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A Parametric Analysis and Sensitivity Study of the Acoustic Propagation for Renewable Energy

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A Parametric Analysis and Sensitivity Study of the Acoustic Propagation for Renewable Energy OCS Study BOEM 2020-011 A Parametric Analysis and Sensitivity Study of the Acoustic Propagation for Renewable Energy US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Office of Renewable Energy Programs OCS Study BOEM 2020-011 A Parametric Analysis and Sensitivity Study of the Acoustic Propagation for Renewable Energy Sources 10 February 2020 Authors: Kevin D. Heaney, Michael A. Ainslie, Michele B. Halvorsen, Kerri D. Seger, Roel A.J. Müller, Marten J.J. Nijhof, Tristan Lippert Prepared under BOEM Award M17PD00003 Submitted by: CSA Ocean Sciences Inc. 8502 SW Kansas Avenue Stuart, Florida 34997 Telephone: 772-219-3000 US Department of the Interior Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Office of Renewable Energy Programs DISCLAIMER Study concept, oversight, and funding were provided by the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management (BOEM), Environmental Studies Program, Washington, D.C., under Contract Number M15PC00011. This report has been technically reviewed by BOEM, and it has been approved for publication. The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U.S. Government, nor does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. REPORT AVAILABILITY To download a PDF file of this report, go to the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management Data and Information Systems webpage (http://www.boem.gov/Environmental-Studies- EnvData/), click on the link for the Environmental Studies Program Information System (ESPIS), and search on 2020-011. The report is also available at the National Technical Reports Library at https://ntrl.ntis.gov/NTRL/. CITATION Heaney KD, MA Ainslie, MB Halvorsen, KD Seger, RAJ Müller, MJJ Nijhof, T Lippert. 2020. A Parametric Analysis and Sensitivity Study of the Acoustic Propagation for Renewable Energy Sources. Sterling (VA): U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Ocean Energy Management. Prepared by CSA Ocean Sciences Inc. OCS Study BOEM 2020-011. 165 p. ABOUT THE COVER Cover graphic by Kerri Seger and Kevin Heaney, based on Figure 6-22. Propagation modeling performed by Peregrine software of Applied Ocean Sciences, LLC. Plotting performed through Jupyter notebooks with Python environment in Miniconda 4.7.10. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Dr. Stephan Lippert (Hamburg University of Technology) for providing data from the 2014 COMPILE workshop (Lippert et al., 2016). We thank Dr. Martine Graafland (Directorate-General for Public Works and Water Management) for permission to use the TNO report TNO 2016 R11338 (Binnerts et al., 2016) describing a validation study for the Gemini and Luchterduinen wind farms. We thank Dr. Luuk Folkerts (Ecofys) and Dr. Sytske van den Akker (ENECO) for permission to use data from the Gemini and Luchterduinen wind farms. We thank the CSA document production team for their attention to fine details. Contents List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... iv List of Tables ................................................................................................................................................ ix List of Acronyms, Symbols, and Abbreviations ............................................................................................ xi Extended Abstract ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 Background................................................................................................................................ 4 1.1.1 Project Team .................................................................................................................. 4 1.1.2 Project Scope, Objectives, and Framework ................................................................... 5 1.1.3 Technical Foundation ..................................................................................................... 6 1.2 Overview of Acoustic Propagation Models ................................................................................ 8 1.2.1 State-of-the-art Underwater Acoustic Models ................................................................ 8 1.2.2 Recommended Project Model: Peregrine PE-RAM model .......................................... 11 1.3 Environmental and Source Parameters .................................................................................. 11 1.3.1 Water Depth and Bathymetry ....................................................................................... 12 1.3.2 Sediment Type ............................................................................................................. 13 1.3.3 Sound Speed Profile in Water ...................................................................................... 15 1.3.4 Wind Speed .................................................................................................................. 15 1.3.5 Source Parameters ...................................................................................................... 16 1.3.6 Summary of Environmental Parameters ...................................................................... 18 1.4 Propagation Physics ................................................................................................................ 18 1.4.1 Short-range Propagation .............................................................................................. 18 1.4.2 Long-range Propagation .............................................................................................. 20 1.5 Acoustic Threshold Criteria ..................................................................................................... 21 1.5.1 Marine Mammals .......................................................................................................... 21 1.5.2 Fishes and Sea Turtles ................................................................................................ 23 2 Metrics ............................................................................................................................................... 25 2.1 Accumulation of Sound Exposure ........................................................................................... 26 2.2 Applicability of Frequency Weighting ...................................................................................... 26 3 Damped Cylindrical Spreading in Excel ............................................................................................ 28 3.1 Practical Spreading Loss Model .............................................................................................. 28 3.2 Transmission Loss and Propagation Loss .............................................................................. 28 3.2.1 Practical Spreading Loss Model .................................................................................. 29 3.2.2 Damped Cylindrical Spreading Model for ................................................................ 33 3.3 Empirical Regressions for , and , .............................................................................. 37 3.3.1 Regressions Based on Lippert et al. (2015) ................................................................. 37 3.3.2 Regressions Based on Luchterduinen Measurements ................................................ 38 3.3.3 Regressions Based on Combining all Four Data Sets ................................................. 47 3.3.4 Extrapolating to Long Range........................................................................................ 47 3.4 Recommendations for Predicting , , , and , ............................................................ 47 3.5 Validation ................................................................................................................................. 51 3.5.1 Borkum Riffgrund 1 ...................................................................................................... 51 i 3.5.2 Gemini .......................................................................................................................... 53 3.5.3 DCS-based Spreadsheet (DCSiE) ............................................................................... 54 3.6 Conclusions ............................................................................................................................. 57 4 Model Verification and Validation Methods ....................................................................................... 58 4.1 Finite Element Method to Estimate the Sound Field Around the Source ................................ 60 4.2 Parabolic Equation Method ..................................................................................................... 62 4.2.1 Propagation .................................................................................................................. 62 4.2.2 Integration with Finite Element Starter Field ................................................................ 62 4.3 Model Verification – COMPILE I .............................................................................................. 62 4.3.1 Pile Characterization and Forcing Function
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