O Exercício Experimental Da Liberdade Sobrevivência, Protocolo E Suspensão Da Descrença: Medium E Transcendentais Da Arte Contemporânea

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O Exercício Experimental Da Liberdade Sobrevivência, Protocolo E Suspensão Da Descrença: Medium E Transcendentais Da Arte Contemporânea Delfim Sardo O Exercício Experimental da Liberdade Sobrevivência, Protocolo e Suspensão da Descrença: Medium e Transcendentais da Arte Contemporânea Dissertação de Doutoramento em Arte Contemporânea, apresentada ao Colégio das Artes da Universidade de Coimbra 2012 1 2 DELFIM SARDO O EXERCÍCIO EXPERIMENTAL DA LIBERDADE Sobrevivência, protocolo e suspensão da descrença: médium e transcendentais da arte contemporânea 3 4 SUMÁRIO A presente dissertação parte da noção de arte em geral propagada pelas vanguardas durante o século XX para refletir sobre a relação entre esta abertura de campo e a inevitável especificidade do encontro com a obra de arte. Para poder compreender esta questão, tornou-se necessária uma abordagem a um segundo núcleo de questões, intimamente conectados com o primeiro: trata- se da complexidade dos processos gerados pelas vanguardas no século XX para definirem mecanismos de viabilidade para a criação artística, já não assentes sobre cânones e competências específicos, mas sobre outros processos protocolares que associámos ao mecanismo da suspension of diebelief coleridgeano. Assim, o texto detêm-se em quatro grandes linhagens da criação artística (a pintura, a escultura, os processos de mediação óptica e o uso da corporalidade) para detectar, em cada um deles a forma como lidam, criticam e renegoceiam os seus transcendentais. Nesta interrogação à sobrevivência dos géneros artísticos (termo que usamos em detrimento de “médium”) desenham-se duas teses: que os géneros artísticos funcionam como dispositivos em sentido foucaultiano e que a criação artística trata sempre de problemas de representação. Finalmente, o propósito final desta dissertação é propor a ideia de que a negociação sobre as condições de possibilidade da prática artística só é possível a partir da repetição de processos de sobrevivência conflitual de mecanismos específicos da positividade dos processos e objetos. Por outras palavras, que a materialidade dos processos artísticos se define a partir de um halo de recorrências, ficções e negociações que propõem performatividades específicas. Palavras chave: Arte Contemporânea; Teoria da Arte; Estética; Sobrevivência; Vanguarda; Repetição; Médium; Pintura séc. XX; Performtividade; Espacialidade; Transcendentais. 5 6 ABSTRACT The present theses addresses the conflictual relation between the idea of art at large championed by the Avant Garde during the 20th century and the inevitable specificity of the encounter with the artwork. In the effort to understand this problem, addressing a second set of problems (deeply connected wit the first one) was required: the complexity of the mechanisms produced by the different Avant Garde movements in order to define the conditions of possibility of the art practices beyond artistic rules and traditional skills. These mechanisms are based in totally new protocols that we tried to compare with Coleridge’s “suspension of disbelief”. The text focuses on four big “lineages” of artistic practice (painting, sculpture, the processes of optical based image production and the use of the body). The aim is to identify, in each of those “lineages” the ways their transcendentals are dealt, criticized and renegotiated. This quest for the process of survival of the different artistic practices (we tend not to use the term “medium”) proposes two theses: artistic practices work as devices in foucaultian sense; and artistic practices always deal with problems of representation. Finally, the main aim of this dissertation is to propose the idea that the negotiation over the conditions of possibility of artistic practice is only possible through the repetition of the contradictory survival of the specific mechanisms of the positivity of art processes and objects. In other words, the materiality of artistic processes is defined through a halo of repetitions, fictions and negotiations that propose specific performativities. Key words: Contemporary Art; Aesthetics; Art Theory; Survival; Avant Garde; Repetition; Medium; Painting 20th century; Performativity; Real Space; Transcendentals. 