Universidade Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro De Educação E Humanidades Faculdade De Comunicação Social

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Universidade Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro De Educação E Humanidades Faculdade De Comunicação Social Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Centro de Educação e Humanidades Faculdade de Comunicação Social Rafael Nacif de Toledo Piza Marcas limítrofes, imagens do invisível: representações da marginalidade em Almodóvar Rio de Janeiro 2008 Rafael Nacif de Toledo Piza Marcas limítrofes, imagens do invisível: representações da marginalidade em Almodóvar Dissertação apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre, ao Programa de Pós- Graduação Comunicação Social da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Linha de Pesquisa: Cultura de Massa, Cidade e Representações. Orientador: Prof o. Dr o. Ricardo Ferreira Freitas Rio de Janeiro 2008 CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE UERJ / REDE SIRIUS / BIBLIOTECA CEH/A P 695 Piza, Rafael Nacif de Toledo. Marcas limítrofes, imagens do invisível : representações da marginalidade em Almodóvar / Rafael Nacif de Toledo Piza. - 2008. 131 f. Orientador: Ricardo Ferreira Freitas. Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Faculdade de Comunicação Social. 1. Almodóvar, Pedro, 1949- - Teses. 2. Cinema – Espanha - Teses. 3. Marginalidade Social – Teses. 4.Contracultura – Teses I. Freitas, Ricardo Ferreira. II. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Faculdade de Comunicação Social. III. Título. CDU 791.43(460) Autorizo, apenas para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta dissertação. _____________________________________ _______________ Assinatura Data Rafael Nacif de Toledo Piza Marcas limítrofes, imagens do invisível: representações da marginalidade em Almodóvar Dissertação apresentada como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre, ao Programa de Pós- Graduação Comunicação Social da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Aprovada em: 30 de junho de 2008. Banca examinadora: ____________________________________________ Prof o. Dr o.Ricardo Ferreira Freitas (Orientador) Faculdade de Comunicação Social da UERJ _____________________________________________ Prof o. Dr o. João Luís de Araújo Maia Faculdade de Comunicação Social da UERJ _____________________________________________ Prof o. Dr o. Denilson Lopes Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 2008 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço com humildade e intenso reconhecimento: A minha avó materna, Luísa da Cunha Nacif (in memorian), professora de Artes, cuja perseverança na vida a fez inesquecível exemplo de fé, mesmo depois de seu falecimento; A meus pais, meus heróis míticos privados, incansáveis em constante luta como eternos Hércules diante de infindáveis 12 tarefas; Em especial, a minha irmã Renata, cuja paixão pelo teatro e pelas artes conectou-nos desde nossas adolescências quando nos apresentávamos nos festivais de poesia da escola. Eu não existiria sem você e sem a chave que você me deu para as portas da fantasia na arte e do entendimento de seu potencial transformador na vida; Aos padrinhos Sílvia e Luís Fernando, pelo apoio incondicional; Às irmãs Rosana e Raquel, contrapontos fundamentais nesse jogo de contrastes que a vida apresenta tantas vezes; Ao Prof. Dr. Ricardo Ferreira Freitas, meus eternos admiração, respeito e profundo afeto; Ao Prof. Dr. Ronaldo Reis (UFF), o primeiro mestre de trabalhos acadêmicos, cuja simples anotação num trabalho me fez iniciar este caminho; Ao Prof. Dr. Leonardo Caravana Guelman (UFF), guia nos primeiros passos da pesquisa de iniciação científica no âmbito do curso de graduação em Produção Cultural; Aos colegas da turma de mestrado: Cláudia Sendra, Jaqueline Deolindo, Juliana Krapp, Lian Tai, Luiz Gustavo Xavier, Márcio Albuquerque, Vicente Magno e aos ocasionais colegas de outras turmas e instituições com quem tive oportunidade de cursar as disciplinas do Mestrado: vocês foram ótimos companheiros, sempre; A todos os professores do corpo docente do PPGC/FCS/UERJ, em especial: a ao Prof. Dr. João Luís de Araújo Maia; ao Prof. Dr. Erick Felinto; à Prof . Dra. Denise a da Costa; ao Prof. Dr. Márcio Gonçalves; à Prof. Dr . Alessandra Aldé; Ao Prof. Dr. João Luiz Vieira, cuja disciplina ‘Cinema e Literatura’, no âmbito da Pós-graduação em Comunicação da UFF, me instigou a aprofundar vários aspectos deste trabalho. À amiga: Virgínia Barcellos e, com destaque pelo apoio acadêmico, Fábio Magalhães. Ao meu chefe entre dez/2004-dez/2007 no Departamento Cultural da Sub- Reitoria de Extensão e Cultura da UERJ: Prof. Dr. Amandio Miguel dos Santos, sob cuja permissão foi possível ausentar-me inúmeras vezes do cotidiano de trabalho para finalizar este curso; Ao colega de trabalho, filósofo e professor, Guilherme Augusto Rezende Lemos, cujas provocações levaram-me a definir melhor meu objeto de pesquisa e a traçar um rumo mais definido para esta dissertação. Aos amigos Luiz Fernando Viotti-Fernandes, pela cópia do DVD espanhol do filme “Pepi, Luci e Bom” e a Luiz Otávio Ortigão, pelos conselhos sensatos na maioria das ocasiões; A todos que, de certa forma, colaboraram. Mesmo quando vocês disseram não ou me fizeram dizer não, com regozijo ou dor, fizeram-me continuar caminhando. A imagem é aquilo de que estou excluído... não estou na cena: a imagem não tem enigma. Roland Barthes RESUMO PIZA, Rafael Nacif de Toledo. Marcas limítrofes, imagens do invisível: representações da marginalidade em Almodóvar. 