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1 REFORMED WARRIORS: a CASE STUDY from UGANDA1 Introduction Only 8 Years Ago, Northern Uganda, and Particularly the Karamoja

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1 REFORMED WARRIORS: a CASE STUDY from UGANDA1 Introduction Only 8 Years Ago, Northern Uganda, and Particularly the Karamoja REFORMED WARRIORS: A CASE STUDY FROM UGANDA1 Introduction Only 8 years ago, Northern Uganda, and particularly the Karamoja sub-region, was riddled with various levels of conflict, inter-ethnic and intra-ethnic divides and the LRA. Today, much of that violence has subsided. The question is, how did Uganda move towards peace? In this case study, Mercy Corps looks to answer that question in part by examining the role of youth, particularly a group of youth known as ‘reformed warriors’ a name generally used for young people who have given up violence in the Karamoja area of Uganda. Between 1970 and 2011, Karamoja faced brutal, deadly conflicts between and within different communities.2 These conflicts over cattle and resources existed before, but in 1970, the proliferation of weapons led to an increase in casualties.3 Due to government policies and peacebuilding efforts, the once violent Karamoja has turned a corner, where violence and insecurity have decreased significantly.4 It is in this post-conflict environment that youth are beginning to find their voice and many are advocating for peace. In some cases, youth that were formally perpetrators of violence are now building peace in their communities. These youth—Reformed Warriors—turned in their weapons, and through a reconciliation process were reintegrated into their communities. Not only have they reintegrated, but some have become ambassadors for peace, working to spread messages of peace to their communities and beyond. These Reformed Warriors are paramount in the story of peace and development in Karamoja. In many cases around the world, many formerly violent warriors are not welcomed back into their communities. This case study highlights how youth moved from engaging in violence to peace, the government’s engagement in these activities, and what others can learn from these youth’s experiences. The study is organized as follows: a brief history of the Karamoja region, followed by methodology, analysis of the role of youth in peacebuilding and ending with recommendations. 1 The case was written by Adrienne Brooks, David Gatare and Rebecca Wolfe from Mercy Corps. 2 United Nations Development Programme. (2015). Uganda Human Development Report 2015: Unlocking the Development Potential of Northern Uganda. 3 Human Rights Watch. (2007, September). "Get the Gun!" Human Rights Violations by Uganda’s National Army in Law Enforcement Operations in Karamoja Region(Rep. No. Vol 19, No 13(A)). Retrieved https://www.hrw.org/reports/2007/uganda0907/index.htm 4 Saferworld. (2012, May). Tracking conflict and security dynamics in Karamoja, Uganda – An update. Retrieved September 06, 2017, from https://www.saferworld.org.uk/resources/news-and-analysis/post/546-tracking-conflict- and-security-dynamics-in-karamoja-uganda 1 The Karamoja Context: The Karamoja region of Uganda borders Kenya and South Sudan, though the tribes living in the area also spread to Ethiopia and these ethnic divisions cross borders. Nearly 1.2 million people live across 10,550 square miles of semi-arid land in Karamoja. The region is fairly remote from the central government, and while there are formal government structures in place, generally traditional structures remain, and elders hold the power in most communities. 5 Seventy-eight percent of the population is below 30 years old.6 To address concerns among the large population of young people, the government has incorporated more youth into the formal governing structures. Youth representatives are elected to local, district, and even parliamentary positions. Relationships between elders and youth are strained, as the youth in formal government structures tend to challenge the traditional governing bodies, primarily composed of elders (MADEFO KII). Ethnically, the area consists of various groups, including the Karamajong, Dodoth and Jie. The Dodoth and Jie do not identify as Karamajong, and fought the Turkana and Toposa along the borders in Kenya and South Sudan. Although the Dodoth and Jie are relatively peaceful now, they used to be highly combative in cattle raiding both within Karamoja as well as bordering regions.7 The semi-arid environmental conditions have encouraged livelihoods based on the raising of animals, primarily cattle and goats. Because of the dependence on agro-pastoralist and pastoralist resources, pasture and water disputes are a major source of inter- and intra-ethnic conflict within Karamoja’s districts as well as across the borders with Kenya and South Sudan. Historically, these tensions have often erupted after attempts at demarcating territory for grazing or cattle raids, and due to retaliation, escalate quickly into widespread violence, particularly if the there is an inter-ethnic component to the violence. 8 Ambushes made travel throughout the region dangerous, if not impossible. 5 HRW 2007 6 Cardozo, M., Higgins, S., & Le Mat, M. (Feb 2016). The Research Consortium on Education and Peacebuilding. UNICEF. 