7 8 Índice Sumário [4] Preâmbulo e agradecimentos [13] Introdução: Arte, em geral [21] 1. Uso [23] 2. Específico e geral [28] 3. Trabalho [37] 4. Desmaterialização, desobjetualização, processo e projeto [46] 5. Arqueologia [51] 6. Assim, [54] Capítulo 1 O FIM DA PINTURA E A TAREFA DO SEU LUTO [59] 1.1. Todas as imagens são pinturas possíveis? [61] 1.1.1. À volta do mesmo enquanto outro – qual o sentido do género? [61] 1.1.2. A última pintura [65] 1.1.3. Um caso específico: Fernando Calhau [85] 1.1.4. Qualquer imagem pode ser uma pintura [95] 1.1.5. Duas questões para o futuro [105] 1.2. A construção da viabilidade das imagens pictóricas [107] 1.2.1. A suspensão da incredulidade [107] 1.2.2. Viabilidade e representação [114] 1.2.3. Mais uma vez a “questão Malevitch” [118] 1.2.4. A fronteira aberta [125] 1.2.5. Pintura e epiderme: o caso de João Queiroz [126] 1.2.6. Três processos de crise [131] 1.2.6.1. O panorama pintado [131] 1.2.6.2. Manet e a triangulação do olhar [136] 1.2.6.3. A colagem como Verfremdung [138] 1.2.7. Outra vez o caso João Queiroz e a questão do reconhecimento [143] 1.2.8. Forma e mal-entendido [147] 1.2.9. Acontecimento enquanto acontecimento [152] 9 Capítulo 2 O ENORME CAMPO DO QUE NÃO TEM NOME [157] 2.1. A sobrevivência da invenção da escultura [159] 2.1.1. Entre a mortalha e o monumento [159] 2.1.2. A Casa u r e o horror [164] 2.1.3. Merz: totalidade e projeto [170] 2.1.4. Competências específicas e cultura de projeto [177] 2.1.5. O real como destino simbólico e o espetador móvel [185] 2.1.6. Casulos, penetráveis, parangolés [194] 2.1.7. Entre o corpo e um “modo paisagístico” [213] 2.2. Acreditar no espaço [227] 2.2.1. Entre projeto e processo [227] 2.2.2. Segregar espaço [230] 2.2.3. Espaço, vertigem e desvio [235] 2.2.4. Extensão, profundidade e intensidade (incluindo o caso Bruce Nauman) [240] 2.2.5. Espaço e duração [249] 2.2.5.1. Origens [250] 2.2.6.2. O espaço como possibilidade [251] 2.2.6. Ambiente [256] Capítulo 3 IMAGENS, LENTES, ESPAÇOS E MOVIMENTOS [259] 3.1. Uma delicada empiria [261] 3.1.1. A fotografia como substantivo coletivo [261] 3.1.2. Mnemosyne [265] 3.1.3. Do salto à série [274] 3.1.4. Montagem [282] 3.1.5. Escala e complexidade [288] 3.1.6. Em trânsito [293] 3.1.7. Anacronia e reversibilidade [304] 3.2. A sala, o projector e nós que lá moramos [307] 3.2.1. Verosimilhança [307] 3.2.2. Recorrências e remissões [315] 3.2.3. Entre o cinemático e o cinematográfico [324] 3.2.4. A cinemática da tridimensionalidade [329] 10 Capítulo 4 REPRESENTAR O CORPO [341] 4.1. Fantasmata [343] 4.1.1. Da microutopia à desmedida ambição [343] 4.1.2. “Stoppage” [347] 4.1.3. Memória e prova de existência [353] 4.1.4. O duplo interior [357] 4.1.4.1. O caso Helena Almeida [358] 4.1.5. Performatividade e repetição [362] 4.2. Acreditar em fantasmas? [367] 4.2.1. O que quer dizer um corpo? [367] 4.2.2. O corpo histérico [371] 4.2.3. Três determinantes na construção corporal (e Bruce Nauman) [377] 4.2.4. Entre Beuys e Matthew Barney [384] 4.2.5. Alta performatividade, metaperformatividade e autobiografia [391] 4.2.6. Fantasma e duplo [398] Conclusão [401] Bibliografia [411] Índice onomástico [429] Índice remissivo de termos e conceitos [449] 11 12 PREÂMBULO E AGRADECIMENTOS A presente dissertação de doutoramento em Arte Contemporânea centra-se sobre uma questão que atravessa a prática das artes visuais no século XX e que se pode sintetizar na interrogação sobre a viabilidade da arte em sentido amplo face às vicissitudes das práticas disciplinares. Para tentar compreender esta conflituosa relação entre a noção de especificidade e o entendimento da arte em geral, procurei percorrer momentos marcantes das diversas tradições que as diferentes disciplinas artísticas foram construindo, tentando centrar a reflexão sobre situações artísticas dúbias, geradoras de mal-entendidos que se prolongaram historicamente, nomeadamente as contraditórias interpretações sofridas (e certamente tornadas cúmplices) da obra de Jackson Pollock nesse centro cronológico do século que foi a década de 1950. A necessidade sentida de pensar sobre este novelo de temáticas deriva das atividades que têm ocupado a minha prática no contexto artístico: a escrita sobre arte, a atividade docente e a atividade curatorial. Esta última toma a questão da relação entre especificidade e globalidade de uma forma particularmente aguda porque incide sobre e vive da imanência das obras, das possibilidades de as apresentar em contextos diversos, sabendo que uma obra de arte é sempre um acontecimento específico para um espectador a partir de um determinado contexto complexo definido pelo entendimento parcelar da generalidade da arte. 13 Assim, o percurso desta dissertação liga-se, de forma muito próxima, em primeiro lugar à minha atividade curatorial, lugar onde estas interrogações têm ganho uma expressão espacial e imanente. Poderia mesmo dizer que este texto é o mapa interno das preocupações que me têm mobilizado nas exposições que tenho comissariado ou, pelo menos, é o trilho que poderia conduzir a esse mapa. Em segundo lugar, a forma como tenho escrito sobre os artistas com quem tenho trabalhado tem procurado partir das suas obras e não de uma estrutura teórica prévia a demonstrar. Também não tenho procurado o novo (palavra que, nas páginas que se seguem surge uma única vez) mas a recorrência e a sobrevivência, o abismo do que é subtilmente diferente e o que se investe numa pequena utopia de ser topicamente radical. Este texto procura, de uma forma mais ampla, encontrar a relação entre a sobrevivência desses acontecimentos recorrentes e as suas alterações tentando compreender o mecanismo de geração da multiplicidade de protocolos que nos fazem poder continuar a ver, escrever sobre e emocionar com arte, mesmo onde ela não parece, ou não quer, estar.
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