to the su(2)m−2 character. c 1. INTRODUCTION Recent studies reveal an intimate connection between the quantum knot invariant and “nearly modular forms” especially with half integral weight. In Ref. 9 Lawrence and Zagier studied an as- ymptotic expansion of the Witten–Reshetikhin–Turaev invariant of the Poincar´ehomology sphere, and they showed that the invariant can be regarded as the Eichler integral of a modular form of weight 3/2. In Ref. 19, Zagier further studied a “strange identity” related to the half-derivatives of the Dedekind η-function, and clarified a role of the Eichler integral with half-integral weight. From the viewpoint of the quantum invariant, Zagier’s q-series was originally connected with a gener- ating function of an upper bound of the number of linearly independent Vassiliev invariants [17], and later it was found that Zagier’s q-series with q being the N-th root of unity coincides with Kashaev’s invariant [5, 6], which was shown [14] to coincide with a specific value of the colored Jones function, for the trefoil knot. This correspondence was further investigated for the torus knot, and it was shown [3] that Kashaev’s invariant for the torus knot T (2, 2 m + 1) also has a nearly arXiv:math-ph/0305039v2 22 Oct 2003 modular property; it can be regarded as a limit q being the root of unity of the Eichler integral of the Andrews–Gordon q-series, which is theta series with weight 1/2 spanning m-dimensional space. -
THE JONES SLOPES of a KNOT Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1. The
THE JONES SLOPES OF A KNOT STAVROS GAROUFALIDIS Abstract. The paper introduces the Slope Conjecture which relates the degree of the Jones polynomial of a knot and its parallels with the slopes of incompressible surfaces in the knot complement. More precisely, we introduce two knot invariants, the Jones slopes (a finite set of rational numbers) and the Jones period (a natural number) of a knot in 3-space. We formulate a number of conjectures for these invariants and verify them by explicit computations for the class of alternating knots, the knots with at most 9 crossings, the torus knots and the (−2, 3,n) pretzel knots. Contents 1. Introduction 1 1.1. The degree of the Jones polynomial and incompressible surfaces 1 1.2. The degree of the colored Jones function is a quadratic quasi-polynomial 3 1.3. q-holonomic functions and quadratic quasi-polynomials 3 1.4. The Jones slopes and the Jones period of a knot 4 1.5. The symmetrized Jones slopes and the signature of a knot 5 1.6. Plan of the proof 7 2. Future directions 7 3. The Jones slopes and the Jones period of an alternating knot 8 4. Computing the Jones slopes and the Jones period of a knot 10 4.1. Some lemmas on quasi-polynomials 10 4.2. Computing the colored Jones function of a knot 11 4.3. Guessing the colored Jones function of a knot 11 4.4. A summary of non-alternating knots 12 4.5. The 8-crossing non-alternating knots 13 4.6. -
Hyperbolic Structures from Link Diagrams
University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2012 Hyperbolic Structures from Link Diagrams Anastasiia Tsvietkova [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Geometry and Topology Commons Recommended Citation Tsvietkova, Anastasiia, "Hyperbolic Structures from Link Diagrams. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2012. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/1361 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Anastasiia Tsvietkova entitled "Hyperbolic Structures from Link Diagrams." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Mathematics. Morwen B. Thistlethwaite, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Conrad P. Plaut, James Conant, Michael Berry Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Hyperbolic Structures from Link Diagrams A Dissertation Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Anastasiia Tsvietkova May 2012 Copyright ©2012 by Anastasiia Tsvietkova. All rights reserved. ii Acknowledgements I am deeply thankful to Morwen Thistlethwaite, whose thoughtful guidance and generous advice made this research possible. -
Volume Conjecture and Topological Recursion