7 Ibid. 8 Howe, K., Stites, E., Akabwai, D., & Mercy Corps. (2015, November). "We now have relative peace": Changing Conflict Dynamics in Northern Karamoja, Uganda.http://fic.tufts.edu/publication-item/we-now-have-relative-peace- changing-conflict-dynamics-in-northern-karamoja-uganda/ 2 Figure 1: Map of Karamoja Ethnic Groups9 With a median age of 15.5 the majority of those who commit violence are youth, primarily cattle raiding. Ethnic groups consolidated their young fighting force in the kraals—corrals or fenced off areas away from the villages where the cattle were kept. Most of the youth that went to the kraals spent their time protecting cattle rather than going to school and as a result, were largely uneducated, limiting their employment options once leaving the kraals. The problems of unemployment among youth in the kraals were compounded by pre-existing high unemployment rates and an economy unable to keep up with population growth. 10 9 Akabwai, D., & Ateyo, P. E. (2007, December). The Scramble for Cattle, Power and Guns in Karamoja. Feinstein International Center. Retrieved from http://fic.tufts.edu/assets/The Scramble for Cattle1.pdf 10 Ahaibwe, G., & Mbowa, S. (2016, July 29). Youth Unemployment Challenge in Uganda and the Role of Employment Policies in Jobs Creation. Retrieved September 06, 2017, from https://www.brookings.edu/blog/africa- 3 In 2002, the Ugandan military, the Uganda Peoples Defense Force, began a voluntary disarmament campaign, which included providing supplies and small amounts of cash to those who turned in their weapons. This was unsuccessful primarily because of the existing insecurity in the area and people felt if they turned in their guns and others didn’t, they would not be able to protect themselves. As a result voluntary policy evolved into forced disarmament, resulting in severe and widespread human rights violations, including random searches, detainments and the deaths of innocent people, including children.11 While physically removing weapons and providing some degree of stability, the disarmament process traumatized many throughout the communities. To bolster the effectiveness of the disarmament program, the Moruitit Resolution was implemented to reduce the attractiveness of cattle raiding by requiring the perpetrator of theft to return double the number of stolen animals plus one additional animal.12 Now, if the cattle thief was caught, it is far costlier to pay back the cattle. Fighting over resources—particularly cattle—and land remain the primary source of conflict, but the nature of the conflict has shifted from large-scale violence to small-scale criminal behavior.. The transition from pastoralist to agro-pastoralist lifestyles has led to increased demand for land to grow food.13 Climate change, and related droughts, is also contributing to a scarcity of resources and subsequent struggles over water and grazing land. (KII- Simon at MC, GHG program) There is still some theft of cattle given its value in Ugandan society, however now it is largely viewed as crime-related behavior rather than related to conflict. While the scale of the violence surrounding raids has dropped, the loss of 1-5 cattle can still be detrimental to many families. This theft occurs between families, within communities, between communities, and across borders. In addition to crime and fighting over resources, domestic violence is a significant security risk, though it is unclear if it has increased due to men coming home from fighting or there is increased reporting. Many respondents mentioned the rise in alcoholism is contributing to increased domestic violence and other crimes. .. Methodology For the purpose of this study, we adapted the Most Significant Change methodology, to qualitatively examine the effectiveness of peacebuilding in Karamoja and what we can learn from it. We conducted focus group discussions and key informant interviews over the course of 3 weeks in the capital city Kampala, as well as various towns within Moroto and Kaabong Districts in Karamoja. Those in the focus group discussion were ‘Reformed Warriors’ who worked as Peace Ambassadors, or were community leaders in the various districts and villages. For key informant interviews, we spoke to community leaders, government representatives and police chiefs. Villages and groups were selected based on their history of significant violence between ethnic groups and contributions to peace. Verbal consent was given at the beginning of each interview or focus group discussion. The research team included one researcher, the Peace III program officer and PEACE III program assistant to help with participant selection and translation. in-focus/2014/08/26/youth-unemployment-challenge-in-uganda-and-the-role-of-employment-policies-in-jobs- creation/ 11 HRW 2007 12 Howe, Stites, Akabwai & Mercy Corps (2015) 13 Ibid. 4 Focus Group Discussions The field work included eight focus group discussions in three districts of Karamoja. The Peace Ambassadors, Listenership Club, and Women’s Peace and Justice Commission were identified by Mercy Corps PEACE III staff. School peace clubs were identified by the Conflict Early Warning and Early Response Unit (CEWERU) in Kampala. Respondents ranged from 18-30.
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