2008. 131f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Comunicação) – Faculdade de Comunicação Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2008. Esta dissertação apresenta uma análise das representações da marginalidade na obra cinematográfica de Pedro Almodóvar, com base na Sociologia do Desvio de Goffman, Becker e Elias, atualizada pela teoria de covering de Yoshino. A intenção do trabalho é problematizar a produção audiovisual do início da carreira do diretor manchego, de forma a comprovar que os filmes “Pepi, Luci e Bom e outras garotas de montão” (1980), “Labirinto de Paixões” (1982), “Maus hábitos” (1983) e “O que eu fiz para merecer isto?” (1984) documentam seu engajamento na dinâmica contracultural desenvolvida na Espanha da época. Almodóvar representa a marginalidade em seus filmes do período, configurando o que alguns críticos denominam como “estética do mau gosto”, de tal forma que as obras produzidas registram a luta pela liberdade democrática após anos de regime ditatorial. Pensar na cinematografia de Almodóvar a partir do ponto de vista da sociologia do desvio é refletir sobre as políticas de visibilidade de identidades culturais minoritárias. O trabalho do diretor apresenta menos inovações formais, pois parte de estruturas narrativas clássicas, mesmo quando mistura os gêneros; mas inova quando revela a marginalidade, cotidianiza-a, potencializando o processo de sua assimilação. Palavras-chave: Cinema espanhol. Pedro Almodóvar. Marginalidade. Contracultura. ABSTRACT This research presents an analysis of the portrayal of deviance in Pedro Almodóvar’s early movies, based upon the Sociology of Deviance by Goffman, Becker and Elias, reviewed through Yoshino’s covering theory. The purpose of the work is to review the movies produced by Almodóvar in the early 80’s, in order to prove that features like “Pepi, Luci, Bom and other girls on the heap” (1980), “Labyrinth of Passion” (1982), “Bad habits” (1983) and “What have I done to deserve this?” (1984) register his commitment in the countercultural dynamics developed in Spain at the time. Almodóvar portrays deviants in his movies of the period, configuring what some critics name “aesthetics of bad taste”, in such a way that the films produced register the fight for democratic freedom after years of dictatorship. To think about Almodóvar’s cinematography from the point of view of the sociology of deviance is to reflect about the visibility of cultural minorities identities. The work of the director presents less formal innovations, as he uses classical narrative structures, even when mixing genres; but innovates when reveals deviance, from a day-by-day perspective, empowering the process of its assimilation. Keywords: Spanish cinema. Pedro Almodóvar. Deviance. Counterculture. SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO: O MARGINAL, A ROSA, A(S) TELA(S) ...................... 11 1. COMUNICAÇÃO, CINEMA E REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS .............. 15 2. METODOLOGIA .................................................................................... 27 2.1. Pontos de vista na análise audiovisual ............................................... 27 3. DISCUSSÕES SOBRE MARGINALIDADE ........................................... 39 3.1. Goffman e o estigma ............................................................................. 39 3.2. Becker e os outsiders ........................................................................... 45 3.3. Elias: estabelecidos e outsiders .......................................................... 52 3.4. Yoshino e a teoria de covering ........................................................... 55 POP, PUNK, CAMP E A COSMÉTICA DA MARGINALIDADE NOS 4. 58 ANOS 80 ................................................................................................. 4.1. “Pepi, Luci, Bom e outras garotas de montão” (1980) ...................... 71 4.2. “Labirinto de Paixões” (1982) .............................................................. 82 4.3. “Maus hábitos” (1983) ......................................................................... 92 4.4. “O que eu fiz para merecer isto?” (1984) ........................................... 108 5. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS .................................................................... 118 6. REFERÊNCIAS .....................................................................................
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