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30. März 2013 – Zum 150. Geburtstag am. Psychologin, Philosophin Mary Whiton Calkins war eine US-amerikanische Psychologin, die erste weibliche Präsidentin der American Psychological Association und gilt als Pionierin der Experimentalpsychologie. Sie wurde am 30. März 1863 als ältestes von fünf Kindern in eine presbyterianische Familie in Buffalo im Bundesstaat New York geboren. Ihr Vater unterstützte die ehrgeizige Mary sehr und so wurde ihr zwischen 1882 und 1884 eine gute Ausbildung am Smith College zuteil, das sie mit einem Abschluss in Altphilologie und Philosophie verließ. Es war auch ihr außergewöhnlich engagierter Vater, der ein Vorstellungsgespräch am Wellesley College arrangierte und Mary Whiton Calkins bekam ihre erste Stelle als Dozentin für Griechisch. Ihr pädagogisches Talent wurde vom Wellesley College sehr geschätzt und so erhielt sie die Chance, dort das im Entstehen befindliche Fach Psychologie, damals eine Teildisziplin der Philosophie, zu vertreten. Es wurde ihr ein Jahr des Psychologiestudiums zur Auflage gemacht. Die Harvard-Professoren William James und Josiah Royce wurden zu ihren Mentoren. Eigene For- schungen führte sie zusammen zunächst mit Dr. Edmund Sanford von der Clark University durch, Studien zur Traumerforschung, indem sie ihren Schlaf zu festgelegten Punkten unterbrachen, ihre Träume festhielten und sich darüber austauschten. Sie sah sich in Opposition zu Freud mit ihrer Überzeugung, dass die Träume im Wesentlichen die Personen, Orte und Ereignisse der kurz zurückliegenden Wahrnehmung reproduzieren. Nach dieser Studien-Phase wurde sie am Wellesley College als Dozentin für Psychologie eingestellt, wo sie 1891 für die Durchführung psychologischer Tests eins der ersten Experimental- Laboratorien in den USA einrichtete. Sie entwarf außerdem einen Kurs, den sie „Die neue Psychologie“ nannte, in dem sie ihre 54 Studierenden Experimente zur Sinnes- und Raumwahrnehmung sowie zur Reaktion durchführen ließ. Zu ihren Verdiensten gehört außerdem die Entwicklung einer ersten Persönlichkeitstheorie, nach welcher das Selbst stets bewusst und zielgerichtet handelt. Der spätere Versuch, in Harvard den Ph.D.-Titel zu erwerben, scheiterte, da die Universitäts-Leitung Frauen vom Erwerb des Titels ausschloss. Es nützte nichts, dass Mary Whiton Calkins die Ph.D.-Prüfung am 28. Mai 1895 nach dem Urteil der anwesenden Professoren bestanden hatte. Auch ohne diesen Titel wurde sie in Wellesley 1898 zur Professorin ernannt und blieb dort bis zu ihrer Emeritierung im Jahr 1927. In Aner- kennung ihrer Leistungen, die sich u. a. in mehr als 100 Fachartikeln dokumentierten, wurde sie 1905 zur ersten weiblichen Präsidentin der American Psychological Association gewählt. Sie publizierte auch in Phi- losophie, die bekanntesten Darstellungen sind: The Persistent Problems of Philosophy (1907) und The Good Man and The Good von 1918. Im gleichen Jahr wurde sie Präsidentin der American Philosophical Asso- ciation. Am 26. Februar 1930 starb sie in Wellesley. .

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