. Volume Conjecture and Topological Recursion .. Hiroyuki FUJI . Nagoya University Collaboration with R.H.Dijkgraaf (ITFA) and M. Manabe (Nagoya Math.) 6th April @ IPMU Papers: R.H.Dijkgraaf and H.F., Fortsch.Phys.57(2009),825-856, arXiv:0903.2084 [hep-th] R.H.Dijkgraaf, H.F. and M.Manabe, to appear. Hiroyuki FUJI Volume Conjecture and Topological Recursion . 1. Introduction Asymptotic analysis of the knot invariants is studied actively in the knot theory. Volume Conjecture [Kashaev][Murakami2] Asymptotic expansion of the colored Jones polynomial for knot K ) The geometric invariants of the knot complement S3nK. S3 Recent years the asymptotic expansion is studied to higher orders. 2~ Sk(u): Perturbative" invariants, q = e [Dimofte-Gukov-Lenells-Zagier]# X1 1 δ k Jn(K; q) = exp S0(u) + log ~ + ~ Sk+1(u) ; u = 2~n − 2πi: ~ 2 k=0 Hiroyuki FUJI Volume Conjecture and Topological Recursion Topological Open String Topological B-model on the local Calabi-Yau X∨ { } X∨ = (z; w; ep; ex) 2 C2 × C∗ × C∗jH(ep; ex) = zw : D-brane partition function ZD(ui) Calab-Yau manifold X Disk World-sheet Labrangian Embedding submanifold = D-brane Ending on Lag.submfd. Holomorphic disk Hiroyuki FUJI Volume Conjecture and Topological Recursion Topological Recursion [Eynard-Orantin] Eynard and Orantin proposed a spectral invariants for the spectral curve C C = f(x; y) 2 (C∗)2jH(y; x) = 0g: • Symplectic structure of the spectral curve C, • Riemann surface Σg,h = World-sheet. (g,h) ) Spectral invariant F (u1; ··· ; uh) ui:open string moduli Eynard-Orantin's topological recursion is applicable. x x1 xh x x x x x x 1 h x x k1 k i1 ij hj q q q = q + Σ l J g g 1 g l l Σg,h+1 Σg−1,h+2 Σℓ,k+1 Σg−ℓ,h−k Spectral invariant = D-brane free energy in top. -
Alexander Polynomial, Finite Type Invariants and Volume of Hyperbolic
ISSN 1472-2739 (on-line) 1472-2747 (printed) 1111 Algebraic & Geometric Topology Volume 4 (2004) 1111–1123 ATG Published: 25 November 2004 Alexander polynomial, finite type invariants and volume of hyperbolic knots Efstratia Kalfagianni Abstract We show that given n > 0, there exists a hyperbolic knot K with trivial Alexander polynomial, trivial finite type invariants of order ≤ n, and such that the volume of the complement of K is larger than n. This contrasts with the known statement that the volume of the comple- ment of a hyperbolic alternating knot is bounded above by a linear function of the coefficients of the Alexander polynomial of the knot. As a corollary to our main result we obtain that, for every m> 0, there exists a sequence of hyperbolic knots with trivial finite type invariants of order ≤ m but ar- bitrarily large volume. We discuss how our results fit within the framework of relations between the finite type invariants and the volume of hyperbolic knots, predicted by Kashaev’s hyperbolic volume conjecture. AMS Classification 57M25; 57M27, 57N16 Keywords Alexander polynomial, finite type invariants, hyperbolic knot, hyperbolic Dehn filling, volume. 1 Introduction k i Let c(K) denote the crossing number and let ∆K(t) := Pi=0 cit denote the Alexander polynomial of a knot K . If K is hyperbolic, let vol(S3 \ K) denote the volume of its complement. The determinant of K is the quantity det(K) := |∆K(−1)|. Thus, in general, we have k det(K) ≤ ||∆K (t)|| := X |ci|. (1) i=0 It is well know that the degree of the Alexander polynomial of an alternating knot equals twice the genus of the knot. -
Deep Learning the Hyperbolic Volume of a Knot
Physics Letters B 799 (2019) 135033 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Physics Letters B www.elsevier.com/locate/physletb Deep learning the hyperbolic volume of a knot ∗ Vishnu Jejjala a,b, Arjun Kar b, , Onkar Parrikar b,c a Mandelstam Institute for Theoretical Physics, School of Physics, NITheP, and CoE-MaSS, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, WITS 2050, South Africa b David Rittenhouse Laboratory, University of Pennsylvania, 209 S 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA c Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Article history: An important conjecture in knot theory relates the large-N, double scaling limit of the colored Jones Received 8 October 2019 polynomial J K ,N (q) of a knot K to the hyperbolic volume of the knot complement, Vol(K ). A less studied Accepted 14 October 2019 question is whether Vol(K ) can be recovered directly from the original Jones polynomial (N = 2). In this Available online 28 October 2019 report we use a deep neural network to approximate Vol(K ) from the Jones polynomial. Our network Editor: M. Cveticˇ is robust and correctly predicts the volume with 97.6% accuracy when training on 10% of the data. Keywords: This points to the existence of a more direct connection between the hyperbolic volume and the Jones Machine learning polynomial. Neural network © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license 3 Topological field theory (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). -
How Can We Say 2 Knots Are Not the Same?
How can we say 2 knots are not the same? SHRUTHI SRIDHAR What’s a knot? A knot is a smooth embedding of the circle S1 in IR3. A link is a smooth embedding of the disjoint union of more than one circle Intuitively, it’s a string knotted up with ends joined up. We represent it on a plane using curves and ‘crossings’. The unknot A ‘figure-8’ knot A ‘wild’ knot (not a knot for us) Hopf Link Two knots or links are the same if they have an ambient isotopy between them. Representing a knot Knots are represented on the plane with strands and crossings where 2 strands cross. We call this picture a knot diagram. Knots can have more than one representation. Reidemeister moves Operations on knot diagrams that don’t change the knot or link Reidemeister moves Theorem: (Reidemeister 1926) Two knot diagrams are of the same knot if and only if one can be obtained from the other through a series of Reidemeister moves. Crossing Number The minimum number of crossings required to represent a knot or link is called its crossing number. Knots arranged by crossing number: Knot Invariants A knot/link invariant is a property of a knot/link that is independent of representation. Trivial Examples: • Crossing number • Knot Representations / ~ where 2 representations are equivalent via Reidemester moves Tricolorability We say a knot is tricolorable if the strands in any projection can be colored with 3 colors such that every crossing has 1 or 3 colors and or the coloring uses more than one color. -
Modular Forms and Quantum Knot Invariants
Modular forms and Quantum knot invariants Kazuhiro Hikami (Kyushu University), Jeremy Lovejoy (CNRS, Universite´ Paris 7), Robert Osburn (University College Dublin) March 11–16, 2018 1 Overview A modular form is an analytic object with intrinsic symmetric properties. They have en- joyed long and fruitful interactions with many areas in mathematics such as number theory, algebraic geometry, combinatorics and physics. Their Fourier coefficients contain a wealth of information, for example, about the number of points over the finite field of prime order of elliptic curves, K3 surfaces and Calabi-Yau threefolds. Most importantly, they were the key players in Wiles’ spectacular proof in 1994 of Fermat’s Last Theorem. Quantum knot invariants have their origin in the seminal work of two Fields medalists, Vaughn Jones in 1984 on von Neumann algebras and Edward Witten in 1988 on topological quantum field theory. The equivalence between vacuum expectation values of Wilson loops (in Chern- Simons gauge theory) and knot polynomial invariants (for example, the Jones polynomial, HOMFLY polynomial and Kauffman polynomial) is a major source of inspiration for the development of new knot invariants via quantum groups. Over the past two decades, there have been many tantalizing interactions between quan- tum knot invariants and modular forms. For example, quantum invariants of 3-manifolds are typically functions that are defined only at roots of unity and one can ask whether they extend to holomorphic functions on the complex disk with interesting arithmetic prop- erties. A first result in this direction was found in 1999 by Lawrence and Zagier [17] who showed that Ramanujan’s 5th order mock theta functions coincide asymptotically with Witten-Reshetikhin-Turaev (WRT) invariants of Poincare´ homology spheres. -
On the Mahler Measure of Jones Polynomials Under Twisting
On the Mahler measure of Jones polynomials under twisting Abhijit Champanerkar Department of Mathematics, Barnard College, Columbia University Ilya Kofman Department of Mathematics, Columbia University Abstract We show that the Mahler measure of the Jones polynomial and of the colored Jones polynomials converges under twisting for any link. Moreover, almost all of the roots of these polynomials approach the unit circle under twisting. In terms of Mahler measure convergence, the Jones polynomial behaves like hy- perbolic volume under Dehn surgery. For pretzel links (a1,...,an), we show P that the Mahler measure of the Jones polynomial converges if all ai , and → ∞ approaches infinity for ai = constant if n , just as hyperbolic volume. We also show that after sufficiently many twists,→ ∞ the coefficient vector of the Jones polynomial and of any colored Jones polynomial decomposes into fixed blocks according to the number of strands twisted. 1 Introduction It is not known whether any natural measure of complexity of Jones-type poly- nomial invariants of knots is related to the volume of the knot complement, a measure of its geometric complexity. The Mahler measure, which is the geometric mean on the unit circle, is in a sense the canonical measure of complexity on the space of polynomials [?]: For any monic polynomial f of degree n, let fk denote the polynomial whose roots are k-th powers of the roots of f, then for any norm on the vector space of degree n polynomials, ||·|| 1/k lim fk = M(f) k→∞ || || 1 2 Abhijit Champanerkar and Ilya Kofman In this work, we show that the Mahler measure of the Jones polynomial and of the colored Jones polynomials behaves like hyperbolic volume under Dehn surgery.